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NASA NTRS1991

A vector-product information retrieval system adapted to heterogeneous, distributed computing environments

Vector-product information retrieval (IR) systems produce retrieval results superior to all other searching methods but presently have no commercial implementations beyond the personal computer environment. The NASA Electronic Library Systems (NELS) provides a ranked list of the most likely relevant objects in collections in response to a natural language query. Additionally, the system is constructed using standards and tools (Unix, X-Windows, Notif, and TCP/IP) that permit its operation in organizations that possess many different hosts, workstations, and platforms. There are no known commercial equivalents to this product at this time. The product has applications in all corporate management environments, particularly those that are information intensive, such as finance, manufacturing, biotechnology, and research and development.

Rorvig, Mark E.↗

NASA NTRS2023

Framework for Extensible, Asynchronous Task Scheduling (FEATS) in Fortran

Most parallel scientific programs contain compiler directives (pragmas) such as those from OpenMP, explicit calls to runtime library procedures such as those implementing the Message Passing Interface (MPI), or compiler-specific language extensions such as those provided by CUDA. By contrast, the recent Fortran standards empower developers to express parallel algorithms without directly referencing lower-level parallel programming models. Fortran’s parallel features place the language within the Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) class of programming models. When writing programs that exploit data-parallelism, application developers often find it straightforward to develop custom parallel algorithms. Problems involving complex, heterogeneous, staged calculations, however, pose much greater challenges. Such applications require careful coordination of tasks in a manner that respects dependencies prescribed by a directed acyclic graph. When rolling one’s own solution proves difficult, extending a customizable framework becomes attractive. The paper presents the design, implementation, and use of the Framework for Extensible Asynchronous Task Scheduling (FEATS), which we believe to be the first task-scheduling tool written in modern Fortran. We describe the benefits and compromises associated with choosing Fortran as the implementation language, and we propose ways in which future Fortran standards can best support the use case in this paper.

Modern Fortran↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Elevating the Quality of Space Omics Sequencing Data: Innovations and Methodologies from NASA GeneLab Sample Processing Laboratory

NASA’s GeneLab, part of the NASA Open Science Data Repository, is a space-related database that hosts a diverse range of transcriptomics, proteomics, epigenomics and genomics data. The NASA GeneLab Sample Processing Laboratory (SPL) generates omics data from biological experiments conducted aboard the International Space Station, Space Shuttle and space related ground experiments, this omics data then hosted on the GeneLab repository. Samples generated such experiments pose numerous technical challenges such as small experimental sample size, variance in dissection times, limited tissue preservation methods, prolonged storage time, and more. GeneLab SPL team had developed specialized expertise in nucleic acid extraction, library preparation and sequencing of such biological samples via extensive training and years of experience. In order to ensure data accuracy and consistency across experiments, SPL has developed standardized protocols for each species and tissue type. These protocols in conjunction with quality control metrics and data standards are crucial in generating of high-quality data. SPL protocols and standards have been developed in collaboration with the scientific community and had been made publicly available on the GeneLab portal, guaranteeing comparability of datasets across spaceflight experiments. To ensure reliability of data generation, SPL leverages cutting-edge innovations in laboratory automation for sample processing. By leveraging these state-of-the-art platforms, SPL achieves high levels of data reproducibility while significantly minimizing sources of bias and variability, especially across experiments with large numbers of samples. Over the past few years, the space biology investigator community has accessed SPL-generated data from the Open Science Data Repository for a myriad of data re-analysis and re-use studies. We observe a trend that in-house SPL-generated data consistently outperforms outsourced sequencing data in terms of technical standards, quality control metrics, timeliness of data delivery, and sequencing and reagent efficiency. Superior data generation has and will continue to enable discoveries in disease, diagnostic tools, and the biological effects of long duration spaceflight.

GeneLab↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Elevating the Quality of Space Omics Sequencing Data: Innovations and Methodologies from NASA GeneLab Sample Processing Laboratory

GeneLab↗

NASA NTRS1998

Advanced Data Format (ADF) Software Library and Users Guide

The "CFD General Notation System" (CGNS) consists of a collection of conventions, and conforming software, for the storage and retrieval of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) data. It facilitates the exchange of data between sites and applications, and helps stabilize the archiving of aerodynamic data. This effort was initiated in order to streamline the procedures in exchanging data and software between NASA and its customers, but the goal is to develop CGNS into a National Standard for the exchange of aerodynamic data. The CGNS development team is comprised of members from Boeing Commercial. Airplane Group, NASA-Ames, NASA-Langley, NASA-Lewis, McDonnell-Douglas Corporation (now Boeing-St. Louis), Air Force-Wright Lab., and ICEM-CFD Engineering. The elements of CGNS address all activities associated with the storage of data on external media and its movement to and from application programs. These elements include: 1) The Advanced Data Format (ADF) Database manager, consisting of both a file format specification and its 1/0 software, which handles the actual reading and writing of data from and to external storage media; 2) The Standard Interface Data Structures (SIDS), which specify the intellectual content of CFD data and the conventions governing naming and terminology; 3) The SIDS-to-ADF File Mapping conventions, which specify the exact location where the CFD data defined by the SIDS is to be stored within the ADF file(s); and 4) The CGNS Mid-level Library, which provides CFD-knowledgeable routines suitable for direct installation into application codes. The ADF is a generic database manager with minimal intrinsic capability. It was written for the purpose of storing large numerical datasets in an efficient, platform independent manner. To be effective, it must be used in conjunction with external agreements on how the data will be organized within the ADF database such defined by the SIDS. There are currently 34 user callable functions that comprise the ADF Core library and are described in the Users Guide. The library is written in C, but each function has a FORTRAN counterpart.

Smith, Matthew↗

NASA NTRS1986

Graphics Programs for the DEC VAX Computer

Variety of plots available in video or printed form. LONGLIB library of computer programs set of subroutines designed for vector plotting on cathode-ray tubes and dot-matrix printers. LONGLIB subroutines invoked by program calls similar to standard CALCOMP routines. In addition to basic plotting routines, LONGLIB contains extensive set of routines to allow viewport clipping, extended character sets, graphic input, gray-level plots, polar plots, and three-dimensional plotting with or without removal of hidden lines. LONGLIB written in FORTRAN 77 and C for batch execution.

Long, D.↗

NASA NTRS2018

Application of Modern Fortran to Spacecraft Trajectory Design and Optimization

In this paper, applications of the modern Fortran programming language to the field of spacecraft trajectory optimization and design are examined. Modern object-oriented Fortran has many advantages for scientific programming, although many legacy Fortran aerospace codes have not been upgraded to use the newer standards (or have been rewritten in other languages perceived to be more modern). NASA's Copernicus spacecraft trajectory optimization program, originally a combination of Fortran 77 and Fortran 95, has attempted to keep up with modern standards and makes significant use of the new language features. Various algorithms and methods are presented from trajectory tools such as Copernicus, as well as modern Fortran open source libraries and other projects.

Trajectory Optimizatio↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Culture-Independent Fungal Profiling for the International Space Station using Nanopore Sequencing: Method Development

Microbial monitoring of the International Space Station (ISS) environment is a crew health requirement that encompasses both bacterial and fungal identification. To achieve this currently, culture-based methods are used for sample collection, and these samples must be returned to the laboratory for analysis. The use of culture and the need for sample return to Earth results in a bias toward culturable organisms and causes a significant delay between sample collection and delivery of final data (weeks to months), respectively. Recently, advancements in molecular technology have aided a broad range of applications, including medical, industrial, and basic sciences. Additionally, increases in portability and ease-of-use of molecular platforms have provided point-of-use capabilities demonstrated by the miniPCR thermal cycler (miniPCR bio) and the MinION sequencer (Oxford Nanopore Technologies). Together, these devices have been applied to, and validated for, the identification of bacteria onboard the ISS. Building on this work, we have developed a spaceflight-compatible fungal workflow. Molecular-based fungal analysis is complicated by low biomass, difficult-to-lyse spores, debate regarding the region for taxonomic assignment, and the lack of bioinformatic pipelines and reference databases. To overcome these difficulties, primers yielding an ~ 2 Kb amplicon were validated against a wide range of ISS fungal isolates. The current spaceflight library preparation was substantially optimized, a bioinformatic pipeline was created, and refinements to the UNITE database were implemented. To compare this optimized method to the current culture-based standard, 30 sample sets (60 total swabs, two swabs held in tandem) were evaluated. Parallel fungal profiles were obtained between the two methods, with the culture-independent method revealing increased diversity. The addition of this method to the already established bacterial process fulfills the crew health identification requirement. Moreover, the implementation of this method onboard ISS will enhance our understanding of its unique fungal microbiome.

Hang N. Nguyen↗

NASA NTRS1988

Description of graphics translation software between Intergraph and Tektronix systems

The requirement for Marshall Space Flight Center's Photo Analysis to use existing 3-D Intergraph graphic files on an existing Tektronix 4129 3-D graphics workstation and the unavailability of an off-the-shelf Intergraph to Tektronix translator required the development of such a translater. Using the output of Intergraph's standard interchange format converter, the 3-D graphic information of Intergraph's files are reformatted and compressed. The 3-D image is reconstructed using Tektronix's software terminal interface graphic library (STI).

Rieckhoff, Tom↗

NASA NTRS1991

The AI Bus architecture for distributed knowledge-based systems

The AI Bus architecture is layered, distributed object oriented framework developed to support the requirements of advanced technology programs for an order of magnitude improvement in software costs. The consequent need for highly autonomous computer systems, adaptable to new technology advances over a long lifespan, led to the design of an open architecture and toolbox for building large scale, robust, production quality systems. The AI Bus accommodates a mix of knowledge based and conventional components, running on heterogeneous, distributed real world and testbed environment. The concepts and design is described of the AI Bus architecture and its current implementation status as a Unix C++ library or reusable objects. Each high level semiautonomous agent process consists of a number of knowledge sources together with interagent communication mechanisms based on shared blackboards and message passing acquaintances. Standard interfaces and protocols are followed for combining and validating subsystems. Dynamic probes or demons provide an event driven means for providing active objects with shared access to resources, and each other, while not violating their security.

Schultz, Roger D.↗

NASA NTRS2001

A User's Guide to CGNS

The CFD General Notation System (CGNS) was developed to be a self-descriptive, machine-independent standard for storing CFD aerodynamic data. This guide aids users in the implementation of CGNS. It is intended as a tutorial on the usage of the CGNS mid-level library routines for reading and writing grid and flow solution datasets for both structured and unstructured methodologies.

Rumsey, Christopher L.↗

NASA NTRS2024

Development Testing and Analysis of the Integrated Gateway-ESPRIT Bipropellant Refuelling System

The Gateway will be humanity’s first space station orbiting the Moon completed by NASA in partnership with ESA and other US and international partners. The Gateway will provide critical support to sustainable human exploration on the moon through the Artemis program. To enable the Lunar Gateway to complete its mission, on orbit refuelling is essential. The ESPRIT Refuelling Module (ERM) will provide the capability to transfer propellants, MMH and MON-3, through the Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO) to the Power and Propulsion Element (PPE). The transfer of these propellants carries known risks and hazards. These hazards include overpressure of the propellant lines during priming sequences between modules and during refuelling pause operations. To support the early system development and to mitigate these risks, a collaborative test program between NASA, ESA and Thales Alenia Space was completed at the Thales Alenia Space test facility in Harwell, UK. This test program integrated fluidic breadboards of the ERM, HALO and PPE modules. The objectives of the test program were to demonstrate and characterise critical performance and transient operations, inform refuelling concept of operations and to calibrate and validate numerical models of the refuelling subsystem in EcosimPro. To support the completion of this final objective a detailed model of the integrated breadboard was developed in EcosimPro and key steady-state and transient test cases were simulated. As an industry first, a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) database correlation for Hydrofluoroether (HFE-7000) was used as a mixed oxides of nitrogen (MON-3) simulant with EcosimPro and European Space Propulsion System Simulation (ESPSS) libraries to result in a more accurate analysis for transient phenomenon such as priming. The test and simulation data showed good agreement validating the model for further system analysis as the ERM design progresses.

Refuelling↗

NASA NTRS1996

A proposed application programming interface for a physical volume repository

The IEEE Storage System Standards Working Group (SSSWG) has developed the Reference Model for Open Storage Systems Interconnection, Mass Storage System Reference Model Version 5. This document, provides the framework for a series of standards for application and user interfaces to open storage systems. More recently, the SSSWG has been developing Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) for the individual components defined by the model. The API for the Physical Volume Repository is the most fully developed, but work is being done on APIs for the Physical Volume Library and for the Mover also. The SSSWG meets every other month, and meetings are open to all interested parties. The Physical Volume Repository (PVR) is responsible for managing the storage of removable media cartridges and for mounting and dismounting these cartridges onto drives. This document describes a model which defines a Physical Volume Repository, and gives a brief summary of the Application Programming Interface (API) which the IEEE Storage Systems Standards Working Group (SSSWG) is proposing as the standard interface for the PVR.

Jones, Merritt↗

NASA NTRS2011

Post-Fragmentation Whole Genome Amplification-Based Method

This innovation is derived from a proprietary amplification scheme that is based upon random fragmentation of the genome into a series of short, overlapping templates. The resulting shorter DNA strands (<400 bp) constitute a library of DNA fragments with defined 3 and 5 termini. Specific primers to these termini are then used to isothermally amplify this library into potentially unlimited quantities that can be used immediately for multiple downstream applications including gel eletrophoresis, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR), comparative genomic hybridization microarray, SNP analysis, and sequencing. The standard reaction can be performed with minimal hands-on time, and can produce amplified DNA in as little as three hours. Post-fragmentation whole genome amplification-based technology provides a robust and accurate method of amplifying femtogram levels of starting material into microgram yields with no detectable allele bias. The amplified DNA also facilitates the preservation of samples (spacecraft samples) by amplifying scarce amounts of template DNA into microgram concentrations in just a few hours. Based on further optimization of this technology, this could be a feasible technology to use in sample preservation for potential future sample return missions. The research and technology development described here can be pivotal in dealing with backward/forward biological contamination from planetary missions. Such efforts rely heavily on an increasing understanding of the burden and diversity of microorganisms present on spacecraft surfaces throughout assembly and testing. The development and implementation of these technologies could significantly improve the comprehensiveness and resolving power of spacecraft-associated microbial population censuses, and are important to the continued evolution and advancement of planetary protection capabilities. Current molecular procedures for assaying spacecraft-associated microbial burden and diversity have inherent sample loss issues at practically every step, particularly nucleic acid extraction. In engineering a molecular means of amplifying nucleic acids directly from single cells in their native state within the sample matrix, this innovation has circumvented entirely the need for DNA extraction regimes in the sample processing scheme.

Benardini, James↗

NASA NTRS1993

Volume serving and media management in a networked, distributed client/server environment

The E-Systems Modular Automated Storage System (EMASS) is a family of hierarchical mass storage systems providing complete storage/'file space' management. The EMASS volume server provides the flexibility to work with different clients (file servers), different platforms, and different archives with a 'mix and match' capability. The EMASS design considers all file management programs as clients of the volume server system. System storage capacities are tailored to customer needs ranging from small data centers to large central libraries serving multiple users simultaneously. All EMASS hardware is commercial off the shelf (COTS), selected to provide the performance and reliability needed in current and future mass storage solutions. All interfaces use standard commercial protocols and networks suitable to service multiple hosts. EMASS is designed to efficiently store and retrieve in excess of 10,000 terabytes of data. Current clients include CRAY's YMP Model E based Data Migration Facility (DMF), IBM's RS/6000 based Unitree, and CONVEX based EMASS File Server software. The VolSer software provides the capability to accept client or graphical user interface (GUI) commands from the operator's console and translate them to the commands needed to control any configured archive. The VolSer system offers advanced features to enhance media handling and particularly media mounting such as: automated media migration, preferred media placement, drive load leveling, registered MediaClass groupings, and drive pooling.

Herring, Ralph H.↗

NASA NTRS1965

Ballistocardiography, a Bibliography <1877 - 1964<

The publication of this bibliography on Ballistocardiography, NASA SP-7021 (FAA AM 65-15) fulfills a long-standing requirement for a comprehensive and retrospective collection of references on a subject that is of particular interest to medical investigators and cardiovascular physiologists engaged in aerospace studies. Ballistocardiography is a technique for producing a graphical representation of repetitive motions of the human body arising from the sudden ejection of blood into the great vessels with each heart beat. Standard ballistocardiographic techniques are emphasized in the references included in the bibliography, but attention is also given to several related methods that are used to record these phenomena and to the equipment and instrumentation employed in such investigations. The format of the citations in NASA SP-7021 (FAA AM 65-15) was chosen to resemble, as closely as possible, the format that is now being used in the Index Medicwl published by the National Library of Medicine, except that English titles of foreign language articles appear in parentheses instead of in brackets as they do in Index Medicus. In each case, an attempt was made to identify the language of the article, or the place of publication of the foreign language journal. Since the citations were gathered over a period of years and occasionally from sources which do not appear in standard indexes, complete information was not always available. Citations are arranged alphabetically by personal author. In a large measure, the comprehensivenes of this collection of references is due to information obtained from card files compiled and maintained by Dr. William R. Scarborough of the Georgetown Clinical Research Institute, Office of Aviation Medicine, FAA, supplemented by the private collections of Drs. Isaac Starr, Abraham Noordergraaf, and John L. Nickerson. Selection and preparation of individual references and general editing of the material was done by Dr. Scarborough, who received valuable assistance from Mrs. Claire Tedesco of the Medical Library Branch of the FAA Library. Final compilation and printing were completed under the supervision of NASA.

AEROSPACE MEDICINE↗

NASA NTRS2015

Telescience Resource Kit (TReK)

Telescience Resource Kit (TReK) is one of the Huntsville Operations Support Center (HOSC) remote operations solutions. It can be used to monitor and control International Space Station (ISS) payloads from anywhere in the world. It is comprised of a suite of software applications and libraries that provide generic data system capabilities and access to HOSC services. The TReK Software has been operational since 2000. A new cross-platform version of TReK is under development. The new software is being released in phases during the 2014-2016 timeframe. The TReK Release 3.x series of software is the original TReK software that has been operational since 2000. This software runs on Windows. It contains capabilities to support traditional telemetry and commanding using CCSDS (Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems) packets. The TReK Release 4.x series of software is the new cross platform software. It runs on Windows and Linux. The new TReK software will support communication using standard IP protocols and traditional telemetry and commanding. All the software listed above is compatible and can be installed and run together on Windows. The new TReK software contains a suite of software that can be used by payload developers on the ground and onboard (TReK Toolkit). TReK Toolkit is a suite of lightweight libraries and utility applications for use onboard and on the ground. TReK Desktop is the full suite of TReK software -most useful on the ground. When TReK Desktop is released, the TReK installation program will provide the option to choose just the TReK Toolkit portion of the software or the full TReK Desktop suite. The ISS program is providing the TReK Toolkit software as a generic flight software capability offered as a standard service to payloads. TReK Software Verification was conducted during the April/May 2015 timeframe. Payload teams using the TReK software onboard can reference the TReK software verification. TReK will be demonstrated on-orbit running on an ISS provided T61p laptop. Target Timeframe: September 2015 -2016. The on-orbit demonstration will collect benchmark metrics, and will be used in the future to provide live demonstrations during ISS Payload Conferences. Benchmark metrics and demonstrations will address the protocols described in SSP 52050-0047 Ku Forward section 3.3.7. (Associated term: CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP)).

Lippincott, Jeff↗

NASA NTRS2022

Development of Gas Analysis Capabilities

Project Description: The project objective was to develop gas analysis methodology and processes to identify and quantify contaminants specific to KSC, primarily volatile organic compounds (VOCs), utilizing the recently purchased gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GCMS) coupled with a sample pre-concentrator. This work established a standing, quick-turnaround quantitative GCMS methodology for KSC-specific VOCs associated with launching and landing spacecraft at trace-levels far below previous detection limits. Closeout Summary: This project established a standing methodology for rapid turnaround identification and quantification of 119 targeted VOCs considered most likely to be encountered at KSC. Of these, 111 of the calibration files are based on manufacturer-certified gas standard mixes. The other eight were generated using standards generated in-house from neat, certified reference materials using procedures for standard generation that were developed under this project. Additionally, the spectral signatures of two hydrofluorocarbon precision cleaning solvents, that are widely used in flight hardware processing, have been added to the mass spectral library for rapid qualitative identification.

Cristina Oropeza↗