Residuals in field-reduced observations
Comparison between field-reduced and photoreduced satellite observations
REDUCTION↗
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Observations of the reappearance of polar coronal holes and the reversal of the polar magnetic field
Observational data relating to the evolution of the polar magnetic field around sunspot maximum is examined. Particular emphasis is given to coronal hole observations performed during the last two solar maxima. Long-term averages of the latitudinal dependence of the photospheric magnetic field and the evolutionary pattern of the polar crown filaments are used to trace the poleward motion of the reversal of the large-scale field and are compared to the redevelopment of polar holes. Within the context of phenomenological models of the solar cycle, it is concluded that: (1) the process of polarity reversal and redevelopment of polar holes is discontinuous, with surges of flux of old-cycle polarity interrupting the poleward migration of new-cycle flux; (2) contrary to the Babcock (1961) hypothesis, the polar crown disappears months after the magnetic pole reversal; and (3) the observations support suggestions of a poleward meridional flow around solar maximum that cannot be accounted for by Leighton-type (1964) diffusion.
Webb, D. F.↗
Magnetospheric-field distortions observed by OGO 3 and 5.
The rubidium vapor magnetometer data of the scalar magnetic-field intensity obtained by the OGO 3 and 5 satellites are analyzed to study the magnetospheric-field distortions in terms of the observed field magnitude under quiet and slightly disturbed conditions minus the magnitude of the reference geomagnetic field (delta B). Average contours of equal delta Bs are shown in the geomagnetic noon-midnight and dawn-dusk meridian planes for magnetically quiet and slightly disturbed conditions. The equatorial distribution of observed delta Bs as a function of geocentric distance differs substantially from that expected from the well-known models of the quiet-time ring current. Other findings suggest that there must be a population of low-energy particles with substantial total energy near the equator at distances of 2 to 5 earth radii that has not been recognized as having sufficient energy to inflate the magnetic field.
Sugiura, M.↗
C/NOFS Observations of AC Electric Field Fields Associated with Equatorial Spread-F
The Vector Electric Field Investigation (VEFI) on the C/NOFS equatorial satellite provides a unique data set in which to acquire detailed knowledge of irregularities associated with the equatorial ionosphere and in particular with spread-F depletions. We present vector AC electric field observations, primarily gathered within the ELF band (1 Hz to 250 Hz) on C/NOFS that address a variety of key questions regarding how plasma irregularities, from meter to kilometer scales, are created and evolve. The data will be used to explore the anisotropy/isotropy of the waves, their wavelength and phase velocity, as well as their spectral distributions. When analyzed in conjunction with the driving DC electric fields and detailed plasma number density measurements, the combined data reveal important information concerning the instability mechanisms themselves. We also present high resolution, vector measurements of intense lower hybrid waves that have been detected on numerous occasions by the VEFI burst memory VLF electric field channels.
Pfaff, R.↗
Two-dimensional observations of the velocity field in and around sunspots
Two dimensional velocity field observations in and around sunspots from Doppler spectroheliograms
Bhatnagar, A.↗
CCD observations of old nova fields
The discovery of CK Vulpeculae (Nova 1670) has prompted a major review of ideas concerning the long-term development of novae. Unfortunately, there are very few recovered novae old enough to provide confirmation (or rejection) of the new 'hibernation' scenario. CCD images of seven old nova fields, and R band photometry for four fields, have been obtained in an attempt to recover these objects in quiescence. A strong candidate for U Leonis, and a possible counterpart for T Bootis, are found. For three other fields, weak candidates have been found. Finding charts and colors are presented for the seven fields observed. The R light curves of U Leo, indicating an orbital period of 192.5 or 385.0 min, are shown.
Downes, Ronald A.↗
Laboratory observations of ion cyclotron waves associated with a double layer in an inhomogeneous magnetic field
Observations of coherent electrostatic ion cyclotron (EIC) waves associated with a strong, magnetized double layer are presented. The double layers are produced in a weakly ionized argon plasma by applying a positive potential to an electrode plate located in the diverging magnetic field region of a cylindrical plasma column. Ionization within the electrode sheath is essential to the formation of these double layers. The resulting V-shaped potential structures have extended parallel, oblique and perpendicular (to B) electric field components. The frequency of the ion cyclotron instability is dependent upon the magnetic field strength at the position of the parallel potential structure. The properties of EIC waves in the presence of the double layer are discussed in relation to the possible excitation mechanisms (field-aligned currents, ion and electron beams, and perpendicular E fields).
Alport, M. J.↗
Observations of the magnetopause current layer: Cases with no boundary layer and tests of recent models
Evidence for the probable existence of magnetospheric boundary layers was first presented by Hones, et al. (1972), based on VELA satellite plasma observations (no magnetic field measurements were obtained). This magnetotail boundary layer is now known to be the tailward extension of the high-latitude boundary layer or plasma mantle (first uniquely identified using HEOS 2 plasma and field observations by Rosenbauer et al., 1975) and the low-latitude boundary layer (first uniquely identified using IMP 6 plasma and field observations by Eastman et al., 1976). The magnetospheric boundary layer is the region of magnetosheath-like plasma located Earthward of, but generally contiguous with the magnetopause. This boundary layer is typically identified by comparing low-energy (less than 10 keV) ion spectra across the magnetopause. Low-energy electron measurements are also useful for identifying the boundary layer because the shocked solar wind or magnetosheath has a characteristic spectral signature for electrons as well. However, there are magnetopause crossings where low-energy electrons might suggest a depletion layer outside the magnetopause even though the traditional field-rotation signature indicates that this same region is a boundary layer Earthward of the current layer. Our analyses avoided crossings which exhibit such ambiguities. Pristine magnetopause crossings are magnetopause crossings for which the current layer is well defined and for which there is no adjoining magnetospheric boundary layer as defined above. Although most magnetopause models to date apply to such crossings, few comparisons between such theory and observations of pristine magnetopause crossings have been made because most crossings have an associated magnetospheric boundary layer which significantly affects the applicable boundary conditions for the magnetopause current layer. Furthermore, almost no observational studies of magnetopause microstructure have been done even though key theoretical issues have been discussed for over two decades. This is because plasma instruments deployed prior to the ISEE and AMPTE missions did not have the required time resolution and most ISEE investigations to-date have focused on tests of MHD plasma models, especially reconnection. More recently, many phenomenological and theoretical models have been developed to explain the existence and characteristics of the magnetospheric boundary layers with only limited success to date. The cases with no boundary layer treated in this study provide a contrary set of conditions to those observed with a boundary layer. For the measured parameters of such cases, a successful boundary layer model should predict no plasma penetration across the magnetopause. Thus, this research project provides the first direct observational tests of magnetopause models using pristine magnetopause crossings and provides important new results on magnetopause microstructure and associated kinetic processes.
Eastman, Timothy E.↗
Directional discontinuities in the interplanetary magnetic field
Observed directional discontinuities in interplanetary magnetic field for several scale filaments
Burlaga, L. F.↗
Rock fraction effects on the interpretation of microwave emission from soils
The effects of rock fraction on the relationship between microwave emission and surface soil moisture were investigated through a combination of laboratory dielectric measurements and field observation of emissivity. Field measurements were conducted which included soils with and without rocks. Microwave brightness temperature was measured at L and C band using a truck-mounted radiometer. Dielectric measurements were made at L band. Field observations of emissivity showed that the presence of rocks decreases the range of the measurements. At 21 cm this decrease was relatively small; however, at 6 cm almost all sensitivity to soil moisture was eliminated by the presence of 35 percent rocks. Comparisons between observed and predicted data showed that the effects of rock fraction are not significant in estimating the sample soil moisture for the tested conditions.
Jackson, Thomas J.↗
Non-Newtonian effects on flow-generated cavitation and on cavitation in a pressure field
Observations are presented which show that the stresses in a flow field of very dilute polymer are not well enough described by the Navier-Stokes equations to accurately predict cavitation. The contitutive equation for the particular polymer and concentration used is needed. The second-order fluid form in which accelerations are relatively important appears capable of explaining observed cavitation suppression by changing the pressure field due to flow. Bubble dynamics in stationary dilute polymer solutions are also examined and found to be little different from those in water.
Ellis, A. T.↗
Venera-9 magnetic field measurements in the Venus wake - Evidence for an earth-like interaction
Venera-9 magnetic field measurements in the Venus wake provide additional support for the hypothesis that Venus has an intrinsic planetary field. The observed field is in the direction expected for a northward moment, and is similar to that observed in equivalent locations in the terrestrial magnetosphere, both in its temporal and spatial behavior. In particular, Venera-9 appears to have observed a plasma sheet expansion, field-aligned currents, and tail-field dipolarization.
Russell, C. T.↗
Some regularities in the behavior of the vertical component of a stable /pc/ regime of short-period pulsations of the geomagnetic field
Observation of short period pulsations of earth geomagnetic field with fluxmetric induction - earth current measurements
GEOMAGNETIC PULSATION↗
Magnetospheric field distortions observed by OGO's 3 and 5
Magnetospheric field distortions observed from rubidium magnetometer measurements on OGO 3 and 5
Heppner, J. P.↗
Direct observation of a tangential electric field component at the magnetopause
Results are presented for direct, in situ measurements of the quasi-static electric field at and near the magnetopause, in the magnetosheath, bow shock, and solar wind, obtained by the ISEE-1 satellite. Both the large-scale average electric field and the fine-scale field observed during a magnetopause crossing show the existence of significant tangential electric field components on both sides of the magnetopause. The data in the satellite frame also show significant normal electric field components that point toward the magnetopause on both sides. The observed local level of power dissipation would correspond to a total power of 1 TW, if it existed over the entire front of the magnetopause.
Mozer, F. S.↗
Empirical models of high-latitude electric fields
Observational models of high-latitude dawn-dusk electric fields, quantitatively based on Ogo 6 measurements, are presented for the two Northern Hemisphere (summer) distributions that occur, respectively, when the interplanetary magnetic field is in the -Y or +Y hemisphere in solar ecliptic coordinates. Both models are representative of conditions which produce magnetic disturbance levels corresponding to Kp of approximately 3. Model cross sections are also given for two selected time periods when the fields were exceptionally weak or strong and were accompanied by magnetic conditions corresponding to Kp of zero or AE of about 1000, respectively. An attempt is made to construct convection patterns resembling the original idealizations of Axford and Hines (1961) in order to obtain convective continuity within the observed boundaries. Since the result is not realistic in representing observations near the Harang discontinuity in the nightside auroral belt, the pattern is modified to fit typical conditions near that discontinuity.
Heppner, J. P.↗
Use of ERTS-1 imagery in forest inventory
The utility of ERTS-1 imagery when combined with field observations and with aircraft imagery and field observations is evaluated. Satellite imagery consisted of 9-1/2 inch black and white negatives of four multispectral scanner bands taken over Polk County, Tennessee. Aircraft imagery was obtained by a C-130 flying at 23,000 ft over the same area and provided the basis for locating ground plots for field observations. Correspondence between aircraft and satellite imagery was somewhat inaccurate due to seasonal differences in observations and lack of good photogrammetry with the data processing system used. Better correspondence was found between satellite imagery and ground observations. Ways to obtain more accurate data are discussed, and comparisons between aircraft and satellite observations are tabulated.
Rennie, J. C.↗
High-frequency techniques for RCS prediction of plate geometries
Given here are hard polarization diffraction coefficients for the special case of a wedge that is coated with a lossy dielectric on one face and is perfectly conducting on the other face. Expressions for plane-wave incidence, far-field observation; for cylindrical-wave incidence, far-field observation; and for plane-wave incidence, near-field observation are presented for regular diffractions. In addition, terms for surface-wave and surface-wave transition fields are presented. These expressions are derived from the Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTD) coefficients for a generalized impedance wedge and are simplified for rapid calculation for the case of one perfectly conducting face. Results from a first-order model for a coated, rectangular plate are examined; and potential problems in extending this modeling approach to more complicated coated structures are identified.
Balanis, Constantine A.↗