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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 181 records · Page 10
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

High-throughput design of high-performance lightweight high-entropy alloys

Developing affordable and light high-temperature materials alternative to Ni-base superalloys has significantly increased the efforts in designing advanced ferritic superalloys. However, currently developed ferritic superalloys still exhibit low high-temperature strengths, which limits their usage. Here we use a CALPHAD-based high-throughput computational method to design light, strong, and low-cost high-entropy alloys for elevated-temperature applications. Through the high-throughput screening, precipitation-strengthened lightweight high-entropy alloys are discovered from thousands of initial compositions, which exhibit enhanced strengths compared to other counterparts at room and elevated temperatures. The experimental and theoretical understanding of both successful and failed cases in their strengthening mechanisms and order-disorder transitions further improves the accuracy of the thermodynamic database of the discovered alloy system. This study shows that integrating high-throughput screening, multiscale modeling, and experimental validation proves to be efficient and useful in accelerating the discovery of advanced precipitation-strengthened structural materials tuned by the high-entropy alloy concept.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Modeling antiphase boundary energies of Ni 3 Al-based alloys using automated density functional theory and machine learning

Antiphase boundaries (APBs) are planar defects that play a critical role in strengthening Ni-based superalloys, and their sensitivity to alloy composition offers a flexible tuning parameter for alloy design. Here, we report a computational workflow to enable the development of sufficient data to train machine-learning (ML) models to automate the study of the effect of composition on the (111) APB energy in Ni 3 Al-based alloys. We employ ML to leverage this wealth of data and identify several physical properties that are used to build predictive models for the APB energy that achieve a cross-validation error of 0.033 J m –2 . We demonstrate the transferability of these models by predicting APB energies in commercial superalloys. Moreover, our use of physically motivated features such as the ordering energy and stoichiometry-based features opens the way to using existing materials properties databases to guide superalloy design strategies to maximize the APB energy.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Welding of Haynes 282 to Steels to Enable Modular Rotors for Advanced Ultra Super-Critical Steam Turbines

Steam turbines for an Advanced Ultra Super Critical (AUSC) fossil fired power plant will operate at temperatures well above those of current commercial steam cycles with inlet temperatures more than 760 C , which is beyond the capabilities of alloy steels presently used for steam turbine applications and requires advanced materials. Large components such as steam turbine rotors may be made of nickel based super alloys such as Haynes 282 (H282). However, monolithic forgings of superalloys in the sizes required for large steam turbines rotors can be prohibitively expensive besides many technical challenges. To minimize cost and alleviate the related technical challenges, superalloy use needs to be limited to locations on the steam turbine rotor where strength and temperature requirements cannot be met by conventional steels. This is possible if nickel-based superalloys can be successfully welded to steels and the related technical challenges - machining parts made of dissimilar welded materials, non-destructive examination of such welds for flaw detection; and, material properties of such hybrid components – are sufficiently addressed. In this technology development project, we successfully welded H282 to plates up to ~ 75 mm (~ 3 inches) to a 3.5NiCrMoV steel of similar thickness. Advanced ultrasonic inspection technique called Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) was employed to examine the dissimilar H282-Steel welds, into which flat bottomed side drilled holes (SDH) of various diameters were introduced, to determine the minimum detectable feature sizes; it was shown that with PAUT SDH of dia. down to 0.5 mm could be detected in the base alloys and SDH with dia. down to 2.4 mm could be detected in the weld metal under multiple orientations successfully. An autonomous machining process monitoring system was developed and demonstrated whereby the forces acting on the cutting tool could be actively monitored as the cutting tool transitioned from H282 to Steel across the weld using which the machining parameters can be potentially altered without interruption to extend tool life. This project successfully achieved its objectives of - i. Developing a welding methodology and viable welding geometries, to successfully join H282 to steel 3.5CrMoNiV steel to enable manufacture of modular steam turbine rotors for AUSC applications (conditions of at least 760 °Celsius and 3,100 psia (pounds per square inch absolute pressure) and evaluate the material properties of the welded specimen. ii. Employ the advanced ultrasonic inspection technique to the dissimilar weld metal joint and determine the minimum detectable feature sizes. iii. Develop effective machining techniques to machine such hybrid structures with online tool force monitoring and effect machine state metrics for optimal results.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Formation of the {gamma}ʹʹʹ-Ni2(Cr, Mo, W) phase during a two-step aging heat treatment in HAYNES® 244® Alloy

Precipitation hardening is the dominant method of achieving high strength in most Ni-based superalloys. The formation of nanoscale precipitates during thermal exposure is often studied to determine the optimal methods of attaining high strength. The commercial Ni-based superalloy, HAYNES® 244® alloy, is strengthened through a novel -Ni2(Cr, Mo, W) intermetallic phase that forms during a two-step aging cycle. The precipitation kinetics of this intermetallic phase are sluggish for single-step aging in comparison to the γʹ phase in precipitation-strengthened Ni-based alloys, but a two-step aging treatment has shown to reliably harden the alloy and improve high-temperature properties compared to a single-step aging heat treatment. To investigate the formation and coarsening of this phase, heat-treated samples of the 244 alloy were analyzed with high-energy in situ and ex situ X-ray techniques such as small angle X-ray scattering and wide angle X-ray scattering as well as Vickers micro-hardness, electron microscopy, and atom probe tomography. The relationship between hardness, aging parameters, and microstructure evolution is discussed. The enthalpy of formation and precipitate solvus temperature were determined with high-temperature differential scanning calorimetry and dilatometry analysis.

Ni-based Superalloys↗
DOE OSTI2021

Understanding the microstructural stability in a y’-strengthened Ni-Fe-Cr-Al-Ti alloy

Ni-Fe-Cr-Al-Ti alloys, with Ni levels near 50 wt.%, have the potential to develop a microstructure consisting of a face-centered cubic ? matrix with the homogeneous precipitation of fine ordered ?’ precipitates similar to traditional Ni-based superalloys with significantly greater Ni content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atom probe tomography (APT), and CALPHAD -based thermodynamic modeling were employed to understand the phase stabilities and microstructural evolution in an age-hardenable Ni-27Fe-18Cr-1Co-1.6Al-3.75Ti-1.2Mo-0.03C (wt%) alloy. The primary heat-treatment of solution annealing at 1121°C for 4h and age-hardening treatment at 760 °C for 16h resulted in a microstructure consisting of fine ?’ precipitates in an austenitic matrix along with grain boundary carbides, consistent with thermodynamic calculations. Long-term aging at 900 °C for 250h resulted in the coarsening of ?’ along with a change in the morphology of the precipitates from spherical to a more cuboidal shape. In addition, ? phase formation was observed concomitant with the partial dissolution of the ?’ phase. The ability of computational thermodynamic models to predict microstructural characteristics is discussed.

Gwalani, Bharat↗
DOE OSTI2026

Creep in multi-principal element materials –– A review

The ongoing push towards enhanced energy efficiency and reduced emissions has necessitated the creation of materials with superior performance, especially under extreme conditions. Modern industries, such as aerospace, energy production, and nuclear power, rely heavily on materials that can withstand elevated temperatures without compromising structural integrity. At these heightened temperatures, materials, even when subjected to mechanical stresses well below their yield strength, may experience slow deformation leading to eventual rupture — a phenomenon known as creep. With the expansive design space that comes with the high entropy concept and their reported excellent high temperature strength, multi-principal element materials (MPEMs) have attracted interest in the scientific community for high-temperature applications. Here, this review offers a comprehensive examination of existing studies on creep in MPEMs, which includes multi-principal element−alloys, −bulk metallic glasses, −ceramics, and −superalloys, comparing published findings on MPEMs with pure elements, traditional alloys, bulk metallic glasses, and superalloys. The sub-topics covered include a comparison among different creep-testing methods, creep mechanisms, creep exponents, creep strain rates, activation volume, and creep-activation energy. Modeling efforts for predicting creep behavior of MPEMs are also reviewed. Methods for improving creep resistance by performing heat treatments and/or modifying microstructures are discussed. Overall, the current state of MPEMs has not yet surpassed the creep performance of commercial alloys. Finally, directions for future efforts are suggested, such as experimenting in various controlled environments, expanding the number of compositions tested, exploring advanced manufacturing techniques, and using machine-learning to predict creep properties based on compositions and microstructures.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Aging heat treatment design for Haynes 282 made by wire-feed additive manufacturing using high-throughput experiments and interpretable machine learning

Wire-feed additive manufacturing (WFAM) produces superalloys with complex thermal cycles and unique microstructures, often requiring optimized heat treatments. To address this challenge, we present a hybrid approach that combines high-throughput experiments, precipitation simulation, and machine learning to design effective aging conditions for the WFAM Haynes 282 superalloy. Our results demonstrate that the γ’ radius is the critical microstructural feature for strengthening Haynes 282 during post-heat treatment compared with the matrix composition and γ’ volume fraction. New aging conditions at 770°C for 50 hours and 730°C for 200 hours were discovered based on the machine learning model and were applied to enhance yield strength, bringing it on par with the wrought counterpart. This approach has significant implications for future AM alloy production, enabling more efficient and effective heat treatment design to achieve desired properties.

CALPHAD↗
DOE OSTI2024

Additively Manufactured Molten Salt to Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Heat Exchanger

Design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of the performance of a molten salt (MS)-to-supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO 2 ) heat exchanger (HE) for concentrating solar power (CSP) applications using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing (AM) of nickel-based superalloys is presented in this report. The hypothesis is that such additively manufactured HEs will result in a monolithic, compact, low-pressure drop HE that is durable under cyclic operation at high temperature and high pressure in a corrosive salt environment. Two nickel-based superalloys were considered in the project- Haynes 230 (H230) and Haynes 282 (H282). Process windows for LPBF AM were established to provide dense low porosity parts for both alloys. Creep tests results on heat treated AM H230 and H282 samples showed that the AM fabricated specimens were as robust as the wrought specimens and showed no deficit in creep strength at high temperatures. Haynes 282 was down selected for the HE fabrication based on better dimensional tolerance, better corrosion resistance to chloride salt, and higher creep strength.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Using Additive Manufacturing to Repair Gas Turbine Hot Section Components

Ni-based superalloys are used in the hot sections of gas turbine engines due to their excellent high temperature performance. During service the material degrades due to exposure at high temperature and mechanical loads. Hence, utility provides often inspect, service, and repair components in gas turbine engines to ensure safe operation. A major challenge, however, is that the most heat-resistant alloys are generally considered ‘non-weldable’ rendering them difficult to repair via welding operations. In these cases components are often scrapped and then replaced by parts which must be re-manufactured. This burdens utilities with additional cost and supply chain issues can result in long term outages or reduced operating limtis. In this work EPRI and ORNL investigated a proposed repair strategy for gas turbine hot section components. Hot section superalloy GTD-111 was selected as a candidate repair material system and AM material ABD-900 the repair material. Sandwich structures were fabricated via electron beam melting additive manufacturing (EBM-AM) producing tensile bars with gage sections consisting of dissimilar ABD-900 / GTD-111 / ABD-900 material. Metallography revealed that the interface exhibited no deleterious phases or processing defeats. Creep rupture experiments on heat treated material demonstrates that the emulated repair coupons exhibit creep resistance between GTD-111 and ABD-900. This study demonstrates that the proposed EBM-AM repair strategy presents a viable opportunity towards enabling AM repair of gas turbine engine components.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2020

An Alternative Casting Technique to Improve the Creep Resistance of Cast INCONEL Alloy 740H

The increasing performance requirements of power plant designs, such as advanced-ultra supercritical (A-USC), require the use of Ni-based superalloys to replace high-strength, ferritic-martensitic steels for components subjected to temperatures above 898 K (625 °C) and for austenitic stainless steels components at temperatures above 973 K (700 °C). To date, commercial Ni-based superalloy INCONEL 740H has been shown to be appropriate for use in A-USC power plants as boiler components in a wrought product. However, large complex components in boilers as well as other casings in the turbine and valve chest require castings of a thick-wall nature. Using the alloy in its cast form would be significantly valuable in terms of range of component size, geometry and complexity. Previous investigations revealed short creep lives from cast INCONEL alloy 740H. Here in this investigation, an alternative casting route that utilized a melt procedure resulting in a fine-grain casting, and in conjunction with a computationally optimized homogenization heat treatment, not only controlled the grain size and grain boundary structure but minimized chemistry variability and segregation. A primarily equiaxed and homogenous grain size distribution was obtained from this approach with better repartition of M 23 C 6 carbides along the grain boundaries. Furthermore, better than 38 pct increase was obtained for this material in comparison to the creep life obtained from the best performing conventionally cast material. More importantly, the fine-grain homogenized (FGH) casting route resulted in the Larson–Miller plot for this material that coincided with that of wrought alloy 740. At low creep stresses (with a test still in progress), the FGH casting is resulting in higher values of the LMP than the wrought alloy.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Helium-bubble-enhanced disordering of intermetallic phase under irradiation

Understanding and controlling phase transformations in metals and alloys under irradiation is vital to the design of irradiation-tolerant materials. The L1 2 -ordered intermetallic phase in nickel-based superalloys provides superior high-temperature mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Here, we studied the order-disorder transformation kinetics of an L1 2 -structured gamma-prime phase in nickel-based superalloy Rene N4 under krypton ion irradiation and the effect of pre-implanted helium gas bubbles on the kinetics of phase transformation. Furthermore, the presence of pre-implanted helium gas bubbles significantly enhances the order-disorder transformation of L1 2 -structured gamma-prime phase under irradiation at 300 °C. The evolution of pre-implanted helium gas bubbles under irradiation implies that helium gas bubbles could effectively trap irradiation-induced vacancies and impede the reordering process of anti-site defects in gamma-prime phase.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

High temperature oxidation of corrosion resistant alloys from machine learning

Parabolic rate constants, k p , were collected from published reports and calculated from corrosion product data (sample mass gain or corrosion product thickness) and tabulated for 75 alloys exposed to temperatures between ~800 and 2000 K (~500–1700 °C; 900–3000°F). Data were collected for environments including lab air, ambient and supercritical carbon dioxide, supercritical water, and steam. Materials studied include low- and high-Cr ferritic and austenitic steels, nickel superalloys, and aluminide materials. A combination of Arrhenius analysis, simple linear regression, supervised and unsupervised machine learning methods were used to investigate the relations between composition and oxidation kinetics. The supervised machine learning techniques produced the lowest mean standard errors. The most significant elements controlling oxidation kinetics were Ni, Cr, Al, and Fe, with Mo and Co composition also found to be significant features. The activation energies produced from the machine learning analysis were in the correct distributions for the diffusion constants for the oxide scales expected to dominate in each class.

Materials Science↗
DOE OSTI2021

Deformation of binary and boron-doped Ni 3 Al alloys at high pressures studied with synchrotron x-ray diffraction

In situ x-ray synchrotron diffraction experiments were carried out on nickel-based high-strength superalloys under pressure to understand their deformation mechanism using a diamond anvil cell (DAC). Radial x-ray diffraction determines the room-temperature equations of state and yield strengths of binary Ni 3 Al alloy and 500 ppm boron-doped Ni 3 Al to pressures of 20 and 46 GPa, respectively. Crystallographic preferred orientations observed in these superalloys due to anisotropic stress field in DAC indicate the onset of plastic deformation. Inverse pole figure analysis reveals that the underlying deformation mechanisms change from an octahedral slip to a simultaneous activation of octahedral and cube slips upon doping with boron. The yield-strength values were found to increase with pressure and are comparable to those determined from axial diffraction experiments. The results indicate that the yield strength of Ni 3 Al:B is about 0.5 GPa higher (at pressures below 20 GPa) due to grain boundary strengthening by boron. It is shown that due to high elastic anisotropy of Ni 3 Al alloy, the yield-strength estimations from diffraction experiments strongly depend on the micromechanical model used to convert the measured elastic strains into stresses.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Top Loading Helium Cryostat Integrated with High-Pressure Cell with Fast Remote Pressure Control (Final Report for SBIR Phase 1)

A large number of physical phenomena, such as superconductivity and quantum critical phenomena, often appear only at very low temperatures below 5 K. There is an immense interest to investigate these phenomena at high pressure as a means of tuning interatomic distances, and thus the interaction parameters controlling these phenomena, in a continuous and controlled fashion. The current P-T condition for neutron scattering experiments are limited to either relatively low pressures of about 2 GPa at temperatures below 5 K, or to relatively high temperatures at pressures or tens of GPa. The purpose of this research is to develop neutron sample environment instrumentation for reaching 10-20 GPa at 1-2K with rapid and reliable online pressure and temperature control (i.e. without having to interrupt the experiment). The ultimate goal of the project is to design an integrated fast-cooling low-temperature sample environment cryogenic system compatible with state of the art neutron diamond anvil cells suitable for single-crystal neutron scattering experiments for temperatures down to 2K and pressures of several tens of GPa. The integrated system will consist of top-loading Helium flow cryostat with in-situ sample alignment mechanisms, large-volume diamond anvil cells (DAC) made from novel superalloy Pascalloy and optimized for fast cooling and heating, and a compact remote pressure control mechanism for the DAC based on a novel concept of inflatable bellows integrated with a lever-arm based force amplifier. In Phase I, we have designed, manufactured, and tested prototypes of the novel compact force-amplified pneumatic pressure control mechanism for Neutron Diamond Anvil Cell (nDAC), which allows to use pneumatic bellows system for smooth remote pressure control in the nDAC inside a top-loading cryostat with bore size of 70 mm or larger. This allows significant minimum temperature decrease in remotely controlled nDAC from 5-10 K down to 2 K. We also studied mechanical properties of a novel non-magnetic superalloy Pascalloy with different heat-treatment conditions and preliminary results indicate that up to date this is probably the strongest and most suitable material for making more compact and lightweight cryogenic nDACs for neuron scattering experiments at extreme conditions, allowing much faster cooling and heating. Potential applications: The new developments will allow to create a wide range of compact Diamond Anvil Cells for neutron diffraction which can reach several tens of GPA pressure at 2-4 K while preserving accurate remote pressure control capabilities. The new concepts can be used for developing sample environment instrumentation outside the neutron scattering field. The new development have very strong potential for expanding experimental capabilities in materials sciences and have high commercialization potential. The proposed new cryogenic high-pressure system or any of its individual components will be in high demand not only in neutron scattering facilities, but also at synchrotron beamlines and other high-pressure research facilities around the world.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Application of Refractory High-Entropy Alloys for Higher-Reliability and Higher-Efficiency Brayton Cycles and Advanced Nuclear Reactors

An exceptional set of newly-discovered advanced superalloys known as refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) can provide near-term solutions for wear, erosion, corrosion, high-temperature strength, creep, and radiation issues associated with supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) Brayton Cycles and advanced nuclear reactors. In particular, these superalloys can significantly extend their durability, reliability, and thermal efficiency, thereby making them more cost-competitive, safer, and reliable. For this project, it was endeavored to manufacture and test certain RHEAs, to solve technical issues impacting the Brayton Cycle and advanced nuclear reactors. This was achieved by leveraging Sandia’s patents, technical advances, and previous experience working with RHEAs. Herein, three RHEA manufacturing methods were applied: laser engineered net shaping, spark plasma sintering, and spray coating. Two promising RHEAs were selected, HfNbTaZr and MoNbTaVW. To demonstrate their performance, erosion, structural, radiation, and hightemperature experiments were conducted on the RHEAs, stainless steel (SS) 316 L, SS 1020, and Inconel 718 test coupons, as well as bench-top components. The experimental data is presented, analyzed, and confirms the superior performance of the HfNbTaZr and MoNbTaVW RHEAs vs. SS 316 L, SS 1020, and Inconel 718. In addition, to gain more insights for larger-scale RHEA applications, the erosion and structural capabilities for the two RHEAs were simulated and compared with the experimental data. The experimental data confirm the superior performance of the HfNbTaZr and MoNbTaVW RHEAs vs. SS and Inconel. Most importantly, the erosion and the coating material experimental data show that erosion in sCO2 Brayton Cycles can be eliminated completely if RHEAs are used. The experimental suite and validations confirm that HfNbTaZr is suitable for harsh environments that do not include nuclear radiation, while MoNbTaVW is suitable for harsh environments that include radiation.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Implementation of Disruptive Designs for Gas Turbine Components Utilizing Additive Manufacturing

Electron beam melting (EBM) is an additive manufacturing process used to print metallic components with complex geometries for aerospace applications. A preheating characteristic enables this technology to avoid large accumulation of residual stress during printing. However, cracking mechanisms particularly in Ni-based superalloys are associated with not only residual stress but also with microstructure (i.e., solidification morphology, transient evolution of γ'). Siemens is committed to AM technology for gas turbine applications. The ability to novel predictive designs of turbine blades would reduce process development time and allow acquisition of key microstructure and performance data early in a design campaign. Siemens initiated a project to establish the design rules for the fabrication of non-printable Nibased superalloys. This phase 1 program demonstrates the feasibility for virtual fabrication of the actual blade geometries through EBM process.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Development of Additive Manufacturing for Ceramic Matrix Composite Vanes

This report discusses the development of additive manufacturing for polymer-derived ceramic materials to create novel cooled gas turbine airfoils made from ceramics. Gas turbine engines have extremely high temperatures in the hot section of the engine that exceed the melting point of nickel superalloy materials that the engine is made from. Advanced cooling technologies have been developed over decades for metallic parts. Ceramic materials have higher temperature capabilities than superalloys, but are difficult to shape in the complex designs used in modern turbines. Several thrusts were investigated during the project, including development of higher material strength resins, improvement of ultraviolet (UV) photopolymerization and post-processing techniques to increase survivability of ceramic parts, thermomechanical modeling of novel ceramic airfoil designs for higher cooling effectiveness, and experimental validation of the modeling and manufacturing in a turbine vane test facility at nondimensional conditions that are relevant to modern gas turbines. Some major findings of the work include a significant increase in ceramic survivability during pyrolysis (a high temperature process that converts the organic material to a ceramic) by adjusting the composition ratios of the resins, as well as a tolulene soak after printing to remove unreacted polymer material. Thermomechanical optimization of the internal cooling structure indicated that a high density pin fin array would enable an 80% increase in overall cooling effectiveness relative to a baseline geometry, which was later verified during experimental testing in a high speed linear cascade. Ceramic vanes were tested at Mach numbers of up to 0.9 which is relevant to modern gas turbines. High temperature capability of the ceramic vanes was not tested in this work.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Using Additive Manufacturing to Repair Gas Turbine Hot Section Components

Ni-based superalloys are used in the hot sections of gas turbine engines due to their excellent high temperature performance. During service the material degrades due to exposure at high temperature and mechanical loads. Hence, utility provides often inspect, service, and repair components in gas turbine engines to ensure safe operation. A major challenge, however, is that the most heat-resistant alloys are generally considered ‘non-weldable’ rendering them difficult to repair via welding operations. In these cases components are often scrapped and then replaced by parts which must be re-manufactured. This burdens utilities with additional cost and supply chain issues can result in long term outages or reduced operating limits. In this work EPRI and ORNL investigated a proposed repair strategy for gas turbine hot section components. Hot section superalloy GTD-111 was selected as a candidate repair material system and AM material ABD-900 the repair material. Sandwich structures were fabricated via electron beam melting additive manufacturing (EBM-AM) producing tensile bars with gage sections consisting of dissimilar ABD-900 / GTD-111 / ABD-900 material. Metallography revealed that the interface exhibited no deleterious phases or processing defeats. Creep rupture experiments on heat treated material demonstrates that the emulated repair coupons exhibit creep resistance between GTD-111 and ABD-900. This study demonstrates that the proposed EBM-AM repair strategy presents a viable opportunity towards enabling AM repair of gas turbine engine components.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗