Solar-driven nitrogen separation process from air based on two-step thermochemical cycle: thermodynamic analysis.
Abstract not provided.
de la Calle, Alberto↗
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Thermal Storage Applications Workshop. Volume 2: Contributed Papers
The solar thermal and the thermal and thermochemical energy storage programs are described as well as the technology requirements for both external (electrical) and internal (thermal, chemical) modes for energy storage in solar power plants. Specific technical issues addressed include thermal storage criteria for solar power plants interfacing with utility systems; optimal dispatch of storage for solar plants in a conventional electric grid; thermal storage/temperature tradeoffs for solar total energy systems; the value of energy storage for direct-replacement solar thermal power plants; systems analysis of storage in specific solar thermal power applications; the value of seasonal storage of solar energy; criteria for selection of the thermal storage system for a 10 MW(2) solar power plant; and the need for specific requirements by storage system development teams.
Source record↗
Detection of abundant ethane and methane, along with carbon monoxide and water, in comet C/1996 B2 Hyakutake: evidence for interstellar origin
The saturated hydrocarbons ethane (C2H6) and methane (CH4) along with carbon monoxide (CO) and water (H2O) were detected in comet C/1996 B2 Hyakutake with the use of high-resolution infrared spectroscopy at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The inferred production rates of molecular gases from the icy, cometary nucleus (in molecules per second) are 6.4 X 10(26) for C2H6, 1.2 X 10(27) for CH4, 9.8 X 10(27) for CO, and 1.7 X 10(29) for H2O. An abundance of C2H6 comparable to that of CH4 implies that ices in C/1996 B2 Hyakutake did not originate in a thermochemically equilibrated region of the solar nebula. The abundances are consistent with a kinetically controlled production process, but production of C2H6 by gas-phase ion molecule reactions in the natal cloud core is energetically forbidden. The high C2H6/CH4 ratio is consistent with production of C2H6 in icy grain mantles in the natal cloud, either by photolysis of CH4-rich ice or by hydrogen-addition reactions to acetylene condensed from the gas phase.
Non-programmatic↗
In situ thermal conductivity measurement revealing kinetics of thermochemical reactions
Utilizing thermochemical reactions for thermal energy storage and solar fuel production has been an emerging research topic. Thermal transport properties of the materials are an important parameter that can determine the kinetics and efficiency of thermochemical reactions. With the increasing number of new thermochemical materials (TCMs); however, there is a lack of reliable techniques to monitor the thermal transport property of the materials and their changes as a function of reactions in real time. In this work, we report the in situ monitoring of thermochemical reactions using modulated photothermal radiometry (MPR). The thermal conductivities of two TCMs, namely, calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ) and Ba 0.15 Sr 0.85 FeO 3–δ (BSF1585), were measured as a function of temperature and time using the MPR technique. The measured thermal conductivities were correlated to the reaction. The work has two significant contributions to the research communities. First, it provides a non-invasive diagnostic tool for monitoring the thermal transport properties of TCMs that can potentially be a high-throughput measurement technique conducive to optimizing TCMs, reactors, and related thermal systems. Second, for TCMs that show observable changes in thermal transport properties, a correlation between the measured thermal conductivity and the conversion fraction of the reaction can be established for monitoring the reaction kinetics based on thermal characterization.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Solar system formation and the distribution of volatile species
To understand how the solar system formed we must understand the compositional distribution of the current system. Volatile species are particularly important in that their stability as condensed phases is limited in temperature-pressure space, and hence variations in their distribution at present potentially contain an imprint of processes by which temperature and pressure varied in the solar nebula. In this talk we restrict ourselves to species more volatile than water ice, and address issues related to processes in the outer solar system and the formation of bodies there; others in this conference will cover volatile species relevant to inner solar system processes. Study of the outer solar system is relevant both to understanding the interface between the solar nebula and the progenitor giant molecular cloud (since the chemical links to present-day observables in molecular clouds are species like methane, carbon monoxide, etc.), as well as the origin of terrestrial planet atmospheres and oceans (the latter to be covered by Owen). The wealth of compositional information on outer solar system bodies which has become available from spacecraft and ground-based observations challenges traditional simplistic views of the composition and hence dynamics of the solar nebula. The basic assumption of thermochemical equilibrium, promulgated in the 1950's, in which methane and ammonia dominate nitrogen- and carbon-bearing species, is demonstrably incorrect on both observational and theoretical grounds. However, the kinetic inhibition model which replaced it, in which carbon monoxide and molecular nitrogen dominate a nebula which is fully mixed and hence cycles outer solar system gases through a hot, chemically active zone near the disk center, is not supported either by observations. Instead, a picture of the outer solar system emerges in which the gas and grains are a mixture of relatively unaltered, or modestly altered, molecular cloud material, along with a fraction which has been chemically altered in the solar nebula itself (and perhaps giant planet nebulae).
Lunine, Jonathan I.↗
Integration of Concentrating Solar Power with High Temperature Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production: Preprint
Hydrogen (H2) has been identified as a leading sustainable contender to replace fossil fuels in transportation and electricity generation. H2 production can be achieved by concentrating solar thermal power (CSP) systems collecting thermal energy from the sun to various chemical processes for fuel production. Fuel production via solar thermal chemical processes integrated with CSP uses the full spectrum of sunlight compared with photovoltaic power conversion and stores solar energy directly and efficiently [1]. The solar fuel production can be realized by thermochemical processes (e.g., water splitting for H2 production, carbon dioxide reduction, or methane reforming) or thermal electrochemical methods (e.g., integration with solid oxide electrolysis cell). Technology development for CSP-integrated solar fuel production requires broad technological bases from solar energy collection to chemical energy conversion. H2 generated from renewable sources can be an energy carrier for a carbon-free economy. Integrating CSP with high temperature electrolysis (HTE) using solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC) provides a renewable path for H2 generation. The CSP-HTE integration approach provides the benefit of thermal energy storage (TES) for continuous operation, improved capacity, and SOEC life. H2 gas has low energy density for transportation, pipeline networks are expensive, and H2 liquefaction is energy intensive. However, an alternative method for H2 distribution is to use carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and liquid hydrocarbon synthesis to convert solar energy into liquid fuels that are compatible with the existing fossil fuel infrastructure.
concentrating solar thermal power↗
REDOTHERM: a thermodynamic modeling framework for redox-based thermochemical processes
Two-step thermochemical redox cycles are being developed as a potential pathway for the production of hydrogen and syngas. While there are many possible reactor and system configurations, moving oxide systems are considered promising in terms of the redox thermodynamics, due to the potential implementation of a countercurrent system that can achieve higher performance compared to other configurations. There is a lack of a robust thermodynamic modeling framework in the field, with multiple models incorporating incorrect thermodynamic assumptions that violate the second law of thermodynamics. We present in this work REDOTHERM, an open-source system model for moving oxides that incorporates the correct thermodynamic limits, as well as various options for the system auxiliary units including product separation, heat recovery, and oxygen removal. The model is agnostic to the energy source, and could be used for solar thermal or other configurations. We highlight the uses of this model, presenting some of the tradeoffs and challenges in redox-active material selection and how they affect the entire thermochemical hydrogen production process. This model could be easily adapted and used for material exploration, system/reactor design, and technoeconomic analysis.
08 HYDROGEN↗
Thermal Storage Applications Workshop. Volume 1: Plenary Session Analysis
The importance of the development of inexpensive and efficient thermal and thermochemical energy storage technology to the solar power program is discussed in a summary of workship discussions held to exchange information and plan for future systems. Topics covered include storage in central power applications such as the 10 MW-e demonstration pilot receiver to be constructed in Barstow, California; storage for small dispersed systems, and problems associated with the development of storage systems for solar power plants interfacing with utility systems.
Source record↗
High temperature synthesis for power production and storage
Thermochemical energy storage (TCES) for concentrating solar power (CSP) systems provides higher energy density than sensible energy storage systems. An ammonia-based TCES system dissociates endothermically into hydrogen and nitrogen. The stored energy is released when supercritical hydrogen and nitrogen react exothermically to synthesize ammonia. Prior ammonia synthesis systems are unable to produce temperatures consistent with modern power blocks requiring a working fluid, for example steam or carbon dioxide, to be heated to greater than 600° C., for example about 650° C. An ammonia synthesis system heats steam from, for example 350° C. to 650° C. under pressure of about 26 MPa. The hydrogen and nitrogen are preheated with a flow of supercritical fluid prior to the synthesis step to provide reaction rates sufficient to heat power block working fluid to the desired temperature.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Effects of Impurities and Processing on Silicon Solar Cells, Phase 3
Results of the 14th quarterly report are presented for a program designed to assess the effects of impurities, thermochemical processes and any impurity process interactions on the performance of terrestrial silicon solar cells. The Phase 3 effort encompasses: (1) potential interactions between impurities and thermochemical processing of silicon; (2) impurity-cell performance relationships in n-base silicon; (3) effect of contaminants introduced during silicon production, refining or crystal growth on cell performance; (4) effects of nonuniform impurity distributions in large area silicon wafers; and (5) a preliminary study of the permanence of impurity effects in silicon solar cells.
Hopkins, R. H.↗
Chemical heterogeneity and imperfect mixing in the solar nebula
The 'standard' accretion-disk model of the solar nebula is examined together with its basic equations, which are solved for the steady-state case. It is shown that, for this model of the solar nebula, the efficiency of mixing the products of thermochemical processing from small to large disk radii depends not on the magnitude of the eddy diffusivity but only on the ratio k between the eddy diffusivity and the eddy viscosity. In most cases, this ratio k is probably of order of unity or less, implying that most of the solar nebula was not contaminated by the consequences of thermochemical equilibria that were established at 'small' disk radii. It is noted that, while this condition is almost certainly satisfied if the physical process responsible for viscosity is thermal convection or waves, it has uncertain validity during the early phases of disk evolution where accretion-induced shear instabilities may dominate.
Stevenson, David J.↗
Editorial: Advanced water splitting technologies development: Best practices and protocols
As the level of deployment and utilization of renewable energy sources, including wind and solar, continues to rise, large-scale, long-term energy storage technologies that could accommodate weekly and seasonal energy fluctuations will play a significant role in the overall deployment of renewable energies in the future. Harnessing and storing renewable energy resources via electrochemical, photoelectrochemical, or thermochemical processes by converting renewable energy into sustainable (energy storage) fuels have the potential to meet the long-term, terawatt scale energy storage challenge. Renewable hydrogen production is the cornerstone for sustainable fuel production and deep decarbonization of multiple sectors in our society. Cost-competitive clean hydrogen provides value to applications, such as 1) in the transportation sector for fuel cell vehicles, 2) in the electric grid sector for system stability and load balancing, and 3) in the industrial sector with metal refineries, cement production, and biomass upgrading (carbon-free fertilizer production). In addition, coupling clean renewable hydrogen with the carbon and nitrogen cycles enables known and well-established thermal-chemical processes to generate renewable hydrocarbon fuels and ammonia. The Advanced Water Splitting Technologies (AWST): low temperature electrolysis (LTE), high temperature electrolysis (HTE), photoelectrochemical (PEC) and solar thermo-chemical hydrogen (STCH) provide four unique and parallel approaches to produce low cost, low greenhouse gas (GHG) emission hydrogen at scale (Figure 1). Cost competitive clean hydrogen production using these four technologies is a current high priority focus for governments and industry. In June of 2022, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) launched the first in a series of Earthshot Initiatives. The Hydrogen Shot, “1 1 1” aims to reduce the cost of clean hydrogen by more than 80% to one dollar per one kilogram in 1 decade ($\$$1/kg H 2 ). The European Green Deal and the International Energy Agency (IEA) have implemented a strong focus on green hydrogen production for a clean and secure energy future.
benchmarking, low temperature electrolysis↗
Silicon materials task of the low cost solar array project. Phase 3: Effect of impurities and processing on silicon solar cells
The 13th quarterly report of a study entitled an Investigation of the Effects of Impurities and Processing on Silicon Solar Cells is given. The objective of the program is to define the effects of impurities, various thermochemical processes and any impurity-process interactions on the performance of terrestrial silicon solar cells. The Phase 3 program effort falls in five areas: (1) cell processing studies; (2) completion of the data base and impurity-performance modeling for n-base cells; (3) extension of p-base studies to include contaminants likely to be introduced during silicon production, refining or crystal growth; (4) anisotropy effects; and (5) a preliminary study of the permanence of impurity effects in silicon solar cells. The quarterly activities for this report focus on tasks (1), (3) and (4).
Hopkins, R. H.↗
Design and evaluation of a dilute flow particle-to-air heat exchanger for energy storage applications
The use of inert and redox-active particles for high-temperature energy storage requires the development of components that can efficiently transfer energy to high-pressure working fluids like supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO 2 ). Dilute flow reactors can enable high working fluid outlet temperatures and minimal parasitic losses compared to moving packed bed and fluidized bed reactors. This research uses both computational and experimental methods to explore the design trade-offs and practical challenges of a novel component for transferring energy from dilute flows of hot, reduced metal oxide (MO x ) particles to sCO 2 in tubes. A discretized thermal resistance network model, which accounts for particle hydrodynamics, multi-mode heat transfer, and reaction equilibrium, guides the design of a prototype device. This device is experimentally tested with a surrogate heat transfer fluids and inert particle temperatures up to 400°C and a heat duty exceeding 1 kW. The data are used to validate the thermal hydraulic sub-models, allowing for the simulation of reacting particle scenarios. Under nominal design conditions, the flow rate of reactive particles is predicted to be 30% lower than that of inert particles for the same energy recovered, with over 70% of the stored particle energy transferred to the sCO 2 . Furthermore, these findings can inform the design of more efficient energy recovery reactors for particle-based systems and can be integrated into system-level concentrated solar power models with thermal storage to optimize operating conditions.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Hydrogen production
The state of hydrogen production technology is evaluated. Specific areas discussed include: hydrogen production fossil fuels; coal gasification processes; electrolysis of water; thermochemical production of hydrogen; production of hydrogen by solar energy; and biological production of hydrogen. Supply options are considered along with costs of hydrogen production.
England, C.↗
Use of ceramics in point-focus solar receivers
One of the research and development efforts in the Solar Thermal Energy Systems Project at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory has been focused on application of ceramic components for advanced point-focus solar receivers. The impetus for this effort is a need for high efficiency, low cost solar receivers which operate in a temperature regime where use of metal components is impractical. The current status of the work on evaluation of ceramic components at JPL and elsewhere is outlined and areas where lack of knowledge is currently slowing application of ceramics are discussed. Future developments of ceramic processing technology and reliability assurance methodology should open up applications for the point-focus solar concentrator system in fuels and chemicals production, in thermochemical energy transport and storage, in detoxification of hazardous materials and in high temperature process heat as well as for electric power generation.
Smoak, R. H.↗
The SERI solar energy storage program
In support of the DOE thermal and chemical energy storage program, the solar energy storage program (SERI) provides research on advanced technologies, systems analyses, and assessments of thermal energy storage for solar applications in support of the Thermal and Chemical Energy Storage Program of the DOE Division of Energy Storage Systems. Currently, research is in progress on direct contact latent heat storage and thermochemical energy storage and transport. Systems analyses are being performed of thermal energy storage for solar thermal applications, and surveys and assessments are being prepared of thermal energy storage in solar applications. A ranking methodology for comparing thermal storage systems (performance and cost) is presented. Research in latent heat storage and thermochemical storage and transport is reported.
Copeland, R. J.↗
A Novel Scalable, Light Trapping Receiver Under Testing, Modeling, Prototyping Verifications to Enable High-Temperature, High Performance Designs for Gen3 Particle CSP and Thermochemical Processes
This poster presents a novel modular, scalability receiver design for various Concentrating Solar Thermal (CST)-Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) applications and scale of economics.
concentrating↗