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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 181 records · Page 10
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Benchmarking performance changes in the simulation of extratropical modes of variability across CMIP generations

In this work, we evaluate extratropical modes of variability in the three most recent phases of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3, 5, and 6) to gauge improvement of climate models over time. A suite of high-level metrics is employed to objectively evaluate how well climate models simulate the qobserved Northern Annular Mode (NAM), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Pacific North America pattern (PNA), Southern Annular Mode (SAM), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), North Pacific Oscillation (NPO), and North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO). We apply a Common Basis Function (CBF) approach that projects model anomalies onto observed empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs), together with the traditional EOF approach, to CMIP Historical and AMIP models. We find simulated spatial patterns of those modes have been significantly improved in the newer models, although the skill improvement is sensitive to the mode and season considered. We identify some potential contributions to the pattern improvement of certain modes (e.g., the Southern Hemisphere jet and High-top vertical coordinate), however the performance changes are likely attributed to gradual improvement of the base climate and multiple relevant processes. Less performance improvement is evident in the mode amplitude of these modes and systematic overestimation of the mode amplitude in spring remains in the newer climate models. We find that the post-dominant season amplitude errors in atmospheric modes are not limited to coupled runs but are often already evident in AMIP simulations. This suggests that rectifying the egregious post-dominant season amplitude errors found in many models can be addressed in an atmospheric-only framework making it more tractable to address in the model development process.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1990

Dynamic substructuring by the boundary flexibility vector method of component mode synthesis

Component mode synthesis (CMS) is a method of dynamic analysis, for structures having a large number of degrees of freedom (DOF). These structures often required lengthy computer CPU time and large computer memory resources, if solved directly by the finite-element method (FEM). In CMS, the structure is divided into independent components in which the DOF are defined by a set of generalized coordinates defined by displacement shapes. The number of the generalized coordinates are much less than the original number of physical DOF, in the component. The displacement shapes are used to transform the component property matrices and any applied external loads, to a reduced system of coordinates. Reduced system property matrices are assembled, and any type of dynamic analysis is carried out in the reduced coordinate system. Any obtained results are back transformed to the original component coordinate systems. In all conventional methods of CMS, the mode shapes used for components are dynamic mode shapes, supplemented by static deflected shapes. Historically, all the dynamic mode shapes used in conventional CMS are the natural modes (eigenvectors) of components. A new method of CMS, namely the boundary flexibility vector method of CMS, is presented. The method provides for the incorporation of a set of static Ritz vectors, referred to as boundary flexibility vectors, as a replacement and/or supplement to conventional eigenvectors, as displacement shapes for components. The generation of these vectors does not require the solution of a costly eigenvalue problem, as in the case of natural modes in conventional CMS, and hence a substantial saving in CPU time can be achieved. The boundary flexibility vectors are generated from flexibility (or stiffness) properties of components. The formulation presented is for both free and fixed-interface components, and for both the free and forced vibration problems. Free and forced vibration numerical examples are presented to verify the accuracy of the method and the saving in CPU time. Compared to conventional methods of CMS, the results indicate that by using the new method, more accurate results can be obtained with a substantial saving in CPU time.

Abdallah, Ayman Ahmed↗
NASA NTRS2006

Spatiotemporal Filtering Using Principal Component Analysis and Karhunen-Loeve Expansion Approaches for Regional GPS Network Analysis

Spatial filtering is an effective way to improve the precision of coordinate time series for regional GPS networks by reducing so-called common mode errors, thereby providing better resolution for detecting weak or transient deformation signals. The commonly used approach to regional filtering assumes that the common mode error is spatially uniform, which is a good approximation for networks of hundreds of kilometers extent, but breaks down as the spatial extent increases. A more rigorous approach should remove the assumption of spatially uniform distribution and let the data themselves reveal the spatial distribution of the common mode error. The principal component analysis (PCA) and the Karhunen-Loeve expansion (KLE) both decompose network time series into a set of temporally varying modes and their spatial responses. Therefore they provide a mathematical framework to perform spatiotemporal filtering.We apply the combination of PCA and KLE to daily station coordinate time series of the Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN) for the period 2000 to 2004. We demonstrate that spatially and temporally correlated common mode errors are the dominant error source in daily GPS solutions. The spatial characteristics of the common mode errors are close to uniform for all east, north, and vertical components, which implies a very long wavelength source for the common mode errors, compared to the spatial extent of the GPS network in southern California. Furthermore, the common mode errors exhibit temporally nonrandom patterns.

displacement↗
NASA NTRS1996

Guidance of Nonlinear Systems

The paper describes a method for guiding a dynamic system through a given set of points. The paradigm is a fully automatic aircraft subject to air traffic control (ATC). The ATC provides a sequence of way points through which the aircraft trajectory must pass. The way points typically specify time, position, and velocity. The guidance problem is to synthesize a system state trajectory which satisfies both the ATC and aircraft constraints. Complications arise because the controlled process is multi-dimensional, multi-axis, nonlinear, highly coupled, and the state space is not flat. In addition, there is a multitude of possible operating modes, which may number in the hundreds. Each such mode defines a distinct state space model of the process by specifying the state space coordination, the partition of the controls into active controls and configuration controls, and the output map. Furthermore, mode transitions must be smooth. The guidance algorithm is based on the inversion of the pure feedback approximations, which is followed by iterative corrections for the effects of zero dynamics. The paper describes the structure and modules of the algorithm, and the performance is illustrated by several example aircraft maneuvers.

Meyer, George↗
NASA NTRS1973

A general conclusion regarding the large amplitude flexural vibration of beams and plates.

Use is made of the two coupled partial differential equations that govern the large amplitude flexural vibration of flat plates. On the basis of an assumed vibration mode taken to be separable in the space coordinates and time, the modal equation is obtained. In the case of a one-term solution, it is shown that the modal equation is the same as the dynamic equation of a mass-spring combination where the restoring force of the nonlinear spring is a cubic and an odd function of the displacement. Since the modal equation is a nonlinear, ordinary differential equation with positive coefficients, it is shown that the nonlinearity associated with the large amplitude flexural vibration of beams and plates is of the hardening type, that is, the frequency increases with amplitude.

Pandalai, K. A. V.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Navigation simulator for the Space Tug vehicle

A general simulation program (GSP) for state estimation of a nonlinear space vehicle flight navigation system is developed and used as a basis for evaluating the performance of a Space Tug navigation system. An explanation of the iterative guidance mode (IGM) guidance law, derivation of the dynamics, coordinate frames and state estimation routines are given in order to clarify the assumptions and approximations made. A number of simulation and analytical studies are used to demonstrate the operation of the Tug system. Included in the simulation studies are (1) initial offset vector parameter study; (2) propagation time vs accuracy; (3) measurement noise parametric study and (4) reduction in computational burden of an on-board implementable scheme. From the results of these studies, conclusions and recommendations concerning future areas of practical and theoretical work are presented.

Colburn, B. K.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Algorithm development for the control design of flexible structures

The critical problems associated with the control of highly damped flexible structures are outlined. The practical problems include: high performance; assembly in space, configuration changes; on-line controller software design; and lack of test data. Underlying all of these problems is the central problem of modeling errors. To justify the expense of a space structure, the performance requirements will necessarily be very severe. On the other hand, the absence of economical tests precludes the availability of reliable data before flight. A design algorithm is offered which: (1) provides damping for a larger number of modes than the optimal attitude controller controls; (2) coordinates the rate of feedback design with the attitude control design by use of a similar cost function; and (3) provides model reduction and controller reduction decisions which are systematically connected to the mathematical statement of the control objectives and the disturbance models.

Skelton, R. E.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Time-dependent solutions of multimode convection equations

Truncated modal equations are used to study the time evolution of thermal convection. In the Boussinesq approximation these nonlinear equations are obtained by expanding the fluctuating velocity and temperature fields in a finite set of planforms of the horizontal coordinates. Numerical studies dealing with two or three modes with triad interactions are discussed. Rich time dependence was found in these cases: periodic and aperiodic solutions can be obtained, along with various steady solutions. Three-mode solutions reproduce the qualitative appearance of spoke-pattern convection as observed in experiments at high Prandtl numbers. Though the values of the periods of the time-dependent solutions do not agree with those of the experiments, their variation with Rayleigh number compares favorably. Except at the highest Rayleigh number considered (10,000,000), the theoretical Nusselt numbers agree well with experiment.

Toomre, J.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Near field to far field transformations and multiple beam forming and steering

The feasibility of acoustic verification of microwave near field to far field transformation algorithms using the Phased Array Sonic Simulation System was studied. Existing electromagnetic near field measurement techniques and transformation algorithms (equations) were investigated. It was analytically determined that acoustic verification is valid. Acoustic simulation of electromagnetic near field to far field transformations is emphasized. The acoustic simulation of electromagnetic near field to far field transformation is verified for the modal expansion method. In the modal expansion method, data from antenna near field measurements are converted to a summation or spectrum of modes corresponding to wave numbers in the measurement coordinate system. Fourier transformation of those measurements preserves the far field information in a spectral form that is then readily extractable.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1989

Joint analysis of multiparameter radar and radiometer measurements of convective storms

An account is given of the radiative properties of hydrometeors in order to evaluate the influences of water, ice, and melting layers on the upwelling microwave radiances of convective storms. Attention is given to storm overflights conducted by the ER-2 aircraft in coordination with the NCAR dual-polarization/dual-wavelength mode radar. Radar-radiometer comparisons are conducted for one overflight from each day of the study campaign, using the various multiparameter radar observations to delineate regions of water, ice, and melting, as well as to obtain raindrop-size distribution. Model-computed brightness temperatures are compared with the ER-2 aircraft measurements.

Vivekanandan, J.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Hierarchical tapered bar elements undergoing axial deformation

A method is described to model the dynamics of tapered axial bars of various cross sections based on the well-known Craig/Bampton component mode synthesis technique. This element is formed in terms of the static constraint modes and interface restrained normal modes. This is in contrast with the finite elements as implemented in NASTRAN where the interface restrained normal modes are neglected. These normal modes are in terms of Bessel functions. Restoration of a few of these modes leads to higher accuracy with fewer generalized coordinates. The proposed models are hierarchical so that all lower order element matrices are embedded in higher order element matrices. The advantages of this formulation compared to standard NASTRAN truss element formulation are demonstrated through simple numerical examples.

Ganesan, N.↗
NASA NTRS1973

A dynamic transformation method for modal synthesis.

This paper presents a condensation method for large discrete parameter vibration analysis of complex structures that greatly reduces truncation errors and provides accurate definition of modes in a selected frequency range. A dynamic transformation is obtained from the partitioned equations of motion that relates modes not explicity in the condensed solution to the retained modes at a selected system frequency. The generalized mass and stiffness matrices, obtained with existing modal synthesis methods, are reduced using this transformation and solved. Revised solutions are then obtained using new transformations at the calculated eigenvalues and are also used to assess the accuracy of the results. If all the modes of interest have not been obtained, the results are used to select a new set of retained coordinates and a new transformation frequency, and the procedure is repeated for another group of modes.

Kuhar, E. J.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Changes in nitrate binding with lanthanides in BLPhen complexes

Preorganized ligands such as bis-lactam-1,10-phenanthroline (BLPhen) offer unique selectivity trends in solvent extraction of rare-earth ions, particularly from aqueous nitrate solutions. However, due to the ligand’s lipophilicity it is experimentally challenging to obtain crystal structures of the corresponding lanthanide (Ln):ligand complexes to describe the local structure of the first coordination shell and the role of the nitrate ions in the organic phase. In this work, we report first principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) simulations of the complexation of trivalent lanthanide ions (La, Nd, and Eu) with the BLPhen ligand in the presence of nitrate ions in the dichloroethane (DCE) solvent. We find that two nitrate anions are present in the first solvation shell and the third nitrate anion is far from the first solvation shell in all three [Ln(BLPhen) 2 ] 3+ complexes examined. Moving along the lanthanide series from La to Nd to Eu, the binding pocket formed by the two BLPhen ligands shrinks in size; as a result, the two nitrate configuration changes from one-monodentate/one-bidentate binding mode for La and Nd to all monodentate for Eu. Meanwhile, the total coordination number drops from 11 for La and Nd to 10 for Eu. More interestingly, the bidentate binding in [La(BLPhen) 2 ] 3+ and [Nd(BLPhen) 2 ] 3+ complexes is highly dynamic, frequently switching to monodentate and back. The FPMD insights into the differing modes and dynamics of nitrates in the first coordination shell will be useful for further atomistic understanding of the complex structure, formation, and stability in the organic phase.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1977

Numerical solutions of single-mode convection equations

In the Boussinesq approximation, single-mode equations describing thermal convection are constructed by expanding the fluctuating velocity and temperature fields in a complete set of functions (or planforms) of the horizontal coordinates and retaining just one term. Numerical solutions of the single-mode equations are investigated, chief consideration being given to hexagonal planforms. Extensive surveys of steady solutions are presented for various Rayleigh numbers, Prandtl numbers, and horizontal wavenumbers. The dependences on Rayleigh number and Prandtl number at very large Rayleigh number are in satisfactory agreement with the results of asymptotic expansions.

Toomre, J.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Detection of elliptical polarization and mode splitting in discrete Schumann resonance excitations

Elliptical polarization and mode splitting have been detected in the magnetic component of discrete, well defined Schumann resonance excitations. These ELF excitations, which are large electromagnetic transients of approximately 1 s duration, are called Q-bursts and typically occur every few minutes. They are believed to be the signature of the impulsive excitation of the earth-ionosphere cavity by ultra-large lightning currents. In this paper the magnetic polarization and spectral characteristics of four large Q-bursts are examined in detail using a new analysis technique. Two events display right-hand polarization and two display left-hand polarization. The theoretical polarization properties of the central and side multiplets of the Schumann resonances are used to define a local orthogonal coordinate system in the measurement frame in which these components may be separated. Maximum entropy spectrums computed separately for what are identified to be the central and side multiplets in this coordinate system show distinctly different eigenfrequencies for the lowest mode near 7.5 Hz. For the limited number of cases examined the magnitude of the line splitting detected using this technique is roughly 1.4-1.8 Hz, larger by nearly a factor of two than theoretical or observed values of the splitting previously reported. The frequencies of the side multiplets may lie either above or below the frequency of the central multiplet.

Sentman, D. D.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Flexible space structure model reduction by modal cost analysis

It is noted that reduced models and reduced controllers for flexible space structures are obtained by retaining those modes which make the greatest contribution to quadratic control objectives. Attention is given to the relative importance of damping, frequency and mode shapes in the mode truncation decisions for the following control objectives: attitude control, vibration suppression and figure control. It is also shown that using Modal Cost Analysis (MCA) on the closed loop modes of the optimally controlled system allows the construction of reduced control policies which feedback only those closed loop coordinates which are most critical to the quadratic control performance criterion. In this manner, the modes which need to be controlled are deduced from truncations of the optimal controller.

Skelton, R. E.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Modal cost analysis for linear matrix-second-order systems

Reduced models and reduced controllers for systems governed by matrix-second-order differential equations are obtained by retaining those modes which make the largest contributions to quadratic control objectives. Such contributions, expressed in terms of modal data, used as mode truncation criteria, allow the statement of the specific control objectives to influence the early model reduction from very high order models which are available, for example, from finite element methods. The relative importance of damping, frequency, and eigenvector in the mode truncation decisions are made explicit for each of these control objectives: attitude control, vibration suppression and figure control. The paper also shows that using modal cost analysis (MCA) on the closed loop modes of the optimally controlled system allows the construction of reduced control policies which feedback only those closed loop modal coordinates which are most critical to the quadratic control performance criterion. In this way, the modes which should be controlled (and hence the modes which must be observable by choice of measurements), are deduced from truncations of the optimal controller.

Skelton, R. E.↗