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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 181 records · Page 10

Study of Coronal Heating in Solar Active Regions Using Wide-Field Imaging Spectroscopy: Hinode EIS Slot Observations

Understanding the frequency of heating events that keep the coronal plasma at several million Kelvin above the photospheric temperature of~ 6000K, is one of the most important problems in solar astrophysics. Spectroscopic observations of the Sun in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) indicate that the coronal plasma reaches temperatures from 1 to 5 MK in active regions. It is also established that temperature in active regions can vary strongly with time and, moreover, contain sub-regions that evolve and develop separately. Tracking the spatio-temporal evolution of temperature requires continuous observation of the entire active region via imaging and spectroscopy. Traditional slit imaging spectroscopy probes plasma heating in solar active regions through observations of diagnostic emission lines and the resulting data are spectrally pure. Here, imaging is performed through rastering process, which severely limits co-temporal observations and often can be slow to miss events that evolve at other portions of the active region. In contrast, wide-field imaging spectroscopy offer simultaneous coverage of a large field of view as well as obtain spectral information in the same direction. This data suffers from spatial-spectral confusion, and are called spectroheliograms. Using the state-of-the-art inversion techniques that are developed recently, now spectroheliogram data can be unfolded to yield spectrally pure maps of large fields over long duration of observations. We use wide slit data, usually referred as ‘slot’, from the EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) onboard Hinode satellite, focusing on active region observations. Here, we present our study of coronal heating in an active region using a long duration Hinode EIS slot observation.

Active region heating↗

Comparison of Ring Diagrams Based on the Doppler Shifts of Synthetic Data Obtained with Bisector Method and SDO/HMI Pipeline

Ring diagrams are cross-sections of three-dimensional spatiotemporal power spectra of solar oscillations. The rings reveal information about sub-surface flows and represent an important tool for helioseismology. Ring diagrams can be constructed using Doppler velocity or intensity maps of spectral lines. How the velocities are computed is an important factor for accuracy of information we can retrieve on subsurface flows. In our work, the ring diagrams are generated from Doppler shift data of synthesized Fe I 6173 Å line. We compare ring diagrams computed by two methods–HMI line-of-sight pipeline and the bisector of Fe line. Fe I line is synthesized for StellarBox 3D Radiative hydrodynamic simulations under LTE assumption. We aim to answer the following questions: 1.How do power spectra obtained from velocities computed with the HMI pipeline and bisector of the Fe I 6173Å compare? 2.How do the power spectral density retrieved with each method vary with heliocentric angle? 3.What is the effect of changing resolution on the power spectral density in ring diagrams obtained with the two methods?

SMD↗

The effects of AVIRIS atmospheric calibration methodology on identification and quantitative mapping of surface mineralogy, Drum Mountains, Utah

The Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) measures reflected light in 224 contiguous spectra bands in the 0.4 to 2.45 micron region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Numerous studies have used these data for mineralogic identification and mapping based on the presence of diagnostic spectral features. Quantitative mapping requires conversion of the AVIRIS data to physical units (usually reflectance) so that analysis results can be compared and validated with field and laboratory measurements. This study evaluated two different AVIRIS calibration techniques to ground reflectance: an empirically-based method and an atmospheric model based method to determine their effects on quantitative scientific analyses. Expert system analysis and linear spectral unmixing were applied to both calibrated data sets to determine the effect of the calibration on the mineral identification and quantitative mapping results. Comparison of the image-map results and image reflectance spectra indicate that the model-based calibrated data can be used with automated mapping techniques to produce accurate maps showing the spatial distribution and abundance of surface mineralogy. This has positive implications for future operational mapping using AVIRIS or similar imaging spectrometer data sets without requiring a priori knowledge.

Kruse, Fred A.↗

A close-up look at Io from Galileo's near-infrared mapping spectrometer

Infrared spectral images of Jupiter's volcanic moon Io, acquired during the October and November 1999 and February 2000 flybys of the Galileo spacecraft, were used to study the thermal structure and sulfur dioxide distribution of active volcanoes. Loki Patera, the solar system's most powerful known volcano, exhibits large expanses of dark, cooling lava on its caldera floor. Prometheus, the site of long-lived plume activity, has two major areas of thermal emission, which support ideas of plume migration. Sulfur dioxide deposits were mapped at local scales and show a more complex relationship to surface colors than previously thought, indicating the presence of other sulfur compounds.

long duration↗

The spectral and spatial distribution of radiation from Eta Carinae. II High-resolution infrared maps of the Homunculus

The spectral and spatial distribution of radiation from Eta Carinae II and high-resolution infrared maps of the Homunculus are presented. It is found that at the resolution of 1.1 arcsec the source is resolved into two intensity peaks at four wavelengths from 3.6 to 11.2 microns. The separation of the two peaks with wavelength is discussed, concluding that they are produced by an asymmetrical distribution of dust formed by extensive mass loss from the central source. The extension of the wings of the source at various wavelengths provide confirmatory evidence for an enrichment of a grain species such as corundum, relative to silicate material in the outer regions of the source.

Hyland, A. R.↗

The mixture problem in computer mapping of terrain: Improved techniques for establishing spectral signature, atmospheric path radiance, and transmittance

The results of LANDSAT and Skylab research programs on the effects of the atmosphere on computer mapping of terrain include: (1) the concept of a ground truth map needs to be drastically revised; (2) the concept of training areas and test areas is not as simple as generally thought because of the problem of pixels that represent a mixture of terrain classes; (3) this mixture problem needs to be more widely recognized and dealt with by techniques of calculating spectral signatures of mixed classes, or by other methods; (4) atmospheric effects should be considered in computer mapping of terrain and in monitoring changes; and (5) terrain features may be used as calibration panels on the ground, from which atmospheric conditions can be determined and monitored. Results are presented of a test area in mountainous terrain of south-central Colorado for which an initial classification was made using simulated mixture-class spectral signatures and actual LANDSAT-1-MSS data.

Smedes, H. W.↗

Use of high spectral resolution airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer data for geologic mapping: An overview

Specific examples of the use of AVIRIS (Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer) high spectral resolution data for mapping, alteration related to ore deposition and to hydrocarbon seepage, and alluvial fans are presented. Correction for atmospheric effects was performed using flat field correction, log residuals, and radiative transfer modeling. Minerals of interest (alunite, kaolinite, gypsum, carbonate iron oxides, etc.) were mapped based upon the wavelength position, depth and width of characteristic absorption features. Results were checked by comparing to existing maps, results from other sensors (Thematic Mapper (TM) and TIMS (Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner)), and laboratory spectra of samples collected in the field. Alteration minerals were identified and mapped. The signal to noise ratio of acquired AVIRIS data, long to 2.0 microns, was insufficient to map minerals of interest.

Carrere, Veronique↗

Mineral identification and mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones using high-spectral resolution images (AVIRIS)

High-spectral resolution images (AVIRIS) of the cuprite mining area were used to evaluate atmospheric calibration algorithms and test several mineral mapping techniques. Four scene normalization techniques were used: (1) the flat-field method, (2) the internal average reflectance method, (3) the empirical line method, and (4) the atmospheric absorption removal method (ATREM). The algorithms were evaluated in terms of their spectral interpret- ability and their ability to remove both solar irradiance and atmospheric absorption features, noise, and artifacts. Noise was quantified by calculating the coefficient of variation of the spectra, and spectral interpretability was quantified by calcu- lating a difference spectrum (eg, laboratory spectrum minus pixel spectrum) for areas with known occurrences of clay minerals. These difference spectra were useful in evaluating the degree of removal of atmospheric features. The empirical line method produced the best calibration results. Mineral mapping as done using (1) color-composites of bands on the shoulders and centers of expected absorption features, (2) color-coded spectra, and (3) spectral angle mapping.

Van Der Meer, Freek D.↗

First images of water vapor masers in the galaxy M33

The first successful VLBI observations of 10 extragalactic H2O masers in the M33 galaxy are reported. A spectral-line VLBI synthesis map is constructed, the first of any extragalactic H2O maser sources. The map has the lowest noise of any K-band spectral line VLBI map yet produced. The maser emission extends over about 300 milliarcseconds and is divided into 14 distinct spatial components, the strongest of which has a correlated flux density of about 0.7 Jy. The relative positions of some of these components are determined accurately enough to provide first-epoch measurements for proper motion studies. The characteristics of the maser are similar to those of the most powerful maser in the Galaxy, W49N. A compact H II region is found close to the maser which is 1 pc in diameter and whose emission measure is about 6 x 10 to the 7th pc/cm exp 6. This region is the compact component of a more extended H II complex that extends over about 100 pc.

Greenhill, L. J.↗

The comet rendezvous asteroid flyby mission: A status report

The Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) mission received a new start in fiscal year 1990. CRAF will match orbits with an active short-period comet and follow it around the Sun, making scientific measurements of the nucleus, coma, and tail. The Imaging system will map the nucleus surface at a resolution of 1 meter/line-pair or better, while Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) and Thermal Infrared Radiometer Experiment (TIREX) will produce spectral and thermal maps of the surface. Onboard instruments will collect cometary dust, ice, and gases and perform elemental and molecular analysis. A suite of fields and particles instruments will observe the solar wind interaction with the cometary atmosphere and tail. Radio tracking of the spacecraft will provide an accurate measure of the nucleus mass and higher harmonics in the comet's gravity field. En route to the comet, the spacecraft will make a close flyby of a large asteroid, preferably a primitive type from the outer main belt. Observations at the asteroid include remote sensing mapping of the surface, detection of any solar wind interaction observable at the flyby distance, and measurement of the asteroid mass to better than 10 percent accuracy. Detailed design of the CRAF spacecraft is currently underway at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Recent mass growth has necessitated a switch to Venus-Earth gravity assist type trajectories, similar to that used by the Galileo spacecraft. These trajectories require longer flight times from launch to rendezvous with the target comet. The details of the current baseline mission, spacecraft design, and instrument payload will be reviewed.

Weissman, Paul R.↗

TPSAS-NF1676L-27483-DND

scene to retrieve their microphysical properties. The Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) Project uses the infrared channels (6.72 Âμm, 7.33 Âμm, 13.3 Âμm,13.6 Âμm, 13.9 Âμm, and 14.2 Âμm) available on the Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS) to build its algorithms to retrieval cloud properties. Unfortunately, The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on board Suomi-NPP (National Polar-Orbiting Partnership) lacks these particular measurements. While conducting research using VIIRS data, it is desirable to bring these data into the VIIRS resolution. The Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS), which is also on board Suomi-NPP, has these infrared channels. This paper describes a method to map the CrIS spectral radiances of CO2 and water vapor to VIIRS, with the mapping software in ATOVS and AVHRR Pre-processing (AAPP) package provided by Satellite Application Facilities for Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP SAF). This method is validated comparing mapped10.763 Âμm from CrIS with M15 from VIIRS. The mapped CO2 and water vapor channels were then created and combined with the conventional VIIRS product, as well as compared against corresponding channels of Aqua MODIS instrument.

Yan Chen↗

Modeling and Prediction of Wildfire Hazard in Southern California, Integration of Models with Imaging Spectrometry

Large urban wildfires throughout southern California have caused billions of dollars of damage and significant loss of life over the last few decades. Rapid urban growth along the wildland interface, high fuel loads and a potential increase in the frequency of large fires due to climatic change suggest that the problem will worsen in the future. Improved fire spread prediction and reduced uncertainty in assessing fire hazard would be significant, both economically and socially. Current problems in the modeling of fire spread include the role of plant community differences, spatial heterogeneity in fuels and spatio-temporal changes in fuels. In this research, we evaluated the potential of Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) and Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AIRSAR) data for providing improved maps of wildfire fuel properties. Analysis concentrated in two areas of Southern California, the Santa Monica Mountains and Santa Barbara Front Range. Wildfire fuel information can be divided into four basic categories: fuel type, fuel load (live green and woody biomass), fuel moisture and fuel condition (live vs senesced fuels). To map fuel type, AVIRIS data were used to map vegetation species using Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis (MESMA) and Binary Decision Trees. Green live biomass and canopy moisture were mapped using AVIRIS through analysis of the 980 nm liquid water absorption feature and compared to alternate measures of moisture and field measurements. Woody biomass was mapped using L and P band cross polarimetric data acquired in 1998 and 1999. Fuel condition was mapped using spectral mixture analysis to map green vegetation (green leaves), nonphotosynthetic vegetation (NPV; stems, wood and litter), shade and soil. Summaries describing the potential of hyperspectral and SAR data for fuel mapping are provided by Roberts et al. and Dennison et al. To utilize remotely sensed data to assess fire hazard, fuel-type maps were translated into standard fuel models accessible to the FARSITE fire spread simulator. The FARSITE model and BEHAVE are considered industry standards for fire behavior analysis. Anderson level fuels map, generated using a binary decision tree classifier are available for multiple dates in the Santa Monica Mountains and at least one date for Santa Barbara. Fuel maps that will fill in the areas between Santa Barbara and the Santa Monica Mountains study sites are in progress, as part of a NASA Regional Earth Science Application Center, the Southern California Wildfire Hazard Center. Species-level maps, were supplied to fire managing agencies (Los Angeles County Fire, California Department of Forestry). Research results were published extensively in the refereed and non-refereed literature. Educational outreach included funding of several graduate students, undergraduate intern training and an article featured in the California Alliance for Minorities Program (CAMP) Quarterly Journal.

Roberts, Dar A.↗

Comparison of cross-spectral and signal enhancement methods for mapping steady-state acoustic fields in turbomachinery ducts

The conceptual differences between the following two approaches used to measure spatial variations in steady-state acoustic pressure amplitude were examined: taking the cross spectrum between two signals from probes in the same field or taking the difference in complex Fourier transform of enhanced probe signals. Each approach is used to analyze pressure data from the inlets of two different turbomachines. A complete mapping of this steady-state field may then be used to determine its modal content. A problem with long term nonstationarity was found with both methods. Conditions for equivalence of the two methods are discussed.

Posey, J. W.↗

Machine processing of Landsat MSS data and DMA topographic data for forest cover type mapping

A study with the objective of developing and testing techniques which utilize both digital topographic data and Landsat MSS spectral data to map forest cover types is examined. Emphasis is given to the topographic distribution model (TDM), which combines point-by-point information about forest species, elevation, slope, and aspect to quantitatively describe topographic positions. Results show the stratified random sample approach to be very effective for developing the TDM, while the use of topographic data significantly improved the overall classification accuracy of forest cover types as compared to using spectral data alone.

Fleming, M. D.↗

Comparison of Landsat Thematic Mapper and Geophysical and Environmental Research Imaging Spectrometer data for the Cuprite mining district, Esmeralda, and Nye counties, Nevada

Landsat TM images and Geophysical and Environmental Research Imaging Spectrometer (GERIS) data were analyzed for the Cuprite mining district and compared to available geologic and alteration maps of the area. The TM data, with 30 m resolution and 6 broadbands, allowed discrimination of general mineral groups. Clay minerals, playa deposits, and unaltered rocks were mapped as discrete spectral units using the TM data, but specific minerals were not determined, and definition of the individual alteration zones was not possible. The GERIS, with 15 m spatial resolution and 63 spectral bands, permitted construction of complete spectra and identification of specific minerals. Detailed spectra extracted from the images provided the ability to identify the minerals alunite, kaolinite, hematite, and buddingtonite by their spectral characteristics. The GERIS data show a roughly concentrically zoned hydrothermal system. The mineralogy mapped with the aircraft system conforms to previous field and multispectral image mapping. However, identification of individual minerals and spatial display of the dominant mineralogy add information that can be used to help determine the morphology and genetic origin of the hydrothermal system.

Kierein-Young, Kathryn S.↗