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At least 181 records · Page 10

Ames National Laboratory Annual Site Environmental Report for CY2021

The primary purpose of this report is to summarize the performance of Ames National Laboratory’s environmental programs, present highlights of significant environmental activities, and confirm compliance with environmental regulations and requirements for calendar year 2021. This report is a working requirement of Department of Energy Order 231.1B, Environment, Safety and Health Reporting. It includes descriptions of the Laboratory’s site, mission, the status of its compliance with applicable environmental regulations, its planning and activities to maintain compliance, and a comprehensive review of its environmental protection, surveillance and monitoring activities. Ames National Laboratory is located on the campus of Iowa State University (ISU) and occupies 13 buildings owned by the Department of Energy (DOE). See the Laboratory’s Web page for location and Laboratory overview. The Laboratory also leases space in ISU owned buildings. In 2021, the Laboratory accumulated and disposed of hazardous waste under a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued generator number. All waste was handled according to applicable EPA, State, and local regulations and DOE Orders. The Laboratory operates as a Small Quantity Generator (SQG) of hazardous waste. There were no radiological air emissions or exposures to the general public due to Laboratory activities in 2021 (See U.S. Department of Energy Air Emissions Annual Report in Appendix A.) The Laboratory has an established Environmental Radiological Protection Program (Plan 10200.041) per DOE Order 458.1 requirements. Plans, policies, and procedures are in place to protect the public and the environment against undue risk from radiation associated with DOE radiological activities. As indicated in prior Site Environmental Reports, formal pollution prevention awareness, waste minimization and recycling programs have been in practice since 1990, with improvements implemented most recently in 2017 with Iowa State University’s shift toward single-stream recycling. Included in recycling efforts are items such as batteries, monitors, corrugated cardboard, lamps, miscellaneous electronic office equipment, mixed paper, newsprint, food/beverage containers, and laboratory glassware. Ames National Laboratory also recycles/reuses salvageable metal, used oil, and foamed polystyrene peanuts, and encourages chemical redistribution and sharing among research groups. Ames National Laboratory reported its contractual performance to DOE-Ames Site Office (AMSO) through the Laboratory’s Performance Evaluation Measurement Plan (PEMP), and a performance level of “B+” was achieved in 2021 for Sustain Excellence and Enhance Effectiveness of Integrated Safety, Health, and Environmental Protection As reported in Site Environmental Reports for prior years, the Laboratory’s Environmental Management System (EMS) has been integrated into the Laboratory’s Integrated Safety Management System (ISMS) since 2005. The integration of EMS into Laboratory business practices allows the Laboratory to systematically review, address and respond to environmental impacts. In addition to DOE-identified objectives and targets, the EMS Steering Committee recommends annual environmental goals for the Laboratory. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and limited onsite work staff, goals of reducing water usage and travel/commuting to promote the reduction of scope 3 greenhouse gases were achieved. All contract deliverables and environmental compliance activities were still met during this time.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Impact of Urban Pollution on Organic-Mediated New-Particle Formation and Particle Number Concentration in the Amazon Rainforest

A major challenge in assessing the impact of aerosols on climate change is to understand how human activities change aerosol loading and properties relative to the pristine-preindustrial baseline. Here we combine chemical transport simulation and field measurements to investigate the effect of anthropogenic pollution from an isolated metropolis on particle number concentration over the preindustrial-like Amazon rainforest through various new-particle formation (NPF) mechanisms and primary particle emissions. To represent organic-mediated NPF, we employ a state-of-the-art model that systematically simulates the formation chemistry and thermodynamics of extremely low volatility organic compounds as well as their roles in NPF processes, and further update the model to improve organic NPF simulations under human-influenced conditions. Results show that urban pollution from the metropolis increases particle number concentration by a factor of 5–25 over the downwind region (within 200 km from city center) compared to background conditions. Overall, our model indicates that NPF contributes over 70% of the total particle number in the downwind region except immediately adjacent to the sources. Among different NPF mechanisms, the ternary NPF involving organics and sulfuric acid overwhelmingly dominates. The improved understanding of particle formation mechanisms will help better quantify anthropogenic aerosol forcing from pristine-preindustrial times to present day.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Sex-specific respiratory and systemic endocrine effects of acute acrolein and trichloroethylene inhalation

Acrolein and trichloroethylene (TCE) are priority hazardous air pollutants due to environmental prevalence and adverse health effects; however, neuroendocrine stress-related systemic effects are not characterized. Comparing acrolein, an airway irritant, and TCE with low irritancy, we hypothesized that airway injury would be linked to neuroendocrine-mediated systemic alterations. Male and female Wistar-Kyoto rats were exposed nose-only to air, acrolein or TCE in incremental concentrations over 30 min, followed by 3.5-hr exposure to the highest concentration (acrolein - 0.0, 0.1, 0.316, 1, 3.16 ppm; TCE - 0.0, 3.16, 10, 31.6, 100 ppm). Real-time head-out plethysmography revealed acrolein decreased minute volume and increased inspiratory-time (males>females), while TCE reduced tidal-volume. Acrolein, but not TCE, inhalation increased nasal-lavage-fluid protein, lactate-dehydrogenase activity, and inflammatory cell influx (males>females). Neither acrolein nor TCE increased bronchoalveolar-lavage-fluid injury markers, although macrophages and neutrophils increased in acrolein-exposed males and females. Systemic neuroendocrine stress response assessment indicated acrolein, but not TCE, increased circulating adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and consequently corticosterone, and caused lymphopenia, but only in males. Acrolein also reduced circulating thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, and testosterone in males. Furthermore, acute acrolein inhalation resulted in sex-specific upper respiratory irritation/inflammation and systemic neuroendocrine alterations linked to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes activation, which is critical in mediating extra-respiratory effects.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

Amorphous Pd-Loaded Ti 4 O 7 Electrode for Direct Anodic Destruction of Perfluorooctanoic Acid

In this work we present a novel Ti 4 O 7 -based electrode loaded with amorphous Pd clusters that achieve efficient anodic destruction of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a persistent water pollutant with significant environmental and human health concerns. These amorphous Pd clusters were characterized by the disordered, noncrystalline arrangement of Pd single atoms in close proximity, in contrast to crystalline Pd nanoparticles that have been often employed to tailor the electronic properties of an electrode. We found that the Ti 4 O 7 electrode loaded with amorphous Pd clusters significantly outperformed the Ti 4 O 7 electrode loaded with crystalline Pd particles due to enhanced electron transfer through dominant Pd–O bonds. Combined with the efficient binding of PFOA and its degradation intermediates to the fluorinated electrode surface, this electrode was capable of mineralizing PFOA and releasing fluoride as F – . The reaction pathway was found to proceed without involving reactive oxygen species and therefore was not quenched by common anions in complex natural water systems such as chloride ions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Reservoir Sediment Management and Monitoring Database

Overview This dataset compiles dam sediment management and monitoring information from surveys, case studies, and journal articles. Additionally, features described by the National Inventory of Dams (i.e., presence of sluice gates) are included to indicate known infrastructure features that may address sediment releases. The location and description of records from downstream monitoring gages are catalogued in order to help with tracking conditions over time (e.g., before and after management actions, as operations change, etc.). The data help address national scale understanding of challenges and solutions related to the accumulation of sediment behind a dam as well as downstream passage. Sediment trapping causes problems as it reduces storage capacity, disrupts dam and reservoir function, impedes access for recreation, alters water quality/habitat conditions, and contributes to riverbank and coastal erosion within the reservoir. Data compilation from a variety of sources is a first step towards assessing system-wide efficacy of management solutions. This dataset was developed under the Water Power Technologies Office funded effort which began as a Seedling on Reservoir Sedimentation Data, and was supported by the Reservoir Sedimentation Modeling Framework and Data Analysis project. These projects have addressed challenges in describing sediment transport, trapping, and management at dams throughout the US. Methodology An outer join on dams/reservoirs with surveys and survey reports (documented in the RESSED database, USBR or USACE databases, project websites, etc.) with the National Inventory of Dams, based on the NIDID to determine dams with documented management and/or sluice gates. Additional dams with documented management activity were identified through review of technical articles from the past 25 years in Journal of Hydrology, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, Geomorphology, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Water, Journal of Cleaner Production, International Journal of Sediment Research, Nature Scientific Reports, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, and Environmental Science and Pollution Research. Individual records were created for each survey or management activity documented. To evaluate downstream sediment monitoring records, the nhdPlusTools and dataRetrieval packages in R were used to find gages within 10km of each dam in the management database. Length of record and location of matched gages were retrieved for those parameters relevant to sediment concentration or total sediment discharge.

Hansen, Carly [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000193280838)↗

Environment Surveys

The applications of ERTS-1 in the investigation of environmental quality and pollution are reviewed. Problem areas discussed are: (1) air pollution; (2) water pollution; (3) land pollution; and (4) aesthetics.

Walter, L. S.↗

ERTS program of the US Army Corps of Engineers

The Army Corps of Engineers research and development efforts associated with the ERTS Program are confined to applications of investigation, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of water resource projects. Problems investigated covered: (1) resource inventory; (2) environmental impact; (3) pollution monitoring; (4) water circulation; (5) sediment transport; (6) data collection systems; (7) engineering; and (8) model verification. These problem areas were investigated in relation to bays, reservoirs, lakes, rivers, coasts, and regions. ERTS-1 imagery has been extremely valuable in developing techniques and is now being used in everyday applications.

Jarman, J. W.↗

Mass spectrometry

Advances in mass spectrometry (MS) and its applications over the past decade are reviewed in depth, with annotated literature references. New instrumentation and techniques surveyed include: modulated-beam MS, chromatographic MS on-line computer techniques, digital computer-compatible quadrupole MS, selected ion monitoring (mass fragmentography), and computer-aided management of MS data and interpretation. Areas of application surveyed include: organic MS and electron impact MS, field ionization kinetics, appearance potentials, translational energy release, studies of metastable species, photoionization, calculations of molecular orbitals, chemical kinetics, field desorption MS, high pressure MS, ion cyclotron resonance, biochemistry, medical/clinical chemistry, pharmacology, and environmental chemistry and pollution studies.

Burlingame, A. L.↗

The microassay on a card: A rugged, portable immunoassay

The Microassay on a Card (MAC) is a portable, hand-held, non-instrumental immunoassay that can test for the presence of a wide variety of substances in the environment. The MAC is a simple device to use. A drop of test solution is placed on one side of the card and within five minutes a color is developed on the other side in proportion to the amount of substance in the test solution, with sensitivity approaching 10 ng/ml. The MAC is self-contained and self-timed; no reagents or timing is necessary. The MAC may be configured with multiple wells to provide simultaneous testing for multiple species. As envisioned, the MAC will be employed first as an on-site screen for drugs of abuse in urine or saliva. If the MAC can be used as a screen of saliva for drugs of abuse, it could be applied to driving while intoxicated, use of drugs on the job, or testing of the identity of seized materials. With appropriate modifications, the MAC also could be used to test for environmental toxins or pollutants.

Kidwell, David↗

Electronic nose for space program applications

The ability to monitor air contaminants in the shuttle and the International Space Station is important to ensure the health and safety of astronauts, and equipment integrity. Three specific space applications have been identified that would benefit from a chemical monitor: (a) organic contaminants in space cabin air; (b) hypergolic propellant contaminants in the shuttle airlock; (c) pre-combustion signature vapors from electrical fires. NASA at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) is assessing several commercial and developing electronic noses (E-noses) for these applications. A short series of tests identified those E-noses that exhibited sufficient sensitivity to the vapors of interest. Only two E-noses exhibited sufficient sensitivity for hypergolic fuels at the required levels, while several commercial E-noses showed sufficient sensitivity of common organic vapors. These E-noses were subjected to further tests to assess their ability to identify vapors. Development and testing of E-nose models using vendor supplied software packages correctly identified vapors with an accuracy of 70-90%. In-house software improvements increased the identification rates between 90 and 100%. Further software enhancements are under development. Details on the experimental setup, test protocols, and results on E-nose performance are presented in this paper along with special emphasis on specific software enhancements. c2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis↗

Expanding SPoRT RGBs and Machine Learning Techniques to Enhance Air Quality Monitoring in Southern Asia

Air pollution poses significant environmental, public health, and societal concerns in the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region of south-central Asia, notably during the dry monsoon months (~November to May). Key contributors to poor air quality include dust from the Middle East and western India, persistent nocturnal fog/smog, and biomass burning. To address this issue, we established a robust air quality and chemistry observation and modeling product suite utilizing multi-spectral red-green-blue (RGB) composite satellite products from Korea’s GEO-KOMPSAT-2A satellite, the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model for dust transport forecasts, and the Weather Research and Forecasting coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model to predict aerosols and chemical species concentrations. Our team employed similar RGB recipes transitioned by the NASA Short-term Prediction Research and Transition (SPoRT) Center for the GOES-R era products over the Western Hemisphere, with significant success in depicting dust and nocturnal fog / low clouds, and to a lesser extent smoke and fire hot spots. We will extend these capabilities for the HKH region by applying an artificial intelligence (AI) model that objectively identifies dust from multi-spectral satellite data over the Southwestern United States. The AI model will be calibrated for automated dust detection over HKH from GEO-KOMPSAT-2A satellite data, with a goal of developing a similar AI model for objectively identifying smoke as well. The ultimate goal of this effort is to enhance dust and smoke predictions in the region by establishing improved emission initializations in HYSPLIT and/or WRF-Chem through the automated AI detection of dust and smoke.

Jonathan L. Case↗

Mechanistic Investigation of Dimethylmercury Formation Mediated by a Sulfide Mineral Surface

Mercury (Hg) pollution is a global environmental problem, but many key transformations among 29 various Hg species are not well understood. Although anaerobic microorganisms are the primary 30 producers of monomethylmercury (MMeHg), the abiotic formation of dimethylmercury (DMeHg) 31 from MMeHg have been suggested to account for a large portion of DMeHg in the ocean. It has 32 been shown that abiotic formation of DMeHg from MMeHg can be facilitated by reduced sulfur 33 groups on mineral surfaces. However, a detailed mechanistic understanding of this reaction is 34 lacking. Here we perform density functional theory (DFT) calculations to explore mechanisms of 35 DMeHg formation on the 110 surface of a CdS(s) (hawleyite) nanoparticle. We show that 36 coordination of MMeHg substituents to adjacent reduced sulfur groups protruding from the surface 37 facilitate DMeHg formation and that the reaction proceeds through direct transmethylation from 38 one MMeHg substituent to another. Solvation effects were found to play an important role in the 39 surface reconstruction of the nanoparticle and in decreasing the energetic barrier for DMeHg 40 formation. We also investigate DMeHg formation from MMeHg mediated by organic dithiols and 41 compare the results to those mediated by the mineral surface. In contrast to the surface reaction, 42 the calculations suggest that dithiol-mediated formation of DMeHg instead proceeds through a 43 mechanism in which Hg–Hg interactions activate a methyl group from one MMeHg substituent 44 for intramolecular transfer to the adjacent MMeHg substituent. These findings refine previously 45 proposed mechanisms of abiotic DMeHg formation and fill gaps in our understanding of global 46 Hg cycling in the environment.

Lian, Peng↗

Quantifying Impacts of Renewable Electricity Deployment on Air Quality and Human Health in Southeast Asia Based on Aims III Scenarios

Exposure to outdoor air pollution is the largest environmental risk factor for death and disease worldwide, associated with millions of cases of excess deaths (mortality) each year. Although there are many pollutants in the air that affect our health, the most important class of pollutants is fine particulate matter, PM 2.5 , which are airborne particles of diameter ≤2.5 micrometers (µm). These particles are small enough to deposit deep in the respiratory system where they can then enter the bloodstream, traveling and causing damage to other bodily systems. Exposure to outdoor (ambient) PM 2.5 has been found to be the most important environmental risk factor for mortality in Southeast Asia, associated with 130,000 - 320,000 excess deaths in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member countries in 2019. Southeast Asia, especially its mega-cities, but also other areas, has some of the worst air quality in the world. Almost all human activity emits air pollutants. Fine particulate matter is both directly emitted and formed in the atmosphere through chemical reactions, the latter of which requires modeling to predict. Power generation is one of the major sources of air pollutants that lead to elevated concentrations of fine particulate matter, including in Southeast Asia. Fossil fuel combustion for power generation, especially coal but also diesel, is the main source of air pollutant emissions from power generation. While natural gas burns cleaner than coal or diesel, in the quantities combusted for power generation in Southeast Asia, it is also a significant emitter. This study augments the ASEAN Interconnection Masterplan Study III (AIMS III) by quantifying changes to air quality and human health that result from its renewable integration and transmission interconnection scenarios. Performing this analysis requires translation of the changes in projected generation from different power sector fuel sources in the AIMS III scenarios to changes in air pollutant emissions, developing what's known as an emissions inventory for each scenario and year evaluated. We then use for the first time a new global, reduced-complexity air quality model to transform the changes in emissions to changes in air pollutant concentration of the deadliest air pollutant for human health, fine particulate matter (or PM 2.5 ). The air quality model, Global InMAP, then utilizes the location of human population in ASEAN countries to calculate exposure to PM 2.5 concentration changes and translates that to estimates of excess mortality attributable to the AIMS III scenarios.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

Effective utilization of quantum-cascade distributed-feedback lasers in absorption spectroscopy

A variable duty cycle quasi-cw frequency scanning technique was applied to reduce thermal effects resulting from the high heat dissipation of type I quantum-cascade lasers. This technique was combined with a 100-m path-length multipass cell and a zero-air background-subtraction technique to enhance detection sensitivity to a parts-in-10(9) (ppb) concentration level for spectroscopic trace-gas detection of CH4, N2O, H2O, and C2H5OH in ambient air at 7.9 micrometers. A new technique for analysis of dense high resolution absorption spectra was applied to detection of ethanol in ambient air, yielding a 125-ppb detection limit.

NASA Discipline Environmental Health↗

Host tree species mediate corticolous lichen responses to elevated CO 2 and O 3 after 10 years exposure in the Aspen-FACE system

Lichens contribute significantly to the biodiversity and functioning of many ecosystems. Although lichens are useful air pollution bioindicators and may respond in significant ways to global change, they are studied infrequently under field conditions in chamberless exposure systems. We surveyed corticolous lichens on paper birch ( Betula papyrifera ) and trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) after 10 years exposure (1998–2007) to elevated CO 2 (eCO 2 ) and O 3 (eO 3 ) in the Aspen-FACE experiment in Rhinelander, WI, USA. This experiment utilized chamberless exposure rings, 30 m in diameter, with both host trees planted together in one quadrant. Four treatments were allocated among 12 rings: ambient, eCO 2 , eO 3 , and the combination of eCO 2 + eO 3 , each replicated once in each of three blocks. Over the course of the experiment, ambient CO 2 increased from 343 to 386 ppm while eCO 2 averaged ~530 ppm CO 2 . Ambient ozone concentrations averaged ~37 ppb and ~49 ppb for eO 3 although exposures decreased with time. Tree growth and leaf area index were negatively affected by eO 3 and stimulated by eCO 2 , resulting in higher photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in eO 3 and lower in eCO 2 . We assessed lichen richness and cover on five host trees per ring on the north-facing side of the trunks, which were higher on birch than on aspen. Additionally, neither of the lichen measures on birch responded to the exposure treatments, while on aspen lichen cover was highest in eO 3 and lowest in eCO 2 . On aspen, lichen cover was positively related to PAR and dominated by Caloplaca . No relationship was found for birch, although Lecanora exhibited a negative relationship with PAR. These lichens were insensitive to direct effects of eCO 2 and eO 3 at the levels applied. Instead, they responded to indirect effects, such as host tree species, and changes in understory PAR, resulting from direct effects of eO 3 and eCO 2 on the host trees.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

The Ozone Water-Land Environmental Transition Study: An Innovative Strategy for Understanding Chesapeake Bay Pollution Events

Coastal regions have historically represented a significant challenge for air quality investigations because of water-land boundary transition characteristics and a paucity of measurements available over water. Prior studies have identified the formation of high levels of ozone over water bodies, such as the Chesapeake Bay, that can potentially recirculate back over land to significantly impact populated areas. Earth-observing satellites and forecast models face challenges in capturing the coastal transition zone where small-scale meteorological dynamics are complex and large changes in pollutants can occur on very short spatial and temporal scales. An observation strategy is presented to synchronously measure pollutants “over land” and “over water” to provide a more complete picture of chemical gradients across coastal boundaries for both the needs of state and local environmental management and new remote sensing platforms. Intensive vertical profile information from ozone lidar systems and ozonesondes, obtained at two main sites, one over land and the other over water, are complemented by remote sensing and in situ observations of air quality from ground-based, airborne (both personned and unpersonned), and shipborne platforms. These observations, coupled with reliable chemical transport simulations, such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Air Quality Forecast Capability (NAQFC), are expected to lead to a more fully characterized and complete land–water interaction observing system that can be used to assess future geostationary air quality instruments, such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO), and current low-Earth-orbiting satellites, such as the European Space Agency’s Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5-P) with its Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI).

Forecast Models↗

Major weapon system environmental life-cycle cost estimating for Conservation, Cleanup, Compliance and Pollution Prevention (C3P2)

The Titan 4 Space Launch Vehicle Program is one of many major weapon system programs that have modified acquisition plans and operational procedures to meet new, stringent environmental rules and regulations. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Defense (DOD) mandate to reduce the use of ozone depleting chemicals (ODC's) is just one of the regulatory changes that has affected the program. In the last few years, public environmental awareness, coupled with stricter environmental regulations, has created the need for DOD to produce environmental life-cycle cost estimates (ELCCE) for every major weapon system acquisition program. The environmental impact of the weapon system must be assessed and budgeted, considering all costs, from cradle to grave. The Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) has proposed that organizations consider Conservation, Cleanup, Compliance and Pollution Prevention (C(sup 3)P(sup 2)) issues associated with each acquisition program to assess life-cycle impacts and costs. The Air Force selected the Titan 4 system as the pilot program for estimating life-cycle environmental costs. The estimating task required participants to develop an ELCCE methodology, collect data to test the methodology and produce a credible cost estimate within the DOD C(sup 3)P(sup 2) definition. The estimating methodology included using the Program Office weapon system description and work breakdown structure together with operational site and manufacturing plant visits to identify environmental cost drivers. The results of the Titan IV ELCCE process are discussed and expanded to demonstrate how they can be applied to satisfy any life-cycle environmental cost estimating requirement.

Hammond, Wesley↗

Environmental quality

The potential use of space systems to help determine the current state of air, water, and land environments was examined; the effects of man's activities on these parameters were also examined. Data are limited to pollutants introduced into the major environmental media, environmental changes manifested by such pollutants, and the effectiveness of abatement and control methods. Data also cover land quality as related to land use and public health.

Source record↗