Analyses and measurements of blood samples
Blood sampling for parathyroid hormone and calcium metabolism during weightlessness of space flight
Reiss, E.↗
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Organic geochemical investigations in relation to the analyses of returned lunar rock samples.
Organic geochemical investigations of lunar rock samples based on analysis methods for carbonaceous meteorites and early Precambrian sedimentary rocks
Nagy, B.↗
Preliminary examination of lunar samples
Geochemical and minerological analyses of Apollo 12 soil and rock samples
Source record↗
Preliminary chemical analyses of Apollo 11 lunar samples
Chemical analysis methods for Apollo 11 lunar rocks, discussing calibration standards, spectral lines and Apollo 12 data
Allen, J.↗
General scheme of chemical analysis of lunar and meteoritic samples
Summary of lunar sample chemical analyses scheme
Ihochi, H.↗
A primer in lunar geology
Primary topics in lunar geology range from the evolution of the solar system to lunar photointerpretation, impact crater formation, and sampling to analyses on various Apollo lunar landing site geomorphologies.
Greeley, R.↗
Analysis and design of a capsule landing system and surface vehicle control system for Mars exploration
Problems related to an unmanned exploration of the planet Mars by means of an autonomous roving planetary vehicle are investigated. These problems include: design, construction and evaluation of the vehicle itself and its control and operating systems. More specifically, vehicle configuration, dynamics, control, propulsion, hazard detection systems, terrain sensing and modelling, obstacle detection concepts, path selection, decision-making systems, and chemical analyses of samples are studied. Emphasis is placed on development of a vehicle capable of gathering specimens and data for an Augmented Viking Mission or to provide the basis for a Sample Return Mission.
Gisser, D. G.↗
Automated chromosome analysis
Minicomputer-controlled system automatically prepares and analyses blood samples and displays karyotype in pictorial form as primary output. System accuracy is assured by operator interaction at key points during process. System can process up to 576 specimens per day.
Castleman, K. R.↗
Analyses of the cloud contents of multispectral imagery from LANDSAT 2: Mesoscale assessments of cloud and rainfall over the British Isles
The author has identified the following significant results. It was demonstrated that satellites with sufficiently high resolution capability in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum could be used to check the accuracy of estimates of total cloud amount assessed subjectively from the ground, and to reveal areas of performance in which corrections should be made. It was also demonstrated that, in middle latitude in summer, cloud shadow may obscure at least half as much again of the land surface covered by an individual LANDSAT frame as the cloud itself. That proportion would increase with latitude and/or time of year towards the winter solstice. Analyses of sample multispectral images for six different categories of clouds in summer revealed marked differences between the reflectance characteristics of cloud fields in the visible/near infrared region of the spectrum.
Barrett, E. C.↗
The Viking gas exchange experiment results from Chryse and Utopia surface samples
Immediate gas changes occurred when untreated Martian surface samples were humidified and/or wet by an aqueous nutrient medium in the Viking lander gas exchange experiment. The evolutions of N2, CO2, and Ar are mainly associated with soil surface desorption caused by water vapor, while O2 evolution is primarily associated with decomposition of superoxides inferred to be present on Mars. On recharges with fresh nutrient and test gas, only CO2 was given off, and its rate of evolution decreased with each recharge. This CO2 evolution is thought to come from the oxidation of organics present in the nutrient by gamma Fe2O3 in the surface samples. Atmospheric analyses were also performed at both sites. The mean atmospheric composition from four analyses is N2, 2.3%; O2, not greater than 0.15%; Ar, 1.5% and CO2, 96.2%.
Oyama, V. I.↗
The extent of lunar regolith mixing
The activity of solar cosmic-ray-produced Mn-53 measured as a function of depth in the upper 100 g/sq cm of lunar cores 60009-60010 and 12025-12028 is discussed. Analyses of samples from the Apollo 15 and 16 drill stems together with authors' previously published results (1974, 1976), and the Battelle Na-22 and Al-26 data, indicate that in three of the four cases studied the regolith was measurably disturbed within the last 10 m.y. Activities measured in the uppermost 2 g/sq cm indicate frequent mixing within this depth range. The Monte Carlo gardening model of Arnold (1975) was used to derive profiles for the gardened moon-wide average of Mn-53 and Al-26 as a function of depth. The Mn-53 and Al-26 experimental results agreed with theoretical predictions, but the calculated depths of disturbance appeared too low.
Nishiizumi, K.↗
Weathering of Mars - Antarctic analog studies
Subaerial extrusion of lavas above permafrost is proposed as a possible weathering regime leading to the presence of Martian surface fines, and the characteristics of this process are examined through a study of the analogous altered terrestrial basalts from Antarctica. On the basis of mineralogical and petrological analyses of samples obtained from core cuttings recovered by the Dry Valley Drilling Program from rocks predominantly of an aklalic basalt-phonolite suite, it is found that in the absence of liquid water, weathering is geologically slow, and that zeolites predominate over clays as secondary mineral. Of the possible weathering processes proposed for Mars, it is concluded that both subaerial extrusion and subpermafrost intrusion of lavas involving liquid water would be less important volumetrically than the hydrothermal alteration of impact melt sheets if water were present during an intense phase of early bombardment, or than subsequent solid-gas alteration reactions. It is thus predicted that the present Martian fines should contain a major contribution from the ancient crust as typified by the southern cratered highlands, and a lesser contribution from the younger basaltic lavas.
Berkley, J. L.↗
In situ aircraft measurements of enhanced levels of N2O associated with thunderstorm lightning
A series of measurements of enhanced levels of atmospheric N2O associated with thunderstorm lightning are reported. The data were gathered by instrumentation on-board an aircraft operated as part of the NASA Storm Hazards Project. Air samples were taken both during storms and in clear conditions to have a basis for comparisons; sample bottles were filled at altitudes from 11,000-40,000 ft. Gas chromatography was employed for sample composition analyses, revealing clear air N2O concentrations of about 310 ppbv, while storm concentrations reached, for example, 490, 729, and 393 ppbv. Although the measurements did not precisely characterize the actual lightning contributions, the enhancements being present during electrically active storms did confirm that trace gases are produced by lightning. Calculations are presented to demonstrate that the 3 to greater than 12 keV X rays detected in storm clouds are of sufficient energy to drive the production of N2O from the reaction of metastable nitrogen with molecular oxygen.
Levine, J. S.↗
A new layered mineral from the Mighei carbonaceous chondrite
The poorly characterized phase (PCP) of the Mighei CM2 carbonaceous chondrite is investigated using high-resolution TEM. Electron-microprobe analyses of samples from both olivine chondrules and the matrix are included in a table. Chondrule PCP is found to have higher concentrations of S and Ni and lower concentrations of Si, Mg, and Al than matrix PCP. TEM shows that PCP in this chondrite is an intergrowth of three phases (in various proportions): a major component containing Fe, S, Ni, and O in wavy rolled layers spaced about 5.4 A apart, an Fe-rich serpentinelike phyllosilicate with 7-A layer spacing, and submicron grains of magnetite, chromite, and phosphate. It is proposed that chondrule PCP contains mainly the 5-A phase with some grains, while matrix PCP consists mostly of the 5-A and 7-A phases.
Tomeoka, K.↗
Arctic atmosphere - Ice interaction studies using Nimbus-7 SMMR
The use of data from the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) on board Nimbus 7 for studying ice-atmosphere interactions is discussed with reference to two case studies, one for the Greenland Sea and the other for the Sea of Okhotsk, for April/May 1979. By using SMMR data, rapid changes in ice extent and concentration have been observed in association with changes in synoptic atmospheric circulation. Case studies and analyses of sample data indicate that ice concentration estimates may be accurate to within 10 percent.
Anderson, M. R.↗
An evaluation of rain chemistry data for the John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida and the University of Central Florida, Orlando
Concern over the effects of Space Shuttle launches prompted the initiation of a rather intense environmental monitoring program. The program included a precipitation monitoring network with 13 precipitation collection sites which were operated for various time periods to baseline precipitation chemistry at the John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC). One additional site was also established as a remote background site on the Univ. of Central Florida (UCF) campus. One of the 13 sites was converted to a National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) station. Collections and analyses of samples were performed using a number of methodologies during the monitoring period. An evaluation of the data for comparability and utility for acid rain research was performed using the anion/cation, measured conductivity, calculated conductivity, Cl/Na, and Mg/Na ratios. Data collected at all KSC sites between 1977 and 1981, from 1983 to 1985 at the NADP site and at UCF to 1985 are comparable and appropriate for determining acid rain trends. Examination of those comparable data showed a fairly stable pH between 1977 and 1982 and an increase of 0.2 pH units which was observed as an incremental increase between 1982 and 1983 at KSC and UCF.
Madsen, Brooks C.↗
Spread-spectrum multiple access using wideband noncoherent MFSK
Two spread-spectrum multiple access systems which use wideband M-ary frequency shift keying (FSK) (MFSK) as the primary modulation are presented. A bit error rate performance analysis is presented and system throughput is calculated for sample C band and Ku band satellite systems. Sample link analyses are included to illustrate power and adjacent satellite interference considerations in practical multiple access systems.
Ha, Tri T.↗
A simulation program for the analysis of on-orbit Space Station maintenance and logistics operations
This paper describes the analysis approach adopted by NASA's Space Station Maintenance Planning and Analysis (MPA) Study and focuses on the development and use of a simulation program called Simulation of Manned Space System Logistics Support (SIMSYLS) for modeling the Space Station operations environment. The basic assumptions and groundrules used in the development of SIMSYLS are presented, including its capabilities, limitations and samples of analyses performed. Finally, a proposed simulation outgrowth entitled Space Applications System Simulation (SASS) is described. SIMSYLS will constitute the foundation for SASS which will provide a full system operational RAM analysis tool for Space Station and its logistics support environment.
Furlong, Kelly L.↗