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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 181 records · Page 10
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1987

Imaginary time path integral Monte Carlo route to rate coefficients for nonadiabatic barrier crossing

Nonadiabatic transitions are central to many areas of chemical and condensed matter physics, ranging from biological electron transfer to the optical properties of one-dimensional conductors. Here, a path integral Monte Carlo method is used to simulate such transitions, based on the observation that nonadiabatic rate coefficients are often dominated by saddle point trajectories that correspond to an imaginary time. Simple analytic theories can be used to continue these imaginary time correlation functions to determine rate coefficients. The advantages and drawbacks of this approach are discussed.

Wolynes, Peter G.↗
NASA NTRS2013

Visible Contrast Energy Metrics for Detection and Discrimination

Contrast energy was proposed by Watson, Robson, & Barlow as a useful metric for representing luminance contrast target stimuli because it represents the detectability of the stimulus in photon noise for an ideal observer. Like the eye, the ear is a complex transducer system, but relatively simple sound level meters are used to characterize sounds. These meters provide a range of frequency sensitivity functions and integration times depending on the intended use. We propose here the use of a range of contrast energy measures with different spatial frequency contrast sensitivity weightings, eccentricity sensitivity weightings, and temporal integration times. When detection threshold are plotting using such measures, the results show what the eye sees best when these variables are taken into account in a standard way. The suggested weighting functions revise the Standard Spatial Observer for luminance contrast detection and extend it into the near periphery. Under the assumption that the detection is limited only by internal noise, discrimination performance can be predicted by metrics based on the visible energy of the difference images

Ahumada, Albert↗
NASA NTRS1988

Nd isotopes and crustal growth rate

Sm/Nd isotopic constraints on crustal growth is discussed. In order to constrain Sm/Nd fractionation between continental crust and depleted mantle, an extensive data base of isotopic measurements (assumed to be adequately representative of continental crust) was compiled. The results imply that the evolution of depleted mantles was roughly linear, with no major discontinuities over the course of geologic time. This is different from other determinations of depleting mantle evolution, which show nonlinear behavior. The Sm/Nd evolution lines for continental crust and depleted mantle intersect between 3.8 to 4.0 Ga, which may indicate that the onset of continental growth was later than 4.5 Ga. A mathematical model is described, the results of which imply that time integrated crustal additions from the mantle are about 1.8 to 2.5 cu km/a, whereas crustal subtractions by sediment recycling are about 0.6 to 1.5 cu km/a. This results in a net time integrated crustal growth rate of about 1 cu km/a, which is similar to present day rates determined, for example, by Reymer and Schubert.

Albarede, F.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Unfulfilled needs in IR astronomy focal-plane readout electronics

The NOAO's 8-m IR optimized telescope for Mauna Kea and NASA's SIRTF show that from 1 to 200 microns there are a number of unfulfilled needs in readout electronics. These include: extremely low readnoise, less than 10 electrons, stable operation at temperatures as low as 2 K, high well capacity, greater than 1 e 7 electrons, and integration times from 30 msec to over 100 sec. Sensors for adaptive optics systems are required with readnoise less than 10 electrons and response times of 30 msec. They should be highly efficient from 1 to 2.5 microns, but may have small formats. Ground-based imagers at these wavelengths need comparable readnoise but longer integration times, and the largest possible formats are essential. To achieve these goals improved cryogenic MOSFETS are essential and complete cryogenic CMOS circuits are highly desirable. Experimental cryoptimized MFETS promise to exceed the above noise requirements at 77 K and approach the needs at 2 K.

Low, Frank J.↗
NASA NTRS1996

Laser-Induced Incandescence: Detection Issues

Experimental LII (laser-induced incandescence) measurements were performed in a laminar gasjet flame to test the sensitivity of different LII signal collection strategies to particle size. To prevent introducing a particle size dependent bias in the LII signal, signal integration beginning with the excitation laser pulse is necessary . Signal integration times extending to 25 or 100 nsec after the laser pulse do not produce significant differences in radial profiles of the LII signal due to particle size effects with longer signal integration times revealing a decreased sensitivity to smaller primary particles. Long wavelength detection reduces the sensitivity of the LII signal to primary particle size. Excitation of LII using 1064 nm light is recommended to avoid creating photochemical interferences thus allowing LII signal collection to occur during the excitation pulse without spectral interferences.

VanderWal, Randall L.↗
DOE OSTI2024

DG-IMEX method for a two-moment model for radiation transport in the $\mathscr{O}$($v$/$c$) limit

Here, we consider neutral particle systems described by moments of a phase-space density and propose a realizability-preserving numerical method to evolve a spectral two-moment model for particles interacting with a background fluid moving with nonrelativistic velocities. The system of nonlinear moment equations, with special relativistic corrections to $\mathscr{O}$($v$/$c$), expresses a balance between phase-space advection and collisions and includes velocity-dependent terms that account for spatial advection, Doppler shift, and angular aberration. The model is conservative for the correct $\mathscr{O}$($v$/$c$) Eulerian-frame number density and is consistent, to $\mathscr{O}$($v$/$c$), with Eulerian-frame energy and momentum conservation. This model is closely related to the one promoted by Lowrie et al. and similar to models currently used to study transport phenomena in large-scale simulations of astrophysical environments. The proposed numerical method is designed to preserve moment realizability, which guarantees that the moments correspond to a nonnegative phase-space density. The realizability-preserving scheme consists of the following key components: (i) a strong stability-preserving implicit-explicit (IMEX) time-integration method; (ii) a discontinuous Galerkin (DG) phase-space discretization with carefully constructed numerical uxes; (iii) a realizability-preserving implicit collision update; and(iv) a realizability-enforcing limiter. In time integration, nonlinearity of the moment model necessitates solution of nonlinear equations, which we formulate as fixed-point problems and solve with tailored iterative solvers that preserve moment realizability with guaranteed global convergence. We also analyze the simultaneous Eulerian-frame number and energy conservation properties of the semi-discrete DG scheme and propose a "spectral redistribution" scheme that promotes Eulerian-frame energy conservation. Through numerical experiments, we demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of this DG-IMEX method and investigate its Eulerian-frame energy conservation properties.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1972

Gravimetric geodesy and sea surface topography studies by means of satellite-to-satellite tracking and satellite altimetry

A satellite-to-satellite tracking experiment is planned between ATS-F and GEOS-C with a range accuracy of 2-meters and a range rate accuracy of 0.035 centimeters per second for a 10-second integration time. This experiment is planned for 1974. It is anticipated that it will improve the spatial resolution of the satellite geoid by half an order of magnitude to about 6 degrees. Longer integration times should also permit a modest increase in the acceleration resolution. Satellite altimeter data will also be obtained by means of GEOS-C. An overall accuracy of 5-meters in altitude is the goal. The altimeter, per se, is expected to have an instrumental precision of about 2 meters, and an additional capability to observe with a precision of about 0.2 meters for limited periods.

Siry, J. W.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Differential absorption lidar measurements of atmospheric water vapor using a pseudonoise code modulated AlGaAs laser

Lidar measurements using pseudonoise code modulated AlGaAs lasers are reported. Horizontal path lidar measurements were made at night to terrestrial targets at ranges of 5 and 13 km with 35 mW of average power and integration times of one second. Cloud and aerosol lidar measurements were made to thin cirrus clouds at 13 km altitude with Rayleigh (molecular) backscatter evident up to 9 km. Average transmitter power was 35 mW and measurement integration time was 20 minutes. An AlGaAs laser was used to characterize spectral properties of water vapor absorption lines at 811.617, 816.024, and 815.769 nm in a multipass absorption cell using derivative spectroscopy techniques. Frequency locking of an AlGaAs laser to a water vapor absorption line was achieved with a laser center frequency stability measured to better than one-fifth of the water vapor Doppler linewidth over several minutes. Differential absorption lidar measurements of atmospheric water vapor were made in both integrated path and range-resolved modes using an externally modulated AlGaAs laser. Mean water vapor number density was estimated from both integrated path and range-resolved DIAL measurements and agreed with measured humidity values to within 6.5 percent and 20 percent, respectively. Error sources were identified and their effects on estimates of water vapor number density calculated.

Rall, Jonathan A. R.↗
NASA NTRS1993

ENO-Osher schemes for Euler equations

The combination of the Osher approximate Riemann solver for the Euler equations and various ENO schemes is discussed for one-dimensional flow. The three basic approaches, viz., the ENO scheme using primitive variable reconstruction, either with the Cauchy-Kowalewski procedure for time integration or the TVD Runge-Kutta scheme, and the flux-ENO method are tested on different shock tube cases. The ENO-Osher scheme using the Cauchy-Kowalewski procedure for time integration is found to be the most accurate and robust compared with the other methods and is also computationally efficient. The tests showed that the ENO schemes perform reasonably well, but have problems in cases where two discontinuites are close together. In that case there are not enough points in the smooth part of the flow to create a nonoscillatory interpolation.

Van Der Vegt, Jacobus J.↗
DOE OSTI2024

On Properties of Adjoint Systems for Evolutionary PDEs

We investigate the geometric structure of adjoint systems associated with evolutionary partial differential equations at the fully continuous, semi-discrete, and fully discrete levels and the relations between these levels. We show that the adjoint system associated with an evolutionary partial differential equation has an infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian structure, which is useful for connecting the fully continuous, semi-discrete, and fully discrete levels. We subsequently address the question of discretize-then-optimize versus optimize-then-discrete for both semi-discretization and time integration, by characterizing the commutativity of discretize-then-optimize methods versus optimize-then-discretize methods uniquely in terms of an adjoint-variational quadratic conservation law. For Galerkin semi-discretizations and one-step time integration methods in particular, we explicitly construct these commuting methods by using structure-preserving discretization techniques.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
NASA NTRS1977

A numerical scheme to solve unstable boundary value problems

The considered scheme makes it possible to determine an unstable steady state solution in cases in which, because of lack of symmetry, such a solution cannot be obtained analytically, and other time integration or relaxation schemes, because of instability, fail to converge. The iterative solution of a single complex equation is discussed and a nonlinear system of equations is considered. Described applications of the scheme are related to a steady state solution with shear instability, an unstable nonlinear Ekman boundary layer, and the steady state solution of a baroclinic atmosphere with asymmetric forcing. The scheme makes use of forward and backward time integrations of the original spatial differential operators and of an approximation of the adjoint operators. Only two computations of the time derivative per iteration are required.

Kalnay-Rivas, E.↗
NASA NTRS2017

ExEP Yield Modeling Tool and Validation Test Results

EXOSIMS is an open-source simulation tool for parametric modeling of the detection yield and characterization of exoplanets. EXOSIMS has been adopted by the Exoplanet Exploration Programs Standards De nition and Evaluation Team (ExSDET) as a common mechanism for comparison of exoplanet mission concept studies. To ensure trustworthiness of the tool, we developed a validation test plan that leverages the Python-language unit-test framework, utilizes integration tests for selected module interactions, and performs end-to-end cross- validation with other yield tools. This paper presents the test methods and results, with the physics-based tests such as photometry and integration time calculation treated in detail and the functional tests treated summarily. The test case utilized a 4m unobscured telescope with an idealized coronagraph and an exoplanet population from the IPAC radial velocity (RV) exoplanet catalog. The known RV planets were set at quadrature to allow deterministic validation of the calculation of physical parameters, such as working angle, photon counts and integration time. The observing keepout region was tested by generating plots and movies of the targets and the keepout zone over a year. Although the keepout integration test required the interpretation of a user, the test revealed problems in the L2 halo orbit and the parameterization of keepout applied to some solar system bodies, which the development team was able to address. The validation testing of EXOSIMS was performed iteratively with the developers of EXOSIMS and resulted in a more robust, stable, and trustworthy tool that the exoplanet community can use to simulate exoplanet direct-detection missions from probe class, to WFIRST, up to large mission concepts such as HabEx and LUVOIR.

Nunez, Paul↗
NASA NTRS2018

Gated CDS Integrator

A Gated CDS Integrator (GCI) may amplify low-level signals without introducing excessive offset and noise. The GCI may also amplify the low level signals with accurate and variable gain. The GCI may include a modulator preceding an amplifier such that offset or noise present in a signal path between the modulator and a demodulator input is translated to a higher out of band frequency, and thereafter reduced by a double sampled discrete time integrator which also reduces thermal noise. The thermal noise may also be reduced by averaging the output of the discrete time integrator.

Quilligan, Gerard T.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Long-Time Numerical Integration of the Three-Dimensional Wave Equation in the Vicinity of a Moving Source

We propose a family of algorithms for solving numerically a Cauchy problem for the three-dimensional wave equation. The sources that drive the equation (i.e., the right-hand side) are compactly supported in space for any given time; they, however, may actually move in space with a subsonic speed. The solution is calculated inside a finite domain (e.g., sphere) that also moves with a subsonic speed and always contains the support of the right-hand side. The algorithms employ a standard consistent and stable explicit finite-difference scheme for the wave equation. They allow one to calculate tile solution for arbitrarily long time intervals without error accumulation and with the fixed non-growing amount of tile CPU time and memory required for advancing one time step. The algorithms are inherently three-dimensional; they rely on the presence of lacunae in the solutions of the wave equation in oddly dimensional spaces. The methodology presented in the paper is, in fact, a building block for constructing the nonlocal highly accurate unsteady artificial boundary conditions to be used for the numerical simulation of waves propagating with finite speed over unbounded domains.

Ryabenkii, V. S.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Noise analysis of spaceborne IR spatial interferometer

Analysis is performed to determine the relationship between the signal-to-noise ratio and the integration time for a spaceborne IR heterodyne spatial interferometer. The analysis includes consideration of the transformation of the interferogram to obtain the angular intensity distribution. The results presented show that for an IR source such as IRC + 10216, an integration time of 50 seconds per interferogram point will yield a signal-to-noise ratio greater than 10 dB in the angular intensity profile obtained from a 30-point transformation.

Wolfe, R. H., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS2008

Current Sheet Formation in a Conical Theta Pinch Faraday Accelerator with Radio-frequency Assisted Discharge

Data from an inductive conical theta pinch accelerator are presented to gain insight into the process of inductive current sheet formation in the presence of a preionized background gas produced by a steady-state RF-discharge. The presence of a preionized plasma has been previously shown to allow for current sheet formation at lower discharge voltages and energies than those found in other pulsed inductive accelerator concepts, leading to greater accelerator efficiencies at lower power levels. Time-resolved magnetic probe measurements are obtained for different background pressures and pulse energies to characterize the effects of these parameters on current sheet formation. Indices are defined that describe time-resolved current sheet characteristics, such as the total current owing in the current sheet, the time-integrated total current ('strength'), and current sheet velocity. It is found that for a given electric field strength, maximums in total current, strength, and velocity occur for one particular background pressure. At other pressures, these current sheet indices are considerably smaller. The trends observed in these indices are explained in terms of the principles behind Townsend breakdown that lead to a dependence on the ratio of the electric field to the background pressure. Time-integrated photographic data are also obtained at the same experimental conditions, and qualitatively they compare quite favorably with the time-resolved magnetic field data.

Polzin, Kurt A.↗
DOE OSTI2026

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Enabling Extreme Real-Time Grid Integration of Solar Energy (ENERGISE) Project: Multiday and Intraday Energy Availability Product [Slides]

This presentation will provide an overview of the development of a Multi-Day Energy Availability Product under the DOE ENERGISE project, conducted in collaboration with Southwest Power Pool (SPP), the National Laboratory of the Rockies, Polaris, and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). Existing market clearing processes are limited to day-ahead and real-time horizons, which may result in insufficient pricing signals and compensation for resource availability over multi-day timeframes (e.g., incentives for fuel procurement and energy-limited resource preparedness). This effort aims to develop a new market product and associated clearing process to value and procure resource energy availability over a multi-day horizon. The team will present progress to date and solicit advisory group feedback on proposed methodologies and preliminary findings.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

A New Approach for a Wider Class of Entropy Split Methods for Compressible Gas Dynamics and MHD

The high order entropy split methods of Sjögreen & Yee [1, 2] by entropy splitting of the compressible Euler (inviscid) flux derivatives for a thermally-perfect gas are based on Harten’s entropy function [3, 4, 5]. Their derivation takes advantage of the homogeneity property of Euler flux, symmetrizable Euler flux derivatives and energy-norm stability in conjunction with high order classical spatial central, DRP (dispersion relation-preserving) [6, 7, 8] or Padé (compact) spatial discretizations [9] with summation-by-parts (SBP) operators [10]. Our entropy split methods have been proven entropy conserving and stable [1, 11, 12]. Our proofs do not rely on a two-point numerical flux, but rather only a linear difference operator is required to derive these methods. To extend the entropy split method for the MHD, we used the Godunov symmetrizable non-conservative MHD form [12, 13, 14]. These high order entropy split methods not only preserve certain physical properties of the chosen governing equations but are also known to either improve numerical stability, and/or minimize aliasing errors in long time integration of turbulent flow computations without the aid of added numerical dissipation. In our previous published work, extensive error norm comparison with grid refinement was performed to show the high accuracy performance of these methods. These studies also showed how well the entropy split methods conserve the entropy, momentum and mass, and preserve the kinetic energy for long time integration of the various flows [1, 2, 12, 13, 14]. The objective of the present work is to use a new approach to obtain a wider class of entropy split methods consisting of a two-point numerical flux portion and a non-conservative portion in such a way that the homogeneity property of the compressible Euler flux is not required. For high order classical spatial central, DRP (dispersion relation-preserving) or Padé (compact) spatial discretizations, this new approach can be proven to be entropy conservative with conservative spatial dsicretizations while at the same time allowing a wider class of symmetrizable inviscid flux derivatives. We also use this generalization to derive an entropy split scheme that is entropy conserving for the equations of MHD without the homogeneity property using the Godunov symmetrizable ideal MHD formulation [15].

High Order Physical Preserving Methods↗