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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 181 records · Page 10

High repetition rate mapping of the interaction between a laser plasma and magnetized background plasma via laser induced fluorescence

In this work, the laminar coupling of energy between a laser-produced plasma and a background magnetized plasma was investigated via planar laser induced fluorescence diagnostic and magnetic flux probes. Experiments performed on the Large Plasma Device at the University of California, Los Angeles, mapped out the two-dimensional spatiotemporal evolution of the laser-plasma (debris) ion velocity distribution function (VDF) to assess debris-background coupling in a sub-Alfvénic regime. The acquisition of these data necessitates high repetition rate (1 Hz) as each dataset is the accumulation of thousands of laser shots, which would not be feasible in single-shot experiments. Fully kinetic, three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations are compared to the measured VDFs to provide a framework in which we can understand the coupling of a sub-Alfvénic plasma flow through a preformed, magnetized plasma. The simulations display the same departure from the expected gyromotion of the debris plasma as observed in the experimental data, and in conjunction with the measured magnetic field traces, have led to the direct observation of the collisionless coupling via laminar fields.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Did we hear the sound of the Universe boiling? Analysis using the full fluid velocity profiles and NANOGrav 15-year data

Abstract In this paper, we analyse sound waves arising from a cosmic phase transition where the full velocity profile is taken into account as an explanation for the gravitational wave spectrum observed by multiple pulsar timing array groups. Unlike the broken power law used in the literature, in this scenario the power law after the peak depends on the macroscopic properties of the phase transition, allowing for a better fit with pulsar timing array (PTA) data. We compare the best fit with that obtained using the usual broken power law and, unsurprisingly, find a better fit with the gravitational wave (GW) spectrum that utilizes the full velocity profile. Even more importantly, the thermal parameters that produce the best fit are quite different. We then discuss models that can produce the best-fit point and complementary probes using CMB experiments and searches for light particles in DUNE, IceCUBE-Gen2, neutrinoless doubleβ-decay, and forward physics facilities (FPF) at the LHC like FASERν, etc.

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗

EP 250108a/SN 2025kg: Observations of the Most Nearby Broad-line Type Ic Supernova Following an Einstein Probe Fast X-Ray Transient

With a small sample of fast X-ray transients (FXTs) with multiwavelength counterparts discovered to date, their progenitors and connections to γ-ray bursts (GRBs) and supernovae (SNe) remain ambiguous. Here, we present photometric and spectroscopic observations of SN 2025kg, the SN counterpart to the FXT EP 250108a. At z = 0.17641, this is the closest known SN discovered following an Einstein Probe (EP) FXT. We show that SN 2025kg’s optical spectra reveal the hallmark features of a broad-lined Type Ic SN. Its light-curve evolution and expansion velocities are comparable to those of GRB-SNe, including SN 1998bw, and two past FXT-SNe. We present JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy taken around SN 2025kg’s maximum light, and find weak absorption due to He I 1.0830 μm and 2.0581 μm and a broad, unidentified emission feature at ∼4–4.5 μm. Further, we observe broadened Hα in optical data at 42.5 days that is not detected at other epochs, indicating interaction with H-rich material. From its light curve, we derive a 56 Ni mass of 0.2–0.6 M ⊙ . Together with our companion Letter, our broadband data are consistent with a trapped or low-energy (≲10 51 erg) jet-driven explosion from a collapsar with a zero-age main-sequence mass of 15–30 M ⊙ . Finally, we show that the sample of EP FXT-SNe supports past estimates that low-luminosity jets seen through FXTs are more common than successful (GRB) jets, and that similar FXT-like signatures are likely present in at least a few percent of the brightest Type Ic-BL SNe.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Characterization of the acoustic cavitation in ionic liquids in a horn-type ultrasound reactor

Most ultrasound-based processes root in empirical approaches. Because nearly all advances have been conducted in aqueous systems, there exists a paucity of information on sonoprocessing in other solvents, particularly ionic liquids (ILs). In this work, we modelled an ultrasonic horn-type sonoreactor and investigated the effects of ultrasound power, sonotrode immersion depth, and solvent’s thermodynamic properties on acoustic cavitation in nine imidazolium-based and three pyrrolidinium-based ILs. The model accounts for bubbles, acoustic impedance mismatch at interfaces, and treats the ILs as incompressible, Newtonian, and saturated with argon. Following a statistical analysis of the simulation results, we determined that viscosity and ultrasound input power are the most significant variables affecting the intensity of the acoustic pressure field (P), the volume of cavitation zones (V), and the magnitude of the maximum acoustic streaming surface velocity (u). V and u increase with the increase of ultrasound input power and the decrease in viscosity, whereas the magnitude of negative P decreases as ultrasound power and viscosity increase. Probe immersion depth positively correlates with V, but its impact on P and u is insignificant. 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ILs yielded the largest V and the fastest acoustic jets – 0.77cm 3 and 24.4ms -1 for 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride at 60W. 1-methyl-3-(3-sulfopropyl)-imidazolium-based ILs generated the smallest V and lowest u – 0.17cm 3 and 1.7ms -1 for 1-methyl-3-(3-sulfopropyl)-imidazolium p-toluene sulfonate at 20W. Sonochemiluminescence experiments validated the model.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Interpreting Sunyaev–Zel’dovich observations with MillenniumTNG: mass and environment scaling relations

ABSTRACT Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) measurements can dramatically improve our understanding of the intergalactic medium and the role of feedback processes in galaxy formation, allowing us to calibrate important astrophysical systematics in cosmological constraints from weak lensing galaxy clustering surveys. However, the signal is only measured in a two-dimensional projection, and its correct interpretation relies on understanding the connection between observable quantities and the underlying intrinsic properties of the gas, in addition to the relation between the gas and the underlying matter distribution. One way to address these challenges is through the use of hydrodynamical simulations such as the high-resolution, large-volume MillenniumTNG suite. We find that measurements of the optical depth, τ, and the Compton-y parameter, Y, receive large line-of-sight contributions that can be removed effectively by applying a compensated aperture photometry filter. In contrast with other τ probes (e.g. X-rays and fast radio bursts), the kinematic SZ-inferred τ receives most of its signal from a confined cylindrical region around the halo due to the velocity decorrelation along the line of sight. Additionally, we perform fits to the Y–M and τ–M scaling relations and report best-fitting parameters adopting the smoothly broken power law formalism. We note that subgrid physics modelling can broaden the error bar on these by 30 per cent for intermediate-mass haloes (${\sim }10^{13} \, {\rm M}_{\odot }$). The scatter of the scaling relations can be captured by an intrinsic dependence on concentration and an extrinsic dependence on tidal shear. Finally, we comment on the effect of using galaxies rather than haloes in observations, which can bias the inferred profiles by ∼20 per cent for L* galaxies.

Hadzhiyska, Boryana (ORCID:0000000223123121)↗

Probing iron in Earth’s core with molecular-spin dynamics

Dynamic compression of iron to Earth-core conditions is one of the few ways to gather important elastic and transport properties needed to uncover key mechanisms surrounding the geodynamo effect. Herein, a machine-learned ab initio derived molecular-spin dynamics (MSD) methodology with explicit treatment for longitudinal spin-fluctuations is utilized to probe the dynamic phase-diagram of iron. This framework uniquely enables an accurate resolution of the phase-transition kinetics and Earth-core elastic properties, as highlighted by compressional wave velocity and adiabatic bulk moduli measurements. In addition, a unique coupling of MSD with time-dependent density functional theory enables gauging electronic transport properties, critically important for resolving geodynamo dynamics.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

Momentum power spectrum of SDSS galaxies by massE cosmic ruler: 2.1×improvement in measure of growth rate

ABSTRACT Peculiar motion of galaxies probes the structure growth in the universe. In this study, we employ the galaxy stellar mass-binding energy (massE) relation with only two nuisance parameters to build the largest peculiar-velocity (PV) catalogue to date, consisting of 229 890 ellipticals from the main galaxy sample (MGS) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We quantify the distribution of the massE-based distances in individual narrow redshift bins (dz = 0.005), and then estimate the PV of each galaxy based on its offset from the Gaussian mean of the distribution. As demonstrated with the Uchuu-SDSS mock data, the derived PV and momentum power spectra are insensitive to accurate calibration of the massE relation itself, enabling measurements out to a redshift of 0.2, well beyond the current limit of z = 0.1 using other galaxy scaling laws. We then measure the momentum power spectrum and demonstrate that it remains almost unchanged if varying significantly the redshift bin size within which the distance is measured, as well as the intercept and slope of the massE relation, respectively. By fitting the spectra using the perturbation theory model with four free parameters, fσ8 is constrained to fσ8 = 0.459$^{+0.068}_{-0.069}$ over Δz = 0.02–0.2, 0.416$^{+0.074}_{-0.076}$ over Δz = 0.02–0.1, and 0.526$^{+0.133}_{-0.148}$ over Δz = 0.1–0.2. The error of fσ8 is 2.1 times smaller than that by the redshift space distortion (RSD) of the same sample. A Fisher matrix forecast illustrates that the constraint on fσ8 from the massE-based PV can potentially exceed that from the stage-IV RSD in late universe (z<0.5).

Shi, Yong (ORCID:0000000286146275)↗

NPFTURBULENCE: Turbulent Parameters by airborne measurements

The original data were collected during the field campaign of “Turbulent layers promoting New Particle Formation” experiment (NPFTURBULENCE; https://www.arm.gov/research/campaigns/aaf2024npfturbulence) over the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility's Southern Great Plains (SGP) atmospheric observatory (https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/observatories/sgp ) in north-central Oklahoma. The ARM Aerial Facility ArcticShark uncrewed aerial system (UAS, https://www.arm.gov/capabilities/observatories/aaf/uas) was based at Blackwell–Tonkawa Municipal Airport (IATA: BWL, ICAO: KBKN, FAA LID: BKN, 36.74475° N, 97.34918° W, 313.9 m MSL), for the field campaign from May 5 through May 29, 2024. The ArcticShark UAS performed 11 flights, including 10 research flights over the Central Facility of the ARM SGP to measure atmospheric state, turbulence, surface IR temperature and imagery, and aerosol number concentration and size distribution. The current data set presents a comprehensive collection of turbulent parameters in the atmospheric boundary layer or lower free troposphere based on airborne measurement throughout the field campaign. The primary instruments used to create the current data set were the Aircraft Integrated Meteorological Measurement System (AIMMS-30) and the fine-wire thermocouple probe. For user convenience, the current data set includes several parameters commonly used in turbulent research for normalization and/or scaling: atmospheric boundary-layer height, surface conditions, convective scales for temperature, and velocity, etc.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Alloying induces directionally-dependent mobility and alters migration mechanisms of faceted grain boundaries

Faceted grain boundaries exhibit unusual segregation and migration tendencies. To gain a deeper understanding of how solute atoms interact with faceted interfacial structures during migration, this study probes the migration behavior of a faceted Σ11 boundary in Cu doped with Ag atoms. Furthermore, the solutes are found to segregate to the facet with more free volume and strongly reduce boundary velocity in one migration direction, but not the other, due to the presence of a directionally-dependent motion mechanism that can escape solute pinning and therefore speed up migration. Hence, a new mechanism of chemically-induced anisotropy in grain boundary mobility is uncovered by these simulations.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Flow and Performance Characterization of Rotating Detonation Combustor Integrated with Various Convergent Nozzles

In this study, convergent nozzles of various area ratios (ARs) are used downstream of an annular rotating detonation combustor (RDC) to increase the operating pressure and approach sonic conditions at the nozzle throat. Reactant methane and oxygen-enriched air (67% [Formula: see text] and 33% [Formula: see text] by volume) are supplied in counterflow arrangement from two separate plenums located at the base of the RDC annulus. Based on experimentation, a total mass flow rate of [Formula: see text] was chosen to achieve stable, single-wave mode RDC operation for all test cases, allowing for one-to-one comparisons. The internal performance of the RDC was characterized by ion probes and pressure measurements (wall static and oscillating) in supply plenums and across different axial locations of the combustor. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) at 100 kHz was utilized to measure axial and circumferential velocity components within a two-dimensional region of interest located downstream of the converging nozzle exit. Results show higher internal performance of the RDC with increasing AR of the convergent nozzle. PIV measurement illustrated that the flow oscillation amplitudes decrease with an increasing AR of the converging nozzle. The exit flow contained significant nonuniformity and unsteadiness even with a converging nozzle of AR 2.0, indicating incomplete choking of the flow at the nozzle throat.

Engineering↗

S 5 : Probing the Milky Way and Magellanic Clouds potentials with the 6D map of the Orphan–Chenab stream

We present a 6D map of the Orphan–Chenab (OC) stream by combining the data from Southern Stellar Stream Spectroscopic Survey (S 5 ) and Gaia. We reconstruct the proper motion, radial velocity, distance, on-sky track, and stellar density along the stream with spline models. The stream has a total luminosity of M V = -8.2 and metallicity of [Fe/H] = -1.9, similar to classical Milky Way (MW) satellites like Draco. The stream shows drastic changes in its physical width varying from 200 pc to 1kpc, but a constant line-of-sight velocity dispersion of 5 km s -1 . Despite the large apparent variation in the stellar number density along the stream, the flow rate of stars along the stream is remarkably constant. We model the 6D stream track by a Lagrange-point stripping method with a flexible MW potential in the presence of a moving extended Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). This allows us to constrain the mass profile of the MW within the distance range 15.6 < r < 55∙5 kpc, with the best measured enclosed mass of (2.85 ± 0.1) X 10 11 M ⊙ within 32.4 kpc. Our stream measurements are highly sensitive to the LMC mass profile with the most precise measurement of its enclosed mass made at 32.8 kpc, 7.02 ± 0.9) X 10 11 M ⊙ . We also detect that the LMC dark matter halo extends to at least 53 kpc. The fitting of the OC stream allows us to constrain the past LMC trajectory and the degree of dynamical friction it experienced. We demonstrate that the stars in the OC stream show large energy and angular momentum spreads caused by LMC perturbation.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Active‐Source Seismic Imaging of Fault Re‐Activation and Leakage: An Injection Experiment at the Mt Terri Rock Laboratory, Switzerland

Abstract We conducted a time‐lapse seismic experiment utilizing automated active seismic source and sensor arrays to monitor a reactivated fault within the Opalinus clay formation at the Mont Terri Rock Laboratory (Switzerland), an analog caprock for geologic carbon storage. A series of six brine injections were conducted into the so‐called Main Fault to reactivate it. Seismic instrumentation in five monitoring boreholes on either side of the fault was used to continuously probe changes in P‐wave travel‐times associated with fault displacement and leakage. We performed time‐lapse travel‐time tomography on five hundred sequential data sets; this revealed a zone of decreased P‐wave velocity, up to 16 m/s, during each injection cycle, followed by a velocity increase during shut‐in. These results demonstrate varying elastic property perturbations, both spatially and temporally, along the fault plane during reactivation. We then interpreted these velocity changes in terms of fault dilation induced by pressurized fluids along the fault.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

Evidence for C and Mg variations in the GD-1 stellar stream

ABSTRACT Dynamically cold stellar streams are the relics left over from globular cluster dissolution. These relics offer a unique insight into a now fully disrupted population of ancient clusters in our Galaxy. Using a combination of Gaia eDR3 proper motions, optical and near-UV colours, we select a sample of likely Red Giant Branch stars from the GD-1 stream for medium-low resolution spectroscopic follow-up. Based on radial velocity and metallicity, we are able to find 14 new members of GD-1, 5 of which are associated with the spur and blob/cocoon off-stream features. We measured C-abundances to probe for abundance variations known to exist in globular clusters. These variations are expected to manifest in a subtle way in globular clusters with such low masses ($\sim 10^4\,{\rm ~\textrm {M}_\odot }$) and metallicities ([Fe/H] ∼ −2.1 dex). We find that the C-abundances of the stars in our sample display a small but significant (3σ level) spread. Furthermore, we find ∼3σ variation in Mg-abundances among the stars in our sample that have been observed by APOGEE. These abundance patterns match the ones found in Galactic globular clusters of similar metallicity. Our results suggest that GD-1 represents another fully disrupted low-mass globular cluster where light-element abundance spreads have been found.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Small Penetrator Instrument Concept for the Advancement of Lunar Surface Science

Fundamental scientific objectives concerning the surface and subsurface material and dynamics of the Moon are the drivers for the use and advancement of penetrators, which emplace a suite of scientific instruments by impact into a planetary surface, typically at velocities of dozens to hundreds of meters per second. Small lunar penetrators are poised to become a valuable new tool for lunar science and exploration during the next decade. These low-cost ballistic probes can be deployed in large numbers from orbit, or from descending robotic or crewed vehicles, in order to explore and characterize the diversity of extreme lunar shallow subsurface environments. In this paper, we describe the general overview of penetrator objectives, potential instrumentation, and how these would benefit the advancement of lunar science at various extreme environments.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Effects of break geometry and orientation on helium-air mixing in simulated reactor cavities of high temperature gas reactors

Here, this study experimentally examined the spatial and temporal variations in air and helium concentrations and temperature fields within simulated reactor cavities of a High Temperature Gas Reactor (HTGR) following helium discharge into an initially air-filled reactor cavity system. Detailed temperature maps were generated using a combination of fiber optics temperature sensor and multiple thermocouple probes within the simulated reactor cavities. The research scenario involved a hypothetical small pipe break in the Reactor Pressure Vessel, resulting in the release of high-temperature helium into the surrounding cavity. A scaled multi-compartment experimental facility, modeled after the General Atomics Modular High Temperature Gas Reactor (GA-MHTGR) design, was constructed for helium and air mixing experiments. Oxygen sensors and thermocouple probes were installed in all five cavities to measure the concentrations of oxygen (or helium) and the temperature distributions of the gas mixture. The experimental findings highlighted the significant impact of the injected helium jet velocity on the gas mixing process and demonstrated how the direction of the helium jet influences the air-helium temperature profiles within the cavities.

Air-ingress↗

Multichannel Doppler fiber-imager spectrometer for spatiotemporal characterization of high-intensity laser-driven plasmas

Here, we demonstrate a flexible multichannel fiber-based imaging Doppler spectrometer to characterize plasmas in high intensity (≥1 × 10 18 W/cm 2 ) laser-plasma experiments at high repetition rates. This instrument collects data from ×21 different plasma locations combining optical fibers and a single imaging spectrometer. This diagnostic maps the plasma velocity evolution as a function of time with sub-pico-second resolution. Experimental results showing 2D velocity measurements of plasma with 20 μm spatial resolution are presented. Intensities of the order of 10 18 W/cm 2 were used to generate a plasma, while a much less intense, frequency doubled (400 nm), probe beam (10 11 W/cm 2 ) was used to measure the Doppler shift from the plasma critical surface. The instrument can be scaled to a larger number of channels (e.g., 100) still using a single spectrometer.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Measurement of Thomson-scattering spectra with continuous angular resolution (invited)

Here, a novel Thomson-scattering diagnostic with continuous angular resolution over a span of 120° was developed for the characterization of plasmas produced at the Omega Laser Facility. Spectrally resolving light scattered from electron plasma wave features as a function of emission angle provides a means to efficiently probe a large range of plasma frequencies and k vectors. Together, these spectra contain critical constraints on the plasma-physics models used to interpret the data and enable experimental measurements of the electron-velocity distribution function over several orders of magnitude without assumptions about its mathematical form. Major components of the instrument include (1) a reflective collection objective that gathers light over a range of 120° × 12°; (2) a spatial-filter image relay for measurement localization; (3) cylindrical optics for producing a line image of the collection aperture; (4) a transmission grating spectrometer; and (5) a time-gated, image-intensified camera. Thomson-scattered light collected from an ~(50 – μM) 3 volume of plasma is recorded with 0.8-nm spectral and 1° angular resolution. Initial experiments examined the properties of the electron-velocity distribution in gas-jet-produced plasmas in the presence of heating via inverse bremsstrahlung absorption.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

The Feasibility of Directly Imaging Nearby Cold Jovian Planets with MIRI/JWST

The upcoming launch of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will dramatically increase our understanding of exoplanets, particularly through direct imaging. Microlensing and radial velocity surveys indicate that some M dwarfs host long-period giant planets. Some of these planets will likely be just a few parsecs away and a few astronomical units from their host stars, a parameter space that cannot be probed by existing high-contrast imagers. We studied whether the coronagraphs on the Mid-infrared Instrument on JWST can detect Jovian-type planets around nearby M dwarfs. For a sample of 27 very nearby M dwarfs, we simulated a sample of Saturn–Jupiter-mass planets with three atmospheric configurations and three orbital separations, observed in three different filters. We found that the f1550c 15.5 μm filter is best suited for detecting Jupiter-like planets. Jupiter-like planets with patchy cloud cover, 2 au from their star, are detectable at 15.5 μm around 14 stars in our sample, while Jupiters with clearer atmospheres are detectable around all stars in the sample. Saturns were most detectable at 10.65 and 11.4 μm (f1065c and f1140c filters), but only with cloud-free atmospheres and within 3 pc (six stars). Surveying all 27 stars would take <170 hr of JWST integration time, or just a few hours for a shorter survey of the most favorable targets. There is one potentially detectable known planet in our sample: GJ 832 b. Observations aimed at detecting this planet should occur in 2024–2026, when the planet is maximally separated from the star.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗