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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1996

A Search for Extraterrestrial Amino Acids in Polar Ice: A Progress Report

Fifteen polar ice samples-fourteen from Greenland and one from Antarctica-have been analyzed for the extraterrestrial amino acid alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) in an effort to estimate the flux of interplanetary organic material to the Earth's surface. Only one sample (Greenland GISP II, 4270-4440 years old) contains detectable amounts of AIB, apparently the signature of a transient delivery event. The maximum oceanic concentration of AIB from such an event would be less than 10(exp-9) M.

Bada, Jeffrey L.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Quantitative Electron Beam‐Single Atom Interactions Enabled by Sub‐20‐pm Precision Targeting

The ability to probe and control matter at the picometer scale is essential for advancing quantum and energy technologies. Scanning transmission electron microscopy offers powerful capabilities for materials analysis and modification, but sample damage, drift, and scan distortions hinder single atom analysis and deterministic manipulation. Materials analysis and modification via electron–solid interactions can be transformed by precise delivery of electrons to a specified atomic location, maintaining the beam position despite drift, and minimizing collateral dose. Here a fast, low-dose, sub-20-pm precision electron beam positioning technique is developed, “atomic lock-on,” (ALO), which offers the ability to position the beam on a specific atomic column without previously irradiating that column. This technique is used to lock onto a single selected atomic location to repeatedly measure its weak electron energy loss signal despite sample drift. Moreover, electron beam-matter interactions in single atomic events are measured with μ s time resolution. This enables observation of single-atom dynamics, such as atomic bistability, revealing partially bonded atomic configurations and recapture phenomena. This opens prospects for using electron microscopy for high-precision measurements and deterministic control of matter for quantum technologies.

2D materials↗
NASA NTRS2011

Investigating the Sources and Timing of Projectiles Striking the Lunar Surface

The lunar surface is exposed to bombardment by asteroids, comets, and debris from them. Surviving fragments of those projectiles in the lunar regolith provide a direct measure of the sources of exogenous material delivered to the Moon. Con-straining the temporal flux of their delivery will directly address key questions about the bombardment history of the inner Solar System. Regolith breccias, which are consolidated samples of the lunar regolith, were closed to further impact processing at the time they were assembled into rocks [1]. They are, therefore, time capsules of impact bombardment at different times through lunar history. Here we investigate the impact archive preserved in the Apollo 16 regolith breccias and compare this record to evidence of projectile species in other lunar samples.

Joy, K. H.↗
NASA NTRS2007

Sampling and Chemical Analysis of Potable Water for ISS Expeditions 12 and 13

The crews of Expeditions 12 and 13 aboard the International Space Station (ISS) continued to rely on potable water from two different sources, regenerated humidity condensate and Russian ground-supplied water. The Space Shuttle launched twice during the 12- months spanning both expeditions and docked with the ISS for delivery of hardware and supplies. However, no Shuttle potable water was transferred to the station during either of these missions. The chemical quality of the ISS onboard potable water supplies was verified by performing ground analyses of archival water samples at the Johnson Space Center (JSC) Water and Food Analytical Laboratory (WAFAL). Since no Shuttle flights launched during Expedition 12 and there was restricted return volume on the Russian Soyuz vehicle, only one chemical archive potable water sample was collected with U.S. hardware and returned during Expedition 12. This sample was collected in March 2006 and returned on Soyuz 11. The number and sensitivity of the chemical analyses performed on this sample were limited due to low sample volume. Shuttle flights STS-121 (ULF1.1) and STS-115 (12A) docked with the ISS in July and September of 2006, respectively. These flights returned to Earth with eight chemical archive potable water samples that were collected with U.S. hardware during Expedition 13. The average collected volume increased for these samples, allowing full chemical characterization to be performed. This paper presents a discussion of the results from chemical analyses performed on Expeditions 12 and 13 archive potable water samples. In addition to the results from the U.S. samples analyzed, results from pre-flight samples of Russian potable water delivered to the ISS on Progress vehicles and in-flight samples collected with Russian hardware during Expeditions 12 and 13 and analyzed at JSC are also discussed.

Straub, John E. II↗
DOE OSTI2020

Temporal Sampling of Enzymes from Live Cells by Localized Electroporation and Quantification of Activity by SAMDI Mass Spectrometry

Abstract Measuring changes in enzymatic activity over time from small numbers of cells remains a significant technical challenge. In this work, a method for sampling the cytoplasm of cells is introduced to extract enzymes and measure their activity at multiple time points. A microfluidic device, termed the live cell analysis device (LCAD), is designed, where cells are cultured in microwell arrays fabricated on polymer membranes containing nanochannels. Localized electroporation of the cells opens transient pores in the cell membrane at the interface with the nanochannels, enabling extraction of enzymes into nanoliter‐volume chambers. In the extraction chambers, the enzymes modify immobilized substrates, and their activity is quantified by self‐assembled monolayers for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (SAMDI) mass spectrometry. By employing the LCAD‐SAMDI platform, protein delivery into cells is demonstrated. Next, it is shown that enzymes can be extracted, and their activity measured without a loss in viability. Lastly, cells are sampled at multiple time points to study changes in phosphatase activity in response to oxidation by hydrogen peroxide. With this unique sampling device and label‐free assay format, the LCAD with SAMDI enables a powerful new method for monitoring the dynamics of cellular activity from small populations of cells.

Mukherjee, Prithvijit↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

In Situ Geochronology for the Next Decade

Geochronology, or determination of absolute ages for geologic events, underpins many inquiries into the formation and evolution of planets and our Solar System. The bombardment chronology inferred from lunar samples has played a significant role in the development of models of early Solar System and extrasolar planet dynamics, as well as the timing of volatile, organic, and siderophile element delivery. Absolute ages of ancient and recent magmatic products provide strong constraints on the dynamics of magma oceans and crustal formation, and the longevity and evolution of interior heat engines and distinct mantle/crustal source regions. Absolute dating also relates habitability markers to the timescale of evolution of life on Earth. The number of geochronologically-significant terrains across the inner Solar System far exceeds our ability to conduct sample return to all of them. Therefore NASA has invested in the development of in situ dating techniques; several such instruments will be TRL 6 by the time of the next Decadal Survey. We formulated a set of medium-class (New Frontiers) mission concepts to three different locations (the Moon, Mars, and Vesta) with a notional payload consisting of the CDEX and KArLE instruments to measure radiometric ages, an imaging spectrometer and optical cameras to provide site geologic context and sample characterization, an ICP-MS to augment sample contextualization, and a sample acquisition and handling system. A Vesta hopper and single-site lunar and Mars landers to advance Solar System chronology fit into the New Frontiers cost cap in our study. Such missions would also enable a broad suite of geologic investigations such as basic geologic characterization, geomorphologic analysis, establishing ground truth for remote sensing analyses, analyses of major, minor, trace, and volatile elements, atmospheric and other long-lived monitoring, organic molecule analyses, and soil and geotechnical properties.

Barbara A Cohen↗
DOE OSTI2021

Functional proteoliposome-like structure derived from simultaneous evisceration and enucleation of T-lymphoblastoid A3R5.7 cells: A top-down story

Highlights: • A3R5.7 and TF228.1.16 are capable of CD4-mediated membrane fusion. • Cytoplasmic and nuclear material can be removed simultaneously from A3R5.7 cells. • Resultant cell membrane remains intact, and retains presentation of CD4 and CXCR4. • Products are still capable of CD4-mediated membrane fusion with a target cell. • Useful for host-pathogen studies, and developing targeted delivery vehicles. Structurally-reduced cells and cell-derived structures are powerful tools for membrane studies. Using this approach, we probed whether a cell, without its nucleus and cytoplasm, is still capable of undergoing CD4-mediated membrane fusion. For this, we needed a cell-derived structure, akin to a giant liposome functionalised with CD4 and chemokine receptors. We present a method for the simultaneous removal of cytoplasmic and nuclear material from cells presenting CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4, using Colcemid treatment followed by hypotonic cytolysis, and then enriched using preparative flow cytometry. We show that the resultant cell membrane remains intact, retains presentation of CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4, and is still capable of CD4-mediated membrane fusion with a target cell. Finally, we detail how this protocol was developed, as well as how such samples should be handled for storage and assays. We envision the use of such systems for host-pathogen interaction studies, and the development of targeted delivery vehicles.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Impact of NASA’s Entry Systems Modeling Project on Planetary Mission Design

Planetary missions continue to grow larger and more complex. Furthermore, the current focus on human exploration of the Moon and Mars, as well as Mars Sample Return(MSR), place increas-ingly stringent requirements on the reliability of the entry, descent, and landing (EDL) system that ensures the safe delivery of payload or crew to their destination. Planetary EDL is an area in which mission designers are critically reliant on modeling and simulation to demonstrate the reliability of the system, as there are no ground facilities that are able to fully test these systems in a flight-relevant environment. NASA’s state-of-the-art modeling and simulation capability must continually evolve to meet the needs of the next generation of planetary EDL. To accomplish this aim, NASA’s Entry Systems Modeling (ESM) Project was formed in 2013and is funded bythe Space Technology Mission Directorate(STMD) and Science Mission Directorate (SMD). ESM is the Agency’s only cross-cutting effort for advancing entry systems modeling and simulation capabilities across a range of technical disciplines and Solar System destinations. ESM is a portfolio project covering a variety of mid-TRL research efforts within four core EDL-related areas of investment: (1) Thermal protection material modeling, (2) Shock layer kinetics and radiation, (3) Aerosciences, and (4) Guidance, navigation, and con-trol. The material modeling group creates detailed material response modelsof thermal protection systems (TPS)from the micro to macro scale, and at the fun-damental and engineering levels. Shock layer kinetics and radiation focuses on radiative heating of space-craft, quantum chemistry and benchmark experiments for validation.Aerosciences is a broad research area that impacts many aspects of entry systems, including parachutes, aerodynamics, and turbulent heating augmentation due to TPS roughness.The guidance, navigation,and control effort under ESM is expanding the capabilities of NASA’s main flight mechanics tool, POST2, for use on high-performance computing architectures and to generalize interoperability with external applications for more detailed end-to-end simula-tion.In addition, several focusedresearch topics have been approvedto augment ESM’s core portfolio. These include efforts for deep post-flight analysis of Mars 2020/MEDLI2 flight data; development ofTPS failure models; improvement of hypersonic wakeflow models; and a recently concluded effort to provide material response models for NuSil-coated PICA heat-shield material. This presentation will discuss each of these investment areas and demonstrate via real mission examples how advances to the state-of-the-art enabled by ESM are directly impacting the missions of today and tomorrow, including InSight, Mars 2020, Mars Sample Return, Orion, and Dragonfly.

Entry Systems Modeling↗
NASA NTRS1981

Type 'A' V/STOL - One aircraft for all support missions

An investigation is conducted regarding the feasibility of developing a single support aircraft type for the Navy, taking into account the current naval inventory of utility aircraft types. Support mission characteristics are examined, giving attention to antisubmarine warfare, airborne early warning, marine assault, carrier on board delivery/vertical on board delivery, the aerial tanker mission, long-range rescue, surface attack, and aspects of combat, search, and rescue. With the aid of a sample design for a V/STOL aircraft with a medium disc loading lift system it is demonstrated that it is now possible to design an aircraft which, with minor modifications, can meet the wide variety of support missions.

Adelt, W. H.↗
NASA NTRS1990

The Marshall Space Flight Center Drop Tube Facility

The structural and instrumentation hardware and the improved experimental capabilities of a 105-m Drop Tube Facility are described. The structure is designed to provide a high-vacuum facility in a vertical orientation. The low-gravity environment obtained during free-fall and the containerless materials processing capabilities are discussed. Two furnaces, an electron-beam and an electromagnetic levitator, are used to melt metallic samples in a process environment ranging from 10 to the -6th torr to 1 atm. Specifics of the vacuum control and gas delivery systems are provided. The experimental instrumentation and data acquisition systems used to perform predrop and in-flight measurements of the melting and solidification process are discussed. Typical experimental results are presented as an indicator of the performance of the Drop Tube Facility.

Rathz, Thomas J.↗
NASA NTRS2013

Unmanned Vehicle Material Flammability Test

Microgravity combustion phenomena have been an active area of research for the past 3 decades however, there have been very few experiments directly studying spacecraft fire safety under low-gravity conditions. Furthermore, none of these experiments have studied sample and environment sizes typical of those expected in a spacecraft fire. All previous experiments have been limited to samples of the order of 10 cm in length and width or smaller. Terrestrial fire safety standards for all other habitable volumes on earth, e.g. mines, buildings, airplanes, ships, etc., are based upon testing conducted with full-scale fires. Given the large differences between fire behavior in normal and reduced gravity, this lack of an experimental data base at relevant length scales forces spacecraft designers to base their designs using 1-g understanding. To address this question a large scale spacecraft fire experiment has been proposed by an international team of investigators. This poster presents the objectives, status and concept of this collaborative international project to examine spacecraft material flammability at realistic scales. The concept behind this project is to utilize an unmanned spacecraft such as Orbital Cygnus vehicle after it has completed its delivery of cargo to the ISS and it has begun its return journey to earth. This experiment will consist of a flame spread test involving a meter scale sample ignited in the pressurized volume of the spacecraft and allowed to burn to completion while measurements are made. A computer modeling effort will complement the experimental effort. Although the experiment will need to meet rigorous safety requirements to ensure the carrier vehicle does not sustain damage, the absence of a crew removes the need for strict containment of combustion products. This will facilitate the examination of fire behavior on a scale that is relevant to spacecraft fire safety and will provide unique data for fire model validation. This will be the first opportunity to examine microgravity flame behavior at scales approximating a spacecraft fire.

Combustion↗
NASA NTRS2020

Lunar Near-Surface Volatile Sample Return

The origin, distribution, depth and volume of lunar volatiles remain open questions. One of the possible sources of Moon's volatiles is their volcanic outgassing during the peak of lunar volcanic activity ~3.5 Ga. This same outgassing would also produce a tenuous transient atmosphere which would promote the delivery of volatiles from the volcanic sources to the polar cold traps. Though such an atmosphere could have played an important role in the evolution of the Moon, little is known about it due to high uncertainty level in the mechanisms involved. The only reliable proxy for the ancient lunar atmosphere are the primordial volatiles deposited by it, which are expected to be preserved in the polar cold traps, and could be studied through sample return. In this white paper we therefore advocate that a volatile sample return from the Moon's polar cold traps should be a fundamental part of the Artemis program.

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Studies of the Gas Sampling for the VATMOS-SR Mission Concept

VATMOS-SR (Venus ATMOSpheric - Sample Return) is a small spacecraft mission concept which would return a gas sample from the upper atmosphere of Venus to Earth for scientific analysis. This could be the first sample return mission for an extra-terrestrial atmosphere, and potentially the first sample return from an Earth-sized planet. The VATMOS-SR mission concept consists of a SmallSat atmospheric sampling probe (45 deg. sphere/cone geometry, <1 m diameter) that is designed to skim through the Venus upper atmosphere and acquire gas samples below the homopause altitude (around ~110 km altitude), where the different atmospheric gases are mixed. The velocity of the spacecraft where sampling would occur is expected to be between ~10.5 km/s and ~13.1 km/s, depending on the trajectory chosen. This presentation will discuss hypervelocity sampling in the upper atmosphere of Venus, with respect to the VATMOS-SR mission concept. VATMOS-SR would enable critical atmospheric measurements to form a full picture of how, why, and when Venus evolved to be so different from Earth and Mars. The abundances and isotopic compositions of volatile elements (such as N, C, S, O and the noble gases) in planetary atmospheres record volatile delivery during accretion, outgassing from planetary interiors, and atmospheric loss to space. Precise and accurate determinations of atmospheric volatile signatures are the key to understanding the origins and geodynamical evolution of Venus compared to the other terrestrial planets. Hypersonic sampling poses unique technical and scientific challenges. To ensure it is possible to relate the composition of the sampled gases to the free stream atmospheric composition, large-scale numerical simulations are employed to model the flow through the VATMOS-SR sampling system. In particular, an emphasis is placed on quantifying noble gas isotopic fractionation that occurs during the sample acquisition and transfer process in order to determine how measured isotopic ratios of noble gases in the sample compare to actual isotopic ratios in the Venusian atmosphere. The Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) code SPARTA, an open source software package developed by Sandia National Laboratories, is used in this work. SPARTA, based on Bird’s DSMC method, is a molecular-level gas-kinetic technique. As SPARTA is able to model hypervelocity reacting flows in strong chemical and thermal non-equilibrium, this software package is well suited to determine relevant flow properties for the VATMOS-SR mission concept, and to numerically quantify the expected level of elemental and/or isotopic fractionation in the sample acquired by VATMOS-SR. This presentation will show results from 3D simulations correlating the noble gas isotopic fractionation in the gas acquired at hypervelocity speeds to its ambient atmosphere value. In particular, emphasis will be placed at Xenon isotopes of masses 128 and 130, as precise measurements of that ratio would yield a comparison to Earth’s atmosphere. Additionally, sensitivity studies that quantify the uncertainties due to the freestream parameters as well as the modeling parameters will be performed.

direct simulation Monte Carlo↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The VATMOS-SR Mission Concept: DSMC Studies of the Gas Sampling

VATMOS-SR (Venus ATMOSpheric - Sample Return) is a small spacecraft mission concept that would return a gas sample from the upper atmosphere of Venus to Earth for scientific analysis. This could be the first sample return mission for an extra-terrestrial atmosphere and potentially the first sample return from an Earth-sized planet. The VATMOS-SR mission concept consists of a SmallSat atmospheric sampling probe (45 deg. sphere/cone geometry, <1 m diameter) that is designed to skim through the Venus upper atmosphere and acquire gas samples below the homopause altitude (around ~110 km altitude), where the different atmospheric gases are mixed. The velocity of the spacecraft where sampling would occur is expected to be between ~10.5 km/s and ~13.1 km/s, depending on the trajectory chosen. This presentation will discuss hypervelocity sampling in the upper atmosphere of Venus with respect to the VATMOS-SR mission concept. VATMOS-SR would enable critical atmospheric measurements to form a complete picture of how, why, and when Venus evolved to be so different from Earth and Mars. The abundances and isotopic compositions of volatile elements (such as N, C, S, O, and the noble gases) in planetary atmospheres record volatile delivery during accretion, outgassing from planetary interiors, and atmospheric loss to space. Precise and accurate determinations of volatile atmospheric signatures are the key to understanding the origins and geodynamical evolution of Venus compared to the other terrestrial planets. Hypersonic sampling poses unique technical and scientific challenges. To ensure it is possible to relate the composition of the sampled gases to the free stream atmospheric composition, large-scale numerical simulations are employed to model the flow through the VATMOS-SR sampling system. In particular, an emphasis is placed on quantifying noble gas isotopic fractionation that occurs during the sample acquisition and transfer process to determine how measured isotopic ratios of noble gases in the sample compared to actual isotopic ratios in the Venusian atmosphere. The Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) code SPARTA, an open-source software package developed by Sandia National Laboratories, is used in this work. SPARTA, based on Bird’s DSMC method, is a molecular-level gas-kinetic technique. As SPARTA is able to model hypervelocity reacting flows in strong chemical and thermal non-equilibrium, this software package is well suited to determine relevant flow properties for the VATMOS-SR mission concept and to numerically quantify the expected level of elemental and/or isotopic fractionation in the sample acquired by VATMOS-SR. This presentation will show results from 3D simulations correlating the noble gas isotopic fractionation in the gas acquired at hypervelocity speeds to its ambient atmosphere value. In particular, emphasis will be placed on Xenon isotopes of masses 128 and 130, as precise measurements of that ratio would yield comparison to Earth’s atmosphere. Additionally, sensitivity studies that quantify the uncertainties due to the freestream parameters, as well as the modeling parameters, will be performed.

direct simulation Monte Carlo↗
NASA NTRS2006

Modeling of Deadbanding DV for the Stardust Earth Return: Calibration, Analysis, Prediction and Performance

On January 15th, 2006, 0556 UTC, the Stardust spacecraft released a 42-kg Sample Return Canister (SRC) along a trajectory intended to impact a target on the Air Force Utah Test and Training Range (UTTR), near Dugway, Utah. Assurances of a successful SRC delivery to UTTR depended on identifying (and mitigating, if possible) a myriad of error sources. These sources included atmospheric effects, maneuver execution, Orbit Determination (OD) uncertainties and (Delta)V induced by the firing of the unbalanced Reaction Control System (RCS) thrusters needed for deadband attitude control. Every mm/s in prediction error at the TCM-19 epoch would amount to missing the target by approximately one kilometer. This paper will describe the work performed in analyzing and predicting the levels of (Delta)V caused by the attitude deadbanding, as well as prediction performance.

Stardust↗
NASA NTRS2012

Primary Volatile Abundances in Comets from Infrared Spectroscopy: Implications for Reactions on Grain Surfaces in the Interstellar/Nebular Environment

Comets retain relatively primitive icy material remaining from the epoch of Solar System formation, however the extent to which they are modified from their initial state remains a key question in cometary science. High-resolution lR spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful tool for measuring vibrational emissions from primary volatiles (i.e., those contained in the nuclei of comets). With modern instrumentation, most notably NIRSPEC at the Keck II 10-m telescope, we can quantify species of astrobiological importance (e.g., H20, C2H2, CH4, C2H6, CO, H2CO, CH30H, HCN, NH3). In space environments, compounds of keen interest to astrobiology could originate from HCN and NH3 (leading to amino acids), H2CO (leading to sugars), or C2H6 and CH4 (suggested precursors of ethyl- and methylamine). Measuring the abundances of these precursor molecules (and their variability among comets) is a feasible task that contributes to understanding their delivery to Earth's early biosphere and to the synthesis of more complex pre biotic compounds. Over 20 comets have now been measured with IR spectroscopy, and this sample reveals significant diversity in primary volatile compositions. From this, a taxonomic classification scheme is emerging, presumably reflecting the diverse conditions experienced by pre-cometary grains in interstellar and subsequent nebular environs. The importance of H-atom addition to C2H2 on the surfaces of interstellar grains to produce C2H6 was validated by the discovery of abundant ethane in comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) with C2H6/CH4 well above that achievable by gas-phase chemistry , and then in irradiation experiments on laboratory ices at 10 - 50 K. The large abundance ratios C2H6/CH4 observed universally in comets establish H-atom addition as an important and likely ubiquitous process, and comparing C2H6/C2H2 among comets can provide information on its efficiency. The IR is uniquely capable since symmetric hydrocarbons (e.g., C2H2, CH4, C2H6) have no electric dipole moment and thus no allowed pure rotational transitions. CO should also be hydrogenated on grain surfaces. Irradiation experiments on interstellar ice analogs show this to require very low temperatures, the resulting yields of H2CO and CH30H being highly dependent on temperature in the range approx 10 - 25 K. The relative abundances of these chemically-related molecules in comets provide one measure of the efficiency of H-atom addition to CO Oxidation of CO is also important on grain mantles, as evidenced by the widespread presence of C02 ice towards interstellar sources observed with ISO and in a survey of 17 comets observed with AKARI. H-atom addition to C2H2 produces the vinyl radical, and through subsequent oxidation1reduction reactions can lead to vinyl alcohol, acetaldehyde, and ethanol This may have implications for interpreting observed abundance ratios CO/C2H2. We will discuss possible implications regarding formation conditions in the context of measured primary volatile compositions, emphasizing recently observed comets and published results. These are continually providing new insights regarding our taxonomic scheme and also delivery of pre-biological material to the young Earth.

DiSanti, M. A.↗
NASA NTRS2005

A Surface Science Paradigm for a Post-Huygens Titan Mission

With the Cassini-Huygens atmospheric probe drop-off mission fast approaching, it is essential that scientists and engineers start scoping potential follow-on surface science missions. This paper provides a summary of the first year of a two year design study which examines in detail the desired surface science measurements and resolution, potential instrument suite, and complete payload delivery system. Also provided are design concepts for both an aerial inflatable mobility platform and deployable instrument sonde. The tethered deployable sonde provides the capability to sample near surface atmosphere, sub-surface liquid (if it exists), and surface solid material. Actual laboratory tests of the amphibious sonde prototype are also presented.

Zimmerman, Wayne F.↗