Wrap-able, Radiation-Resistant Electrical Insulators for Superconducting Magnet Applications
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21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
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Wrap-able, Radiation-Resistant Electrical Insulators for Superconducting Magnet Applications - Initial Phase II Final Report
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11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
A Quench Detection and Monitoring System for Superconducting Magnets at Fermilab
A quench detection system was developed for protecting and monitoring the superconducting solenoids for the Muon-to-Electron Conversion Experiment (Mu2e) at Fermilab. The quench system was designed for a high level of dependability and long-term continuous operation. It is based on three tiers: Tier-I, FPGA-based Digital Quench Detection (DQD); Tier-II, Analog Quench Detection (AQD); and Tier-3, the quench controls and data management system. The Tier-I and Tier-II are completely independent and fully redundant systems. The Tier-3 system is based on National Instruments (NI) C-RIO and provides the user interface for quench controls and data management. It is independent from Tiers I & II. The DQD provides both quench detection and quench characterization (monitoring) capability. Both DQD and AQD have built-in high voltage isolation and user programmable gains and attenuations. The DQD and AQD also includes user configured current dependent thresholding and validation times. A 1 st article of the three-tier system was fully implemented on the new Fermilab magnet test stand for the HL-LHC Accelerator Up-grade Project (AUP). It successfully provided quench protection and monitoring (QPM) for a cold superconducting bus test in November 2020. The Mu2e quench detection design has since been implemented for production testing of the AUP magnets. A detailed description of the system along with results from the AUP superconducting bus test will be presented.
monitoring↗
A 15 T Superconducting Magnet for 350 GHz, 1 MW Class Gyrotrons for Commercial Fusion Reactors
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Gyrotrons, Fusion, Superconducting Magnets↗
Progress with high-field superconducting magnets for high-energy colliders
One of the possible next steps for high-energy physics research relies on a high-energy hadron or muon collider. The energy of a circular collider is limited by the strength of bending dipoles, and its maximum luminosity is determined by the strength of final focus quadrupoles. For this reason, the high-energy physics and accelerator communities have shown much interest in higher-field and higher-gradient superconducting accelerator magnets. The maximum field of NbTi magnets used in all present high-energy machines, including the LHC, is limited to ~10 T at 1.9 K. Fields above 10 T became possible with the use of Nb$_3$Sn superconductors. Nb$_3$Sn accelerator magnets can provide operating fields up to ~15 T and can significantly increase the coil temperature margin. Accelerator magnets with operating fields above 15 T require high-temperature superconductors. Furthermore, this review discusses the status and main results of Nb$_3$Sn accelerator magnet research and development and work toward 20-T magnets.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Cryogenic and superconduction magnet research at the NASA Lewis Research Center.
Cryogenically cooled superconducting electromagnets design, construction and properties for research in plasma and solid state physics, considering coil systems
Brown, G. V.↗
Final Assembly and Factory Testing of the Jefferson Lab SHMS Spectrometer Quadrupole and Dipole Superconducting Magnets
Jefferson Lab is constructing an 11 Gev/c electron spectrometer called the Super High Momentum Spectrometer (SHMS) as part of the 12 GeV JLAB upgrade for experimental Hall C. Three of the five superconducting(SC) SHMS magnets are under construction at SigmaPhi in Vannes France as a result of an international competition for design and fabrication. The three magnets Q2 and Q3 60 cm bore quadrupoles and the 60 cm warm bore dipole are complete or near complete and have many design features in common. All three magnets share a common superconductor, collaring system, cryostat design, cold to warm support, cryogenic interface, burnout resistant current leads, DC power supply, quench protection, instrumentation and controls. The three magnets are collared, installed in cryostats and welded up and in various stages of final testing. The Q2 quadrupole is due to ship from France to America in August arriving during this ASC conference and has passed all final hipot, leak and pressure tests. The dipole is in leak and pressure testing as of July 2016 while the Q3 quadrupole requires some outer vacuum vessel assembly. Delivery of the Q3 and Dipole magnets will follow the Q2 at about 1 month intervals. Lastly, factory testing have included hipot and electrical tests, magnetic tests at low field, mechanical alignments to center the coils, leak tests and ASME Code required pressure tests. Upon installation in Hall C at JLAB cold testing will commence.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Commissioning of horizontal-bend superconducting magnet for Jefferson Lab's 11-GeV super high momentum spectrometer
Commissioning characteristics of the Superconducting High Momentum Spectrometer (SHMS) Horizontal Bend (HB) magnet was presented. Pre-commissioning peer review of the magnet uncovered issues with eddy currents in the thermal shield, resulting in additional testing and modeling of the magnet. A three-stage test plan was discussed. A solution of using a small dump resistor and a warm thermal shield was presented. Analyses illustrated that it was safe to run the magnet to full test current. As a result, the HB magnet was successfully cooled to 4 K and reached its maximum test current of 4000 A.
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
A flying superconducting magnet and cryostat for magnetic suspension of wind-tunnel models
The engineering practicality of a persistent high-field superconducting solenoid cryostat as a magnetic suspension and balance system (MSBS) for wind-tunnel testing of aircraft and missile models is examined. The test apparatus is a simple solenoid of filamentary NbTi superconductor with a cupronickel matrix. The apparatus, with a length-to-diameter ratio of 6 to 1 and a radius of 32 mm, used a 0.25 mm wire with a critical current of 27 A in an external field of 6 T. The total heat inleak of 150 mW was achieved. Helium boiloff rates were tested over a range of operating conditions, including pitch attitudes from 10 deg nose down to 90 deg nose up; the rate was estimated as low, but the aerodynamic acceptability of venting gaseous helium has not been determined. It is shown that the effectiveness of the concept increases with increasing scale, and performance in excess of that of conventional ferromagnets is achievable with reduction in size and costs, and with aptness to transonic wind-tunnel testing. Detailed specifications and schematics are included.
Britcher, C.↗
Varistors: A Useful Tool for Superconducting Magnet Quench Protection
A perfect varistor is a constant voltage resistor as a function of current through the resistor. A perfect varistor can't exist, because its resistance would be infinite at zero current. In electronic devices, varistors are often used as surge protectors. A varistor can be used in place of an ordinary resistor as the discharge resistance across superconducting coil sections. When used this way, the integral of I 2 dt during the discharge can be reduced by almost one third. When a varistor is used for quench protection of coils that are coupled to shorted secondary circuits the integral of I 2 dt can be reduced much more. Furthermore, this can be a key factor when coil current densities and stored energies are high as in many potential HTS magnet systems. This paper discusses the types of varistors that are commercially available and their characteristics.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Design of a High Toughness Epoxy for Superconducting Magnets and Its Key Properties
Nb 3 Sn accelerator magnets are poised to enable the luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, improving its potential for exploring physics beyond the standard model of particle physics. The prototype Nb 3 Sn magnets consistently need 10–25 quenches to achieve their best performance. A hypothesis is that the long training of these magnets may at least be partially induced by epoxy cracking and bonding failures. In 2018, we showed that several existing epoxies have a higher toughness and less tendency to crack at low temperatures than CTD-101K, the epoxy resin with which almost all Nb 3 Sn accelerator magnets have been impregnated. Here we explore a new high toughness formulation for reducing quench training of Nb 3 Sn accelerator magnets, through combining two amine curing agents to achieve a good glass transition temperature (T g ), adding a viscosity reducer to achieve low viscosity, and experimenting a coupling agent for improved bonding strengths. In this work, we report results of comprehensive materials tests, including thermal shock, tensile, compressive, shear tests, viscosity and T g tests.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
A Dual 5T Superconducting Magnet System for the Brookhaven National Lab Electron Beam Ion Source
Cryomagnetics has delivered an upgraded magnet system to the Brookhaven National Laboratory's RHIC Electron Beam Ion Source project. This consists of two 2.25-m long, 215-mm room temperature bore 5T solenoids separated by 20 cm. The initial system used a single PT-415RM cryocooler but was unstable a long term. As a result, the new system adds a second SHI cryocooler, which produces much higher recondensing margins.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Design of a New Superconducting Magnet System for High Strength Minimum-B Fields for ECRIS
A novel Mixed Axial and Radial field System (MARS) seeks to enhance the B fields inside the plasma chamber within the limits of a given conductor, thereby making it possible to raise the operating fields for Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources (ECRISs). The MARS concept consists of a hexagonally shaped closed-loop coil and a set of auxiliary solenoids. The application of MARS will be combined with a hexagonal plasma chamber to maximize the use of the radial fields at the chamber inner surfaces. Calculations using Opera's TOSCA-3D solver have shown that MARS can potentially generate up to 50% higher fields and use of only about one half of the same superconducting wire, as compared with existing magnet designs in ECRISs. A MARS magnet system built with Nb 3 Sn coils could generate a high strength minimum-B field of maxima of ≥ 10 T on axis and ~6 T radially in an ECRIS plasma chamber. Following successful development, the MARS magnet system will be the best magnet scheme for the next generation of ECRISs. This paper will present the MARS concept, magnet design, prototyping a copper closed-loop coil, and discussions.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Feasibility study of a MgB 2 superconducting magnetic cloak
The magnetic shielding capability of bulk MgB 2 hollow cylinders can be fruitfully combined with an external paramagnetic sheath, to tailor the shape of the external magnetic flux lines. By appropriate selection of the external sheath permeability and thickness, it is possible to leave the magnetic flux lines unaltered by the shield (cloaking effect). Preliminary measurements have been performed at 4.2 K on shielding capability of bulk cylinders, which are subjected to axial and transversal magnetic fields up to 5 T. Furthermore, the cloaking conditions have been modeled to find the optimized thickness to realize the cloaking effect. The MgB 2 material of the superconducting shield is also optimized to avoid low-temperature flux jumps, without losing its shielding capability.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Improved Superconducting Magnetic Rotary Bearings
Improved magnetic rotary bearings designed by exploiting properties of type-II superconducting materials. Depending on design and application, bearing provides fixed or adjustable compensation for lateral vector component of weight or other lateral load on rotor. Allows applied magnetic field to penetrate partially in clusters of field lines, with concomitant establishment of undamped circulating electrical currents within material. Type-II superconductors have critical magnetic fields and critical temperatures greater than type-I superconductors.
Flom, Yury↗
Interactions Observed Between Torus and Solenoid Superconducting Magnets at JLab
The Jefferson Lab 12 GeV Upgrade of Experimental End Station Hall B required a new detector system that would be more sensitive to forward going particles and able to handle higher luminosity. This new detector is CLAS12 and includes two superconducting iron-free magnets – a torus and an actively-shielded solenoid. The torus magnet consists of 6-trapezoidal racetrack-type coils while the solenoid is an actively shielded 5 T magnet. The torus and the solenoid are located in close proximity to one another and are surrounded by sensitive particle detectors. In this work, the torus and solenoid, operating at 3770 A and 2416 A respectively, were commissioned successfully and are operating normally. This paper presents observed electromagnetic interactions which include induced static mechanical loads and inductive coupling as well as a summary of some of the cryogenic interactions and how they are mitigated.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Superconducting Magnetic Projectile Launcher
Proposed projectile launcher exploits Meissner effect to transfer much of kinetic energy of relatively massive superconducting plunger to smaller projectile, accelerating projectile to high speed. Because it operates with magnetic fields, launcher not limited by gas-expansion thermodynamics. Plunger energized mechanically and/or chemically, avoiding need for large electrical power supplies and energy-storage systems. Potential applications include launching of projectiles for military purposes and for scientific and industrial tests of hypervelocity impacts.
Jan, Darrell L.↗
Superconducting magnet and fabrication method
A method of trapping a field in a block of superconductor material, includes providing (i) a block of material defining a bore, (ii) a high permeability core within the bore that defines a low reluctance path through the bore, (iii) a high permeability external structure on the exterior of the block of material that defines a low reluctance path between opposite ends of the core, and (iv) an electromagnet configured to apply a magnetic field around the high permeability core. The method proceeds by energizing the electromagnet to produce an applied magnetic field around the high permeability core, cooling the block of material sufficiently to render the block of material superconducting, de-energizing the electromagnet to result in a trapped magnetic field, and at least partially removing the low reluctance path defined by the core and the external structure in order to increase the magnetic flux density of the trapped magnetic field.
Israelsson, Ulf E.↗