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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 181 records · Page 10
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Continuous and Cyclic Demonstration of In-Situ Electrochemical Hydrogen Peroxide Generation

Aqueous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a versatile cleaning solution that has several potential applications for Lunar Surface and Martian missions: Faraday Technology, via an SBIR contract, developed Peroxide Generation Units (PGUs) that can generate 3 wt.% aqueous H2O2 in situ by passing deionized water and air through an electrolysis cell. In April 2022, Faraday delivered three PGUs to NASA as part of their SBIR Phase IIE/III contracts. The EC3 Air Team was awarded an Engineering Innovation Funds (EIF) to design and assemble a test rig to verify performance of the PGUs and compare performance and longevity of the multiple Anion Exchange Membranes.

Hydrogen peroxide↗
NASA NTRS2024

Lessons Learned from Particulate Characterization Laboratory Anomalies

The White Sands Test Facility chemistry laboratory provides quality control for cleanroom operations including cleanliness verification of aerospace hardware by particulate counts and non-volatile residue determinations, particulate counts for liquid hypergolic propellants, gaseous helium and nitrogen propellant pressurizing agents used for ground support equipment and flight test article valve actuation, gaseous oxygen primarily used for component testing, and deionized water for refurbished propellant hardware flushing. Cleanliness verification includes particulate counts and non-volatile residue determinations to industry standard, NASA, and program specifications and levels. Particulate counts are typically to customer-specified specifications and levels including JPR 5322.1H (2016) Levels 50 and 100, Orion (MPCV 70156. Revision H (2018)) Level 100, RPTSTD-8070-0001 Revision 3 (2022), and IEST-STD-CC1246E (2013) Levels 50 and 100. The laboratory issues high pressure filter holders containing membrane filters to test operations personnel, who collect samples by flowing the required volumes of fluid through the filter holder, and the filter holder is returned to the lab for counting. A passing particulate count is required before testing may proceed. Rapid data reduction and issuing of reports indicating a pass or fail of the particulate specification are required. Corrective action and resampling invariably occurs if a sample fails. Consequently, the laboratory must maintain the highest degree of reliability to facilitate quality data used to decide if testing may proceed. Experience and continual improvements have enabled reliability. However, anomalies attributed to lab processes and hardware including filter holders, membranes, and Petri dishes have been encountered. This paper presents a summary of problems, solutions, successes, and lessons learned from particle counting experience for over 35 years.

Lessons Learned↗
DOE OSTI2021

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DIRECT CONTACT MEMBRANE DISTILLATION MODULE OPERATED WITH HIGHLY CONCENTRATED SOLUTION

The experimental study was conducted to characterize the performance of the flat sheet Direct Contact Membrane Distillation. The length degradation was studied in a short and long module with and without spacers. The experimental study is validated using the predicted flux for a wide range of operating conditions using deionized water. Three different membranes are used in the parametric study for feed Reynolds number varied between 500 and 2000, and inlet feed temperature varied between 45°C and 80°C. PTFE membrane was shown to be more effective than the PVDF due to its higher permeability coefficient and higher hydrophobicity. Fouling study was conducted on the selected PTFE membrane with various feed Reynolds numbers between 500 and 2000 and feed inlet temperature between 50°C and 80°C. Membranes used in the fouling study were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for the morphology and chemical composition of the fouling layer. 36 hours of operation with 10 wt% NaCl (100,000 ppm) at feed inlet temperatures 80°C and 60°C and fixed Reynolds 2000 demonstrated a drop in flux by 31% and 27%, respectively. Low flow rate and high temperature are favorable conditions for fouling formation and reduced permeate flux for highly concentrated solutions. The spacers improved the flux by 30.8% and 27.6% at the operating Reynolds numbers 2000 the short and long channel modules. This study helps to design and optimize DCMD modules for industrial-size desalination and water treatment applications.

Kim, Deliya↗
DOE OSTI2023

Direct recycling of lithium-ion battery scraps for manufacturing a new anode

An improved method of recycling lithium-ion battery anode scraps is provided. The method involves isolating an anode scrap including a graphite anode film adhered to a current collector foil with a polyvinylidene fluoride binder. The anode scrap is combined with deionized water to form a first mixture. The graphite anode film is delaminated from the current collector foil to form a second mixture comprising a free collector foil and a free graphite anode film. The free graphite anode film is filtered and dried from the second mixture to recover the free graphite anode film. The free graphite anode film is combined with a solvent comprising N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) to form an anode formation slurry. The slurry is coated onto a copper current collector to produce a new anode.

Bai, Yaocai↗
DOE OSTI2024

Warrick Conductivity Level Controllers Series 3H

This is my internship poster. In the poster I talk about the level controllers that I wired together and installed to support electrolysis testing systems in efforts to make the systems more efficient and run based on the communication between devices to ensure a closed loop system that can run on its own in a safe and controlled manner. I included pictures of some of the wiring as well as the level sensor devices and relays. I also included pictures of the tanks that will be filled at different heights with deionized water based on where the level sensors are.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2024

Pool Boiling Reliability Tests and Degradation Mechanisms of Microporous Copper Inverse Opal (CuIOs) Structures: Preprint

The rising power density in electronic systems requires thermal management solutions that are both high-performing and reliable. Porous materials such as Copper Inverse Opals (CuIOs) have unique structural features, including high permeability and high thermal conductivity, to enhance pool boiling performance. However, there is little understanding of the degradation mechanism of such porous materials under pool boiling conditions. In this study, samples of 10-micrometer-thick CuIOs with 4.8-micrometer diameter, covering silicon substrate of area 11-mm by 11-mm, with various heated areas ranging from 2.5-mm by 2.5-mm to 10-mm by 10-mm, were tested in 100 degrees C deionized water at a constant heat flux of 110 watts per square cm for 3-7 days. The combined effect of erosion and corrosion caused structural degradation of the CuIOs. The directly heated area had the most severe degradation while the edge of the heater and the unheated area showed progressively less degradation, maintaining some CuIOs structure even after the 7-day reliability test. Among all the tested samples with various heater sizes, the 2.5-mm by 2.5-mm heater sample - in which the heater size was designed to be comparable to the water bubble characteristic length - had the largest critical heat flux (CHF) up to 300 watts per square cm with a superheat of approximately 13 degrees C. Additionally, CuIOs with a smaller heated area performed better in terms of reliability. This study offers preliminary insights into CuIOs degradation mechanisms, contributing to the development of more robust thermal management solutions. We expect that electroless plating of CuIOs with gold (Au), nickel (Ni), and atomic layer deposition of aluminum oxide in combination with appropriate application-specific coolants will further improve the reliability and lifetime of the CuIOs.

boiling-induced degradation↗
DOE OSTI2020

Carbon electrodes based capacitive deionization for the desalination of water

A capacitive deionization system includes first and second electrodes comprising tire derived carbon particles obtained from a carbonaceous waste-tire source material containing carbon black. A conductive polymer coating on the carbon particles forms coated carbon particles. The first electrode and the second electrode define a flow channel there between, having a first opening for conducting saline solution into the flow channel and a second opening for conducting treated saline solution from the flow channel. A first current collector is provided for the first electrode and a second current collector is provided for the second electrode. An electrical connection between the first and second electrodes. A method of making a system for the capacitive deionization of a salt from a liquid, and a method for the capacitive desalination of a saline solution are also disclosed.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Selective single-atom adsorption for precision separation of lead ions in tap water via capacitive deionization

Capacitive deionization (CDI) offers a cost-effective and low-energy method for selective removal of Pb 2+ from drinking water. Modifying CDI electrode surfaces with functional groups presents a versatile approach to enhancing selective ion adsorption capacity. However, a comprehensive understanding of the selectivity and removal efficiency of Pb 2+ among diverse functional groups remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the effects of different functional groups (-SH, -COOH, and -NH 2 ) attached to the graphene oxide (GO) electrode surfaces on Pb 2+ selectivity and removal efficiency. Surprisingly, GO-COOH demonstrated single-atom adsorption of Pb 2+ , displaying superior removal efficiency and selectivity compared with -SH and -NH 2 , although -SH possesses significant chelation capability for Pb 2+ . Both density functional theory (DFT) calculations and X-ray pair distribution function (PDF) analyses confirmed that Pb 2+ exhibits a theoretically higher affinity to -COOH. Further, this research deepens our understanding of the interactions between functional groups and heavy metal ions, enabling selective and rapid separation of target cations for water purification.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Lunar Passive Fuel Cell Technologies: Evaporator + Fluid Polishing Elements

This project investigates key elements of a fully-passive, fuel-cell based, surface power generation concept. The overall concept replaces the actively pumped thermal management of a state of the art (SOA) fuel cell/electrolyzer stack with a passive 2-phase thermosyphon for heat transport and a passive shape memory actuating radiator for temperature management. The elements of the concept investigated in this project are: Evaporator Element: Evaluating the compatibility of common fuel-cell interconnect materials in the evaporator of a 2-phase water thermosyphon Fluid Polishing element: The use of membrane gas separation and resin water polishing to address non-condensable gas removal and water purity.

Fuel Cell↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Ground Test Stand Development for One-step Electrochemical Production of High-Pressure Oxygen

NASA designed a test rig, High-Pressure Oxygen Generation Assembly (HPOGA) to test a novel method of electrolysis as an alternative technology to the state-of-the-art Oxygen Generation Assembly (OGA) currently on the International Space Station (ISS). This approach involves utilizing a specialized electrolysis cell stack designed to both generate and compress high-pressure oxygen up to 3600 PSIG. The design eliminates the need for an external compressor and hydrogen separator, streamlining the oxygen generation process. HPOGA tests the viability of an electrolysis cell stack for extended life usage. Within the system, there are several key subsystems: nitrogen, high/low pressure oxygen, hydrogen, water recirculation, and water injection. The water injection subsystem supplies deionized (DI) water to a centralized reservoir for consumption. Subsequently, a water recirculation loop transfers the DI water across the cathode side of the electrolysis cell stack with constant flow rate. The result is a supply of hydrogen in the water loop and oxygen accumulation on the anode side of the cell stack. Hydrogen is evaporated out as part of the hydrogen sub-system which also measures hydrogen/oxygen concentration for safety. The oxygen subsystem is responsible for managing high pressure oxygen, O2 exhaust, and conducting hydrogen/oxygen concentration measurements. The nitrogen subsystem serves dual functions, purging the hydrogen/oxygen subsystems, and regulating pressure in both high/low-pressure O2 sections via pneumatic back pressure regulators. Various sensors monitor pressure, temperature, humidity, gas concentration and flow rate in each subsystem. This paper presents the design and testing of a comprehensive test stand, which serves to operate and functionally verify the performance of the electrolysis cell while offering valuable lessons learned.

electrolysis↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Passive fuel-Cell Surface power System (PaCeSS)

This effort produces a fully-passive surface power generation capability for fuel cell technology. The concept replaces the actively pumped thermal management of a state of the art (SOA) fuel cell/electrolyzer stack with a passive 2-phase thermosyphon for heat transport and a passive shape memory actuating radiator for temperature management.

Fuel Cell↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Review: Flow Electrode Capacitive Deionization for Improved Electrochemical Water Desalination

In many places of the world people have continued to suffer from major droughts and water shortages. With climate change climbing in intensity, these dry conditions will only worsen. With much of the world’s water in the ocean, both saltwater and brackish water have been identified as key water sources. Currently, there are several technologies available for water desalination and treatment such as reverse osmosis, capacitive deionization, electrodialysis, and flow electrode capacitive deionization. This paper will briefly review each of these technologies and propose a new design to improve the current flow electrode capacitive deionization architecture. The new design uses a current collector flow-electrode architecture that has the potential to achieve record thermodynamic energy efficiencies. This formulation is proprietary to Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1989

Oxygen-Free Rinse Water For Electroplating

Removal of dissolved oxygen from deionized rinse water improves bond between electroplated metal and base metal. Oxygen removed by bubbling nitrogen through rinse water before used.

Bodemeijer, Ronnald↗
NASA NTRS1993

Electrodialysis simulation to achieve optimum current density

Electrodialysis is used to remove salts from waste or other water streams, to yield a concentrated brine and a substatially deionized product water. During the electrodialysis process, the boundary layer adjacent to the ion selective membrane can become depleted of ions, resulting in severe pH changes sometimes accompanied by precipitation, and power losses, by a process known as water splitting. In order to optimize the applied electric current density, to achieve maximum deionization without exceeding the limiting current at any point along the path, a simulation program has been created to plot ion concentrations and fluxes, and cell current densities and voltages along the electrodialysis path. A means for tapering the current density along the path is recommended.

Herrmann, Cal C.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Nanoarchitectonics of Metal–Organic Frameworks for Capacitive Deionization via Controlled Pyrolyzed Approaches

Abstract Next‐generation desalination technologies are needed to meet the increasing demand for clean water. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a thermodynamically efficient technique to treat non‐potable water with relatively low salinity. The salt removal capacity and rate of CDI are highly dependent on the electrode materials, which are preferentially porous to store ions through electrosorption and/or redox reactions. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with “infinite” combinations of transition metals and organic linkers simplify the production of carbonaceous materials often with redox‐active components after pyrolysis. MOFs‐derived materials show great tunability in both compositions and structures but require further refinement to improve CDI performance. This review article summarizes recent progress in derivatives of MOFs and MOF‐like materials used as CDI electrodes, focusing on the structural and compositional material considerations as well as the processing parameters and electrode architectures of the device. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities associated with this research area are also discussed.

Wang, Hao↗
DOE OSTI2024

Molecular-Resolution Electron Imaging of Defects and Dynamics at the Ice-Water Interface

Water crystallization into hexagonal ice (type I h ) is one of the most critical processes relevant to the Earth’s environment and human activities. However, despite recent breakthroughs in imaging non-equilibrium condensed ice structures, the ice-water interface has never been imaged at a molecular resolution. This is primarily due to the low stability of the hydrogen bonds in ice under high-resolution microscopy conditions and a lack of methods to prepare compatible samples. Here, this presentation describes the first molecular-resolution imaging of ice crystallized from liquid water and the ice-water interface using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). By encapsulating deionized (DI) water between two amorphous carbon (a-C) TEM grids and subsequently freezing it with liquid N 2 on a cryo sample stage, we generated two types of ice: non-equilibrium, condensed ice from the atmosphere and encapsulated ice from the DI water (Fig. 1A). Condensed ice usually shows irregular, spherulitic shapes (Fig. 1B). Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) shows that they are a mixture of cubic and hexagonal crystals (Fig. 1C). On the contrary, encapsulated ice forms thin films that contain large-area single-crystalline regions of hexagonal ice oriented along the [0001] zone axis (Fig. 1D). Differential electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) confirmed the high purity of the encapsulated ice free from organic contaminations that are common in other encapsulation methods for HRTEM such as graphene liquid cells. These single-crystalline areas are robust under the electron beam up to ~100 e/Å 2 s. Aberration-corrected HRTEM imaging in these areas achieved a line resolution of ~1.3 Å (Fig. 1E and F). This platform allows us to study near-equilibrium ice structures and dynamics at an unprecedented spatial resolution (Fig. 2). For example, we discovered subdomain-rich regions near the defective crystal edges despite the structure appearing single-crystalline according to diffraction criteria. These subdomains connect via low-angle grain boundaries with flat energy landscapes as a function of tilt angles (according to simulations), showing the high tolerance of ice to defect structures. When we tuned the sample temperature and electron flux rate, we observed radiolysis-controlled bubble generation and dissolution in ice single crystals near a steady state of bubble dynamics. Furthermore, rich beam-induced melting and recrystallization dynamics were observed at the ice-water interface with lattice resolution. These data represent the first observation of the ice-water phase transformation at the sub-nanometer level. In summary, the methods developed in this work enabled molecular-resolution observations of ice and the ice-water interface and shed light on the microstructures and phase transformation pathways. Finer control on the temperature, electron irradiation profile, and imaging detector could eventually lead to real-time observation of ice nucleation in water and address long-standing questions in the nucleation pathways.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Monitoring Local Electric Fields using Stark Shifts on Napthyl Nitrile-Functionalized Silicon Photoelectrodes

in this paper, we report spectroscopic measurements of the local electric field using vibrational Stark shifts of napthyl nitrile-functionalized silicon under electrochemical working conditions. The C$\equiv$N bond is particularly sensitive to applied electric fields and serves as a good probe for the local electric fields at the silicon–aqueous interface. Here, surface-enhanced Raman spectra (SERS) are collected at a silicon surface using a water immersion lens as a function of the reference potential in a three-terminal potentiostat. In deionized (DI) water and KCl solutions, the nitrile (i.e., C$\equiv$N) stretch downshifts by 4.7 and 8.6 cm –1 , respectively, under an applied potential of –1 V vs Ag/AgCl. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the napthyl nitrile complex carried out under various electric fields establish the Stark tuning rate to be 0.5622 cm–1/(MV cm –1 ). Based on this relation, electric fields of –8.4 and –15.2 MV/cm were obtained under negative applied potentials. These measurements report the electric field strength within the double (i.e., Helmholtz) layer, which is responsible for pulling positively charged ions (e.g., H + ) toward the surface in reduction reaction processes.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Double ChemFET for the In-Line Monitoring of Silver Dosing in Potable Water Systems

With NASA Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) Life Support Systems (LSS) baselining ionic silver (Ag+) as the biocide of choice, development in silver monitoring technologies becomes necessary to monitor and control Ag+ release. Ion-selctive field effect transistors (ISFETs) and chemically-sensitive field effect transistors (ChemFETs) are capable of selective detection of Ag+ with reversible and low detection limit responses. However, one major hurdle to ChemFET technologies is the requirement of a reference electrode, which can leak its fill solution into the potable water system and is prone to drift requiring frequent calibration. To circumvent this issue, we are developing a double chemically-sensitive field effect transistor (dChemFET). The dChemFET uses a second ChemFET to selectively monitor the counter ion and serves in place of the reference electrode. We report our work in developing the dChemFET, starting with the development of the Ag+ and NO3- ion selective memberanes (ISMs) to be used in the ChemFETs. The Ag+ ISM has a detection range of 50-105 ppb . The counter ion ISM, NO3- ISM, has shown a detection range of 400-105 ppb. NO3- ISMs are limited in detecting at lower ppb levels required for the dChemFET application on the potable water system. In response to this issue, we also report our studies in using the Ag+ ISM to measure deionized (DI) water as a reference measurement to be implemented in-line before the Ag+ is dosed.

Lance Dean Delzeit↗