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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1997

Numerical simulation of MHD turbulence in three dimensions

The evolution of Alfvenic turbulence in 3D spherical geometry can now be studied. In simulations, a fast stream is sandwiched between two slower streams. The inflow is both supersonic and superAlfvenic. Alfven waves entering the box are convected into the medium and interact nonlinearly with the velocity shear and with any structures (i.e., flux tubes) that might be present. These initial simulations suggest that velocity shear, even in spherical geometry, is able to drive a turbulent cascade which results in approximately Kolmogoroff-like power spectra.

Goldstein, M. L.↗
DOE OSTI2016

CICART Center For Integrated Computation And Analysis Of Reconnection And Turbulence

CICART is a partnership between the University of New Hampshire (UNH) and Dartmouth College. CICART addresses two important science needs of the DoE: the basic understanding of magnetic reconnection and turbulence that strongly impacts the performance of fusion plasmas, and the development of new mathematical and computational tools that enable the modeling and control of these phenomena. The principal participants of CICART constitute an interdisciplinary group, drawn from the communities of applied mathematics, astrophysics, computational physics, fluid dynamics, and fusion physics. It is a main premise of CICART that fundamental aspects of magnetic reconnection and turbulence in fusion devices, smaller-scale laboratory experiments, and space and astrophysical plasmas can be viewed from a common perspective, and that progress in understanding in any of these interconnected fields is likely to lead to progress in others. The establishment of CICART has strongly impacted the education and research mission of a new Program in Integrated Applied Mathematics in the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences at UNH by enabling the recruitment of a tenure-track faculty member, supported equally by UNH and CICART, and the establishment of an IBM-UNH Computing Alliance. The proposed areas of research in magnetic reconnection and turbulence in astrophysical, space, and laboratory plasmas include the following topics: (A) Reconnection and secondary instabilities in large high-Lundquist-number plasmas, (B) Particle acceleration in the presence of multiple magnetic islands, (C) Gyrokinetic reconnection: comparison with fluid and particle-in-cell models, (D) Imbalanced turbulence, (E) Ion heating, and (F) Turbulence in laboratory (including fusion-relevant) experiments. These theoretical studies make active use of three high-performance computer simulation codes: (1) The Magnetic Reconnection Code, based on extended two-fluid (or Hall MHD) equations, in an Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) framework, (2) the Particle Simulation Code, a fully electromagnetic 3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) code that includes a collision operator, and (3) GS2, an Eulerian, electromagnetic, kinetic code that is widely used in the fusion program, and simulates the nonlinear gyrokinetic equations, together with a self-consistent set of Maxwell’s equations.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Optimization of Window Positions for Wind-Driven Natural Ventilation Performance

This paper optimizes opening positions on building facades to maximize the natural ventilation’s potential for ventilation and cooling purposes. The paper demonstrates how to apply computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation results to architectural design processes, and how the CFD-driven decisions impact ventilation and cooling: (1) background: A CFD helps predict the natural ventilation’s potential, the integration of CFD results into design decision-making has not been actively practiced; (2) methods: Pressure data on building facades were obtained from CFD simulations and mapped into the 3D modeling environment, which were then used to identify optimal positions of two openings of a zone. The effect of the selected opening positions was validated with building energy simulations; (3) results: The cross-comparison study of different window positions based on different geographical locations quantified the impact on natural ventilation effectiveness; and (4) conclusions: The optimized window position was shown to be effective, and some optimal solutions contradicted the typical cross-ventilation strategy.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2020

Three-dimensional microstructure-explicit and void-explicit mesoscale simulations of detonation of HMX at millimeter sample size scale

Fully three-dimensional (3D) microstructure-explicit and void-explicit mesoscale simulations of the shock-to-detonation (SDT) process of pressed granular HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine) are performed. The overall size scale of the models is up to 3 × 3 × 15 mm3, with ∼30 000 grains and 206 265 voids. The models account for the heterogeneous material microstructure, constituent distribution, constituent morphology, and voids. Loading conditions considered involve piston velocities in the range of 600–1200 m/s or pressures in the range of 4–8 GPa. The focus is on analyzing the SDT process and the effects of microstructure and voids on the run-to-detonation distance (RDD). Companion two-dimensional (2D) simulations are also carried out to assess the differences between 2D and 3D. Statistically equivalent microstructure sample sets (SEMSSs) are generated and used for both 2D and 3D, allowing the prediction of the statistical and probabilistic Pop plots (PPs). The predictions are in general agreement with trends in available experimental data in the literature. It is found that both the microstructure (heterogeneous grain size, morphology, and size distribution) and voids significantly affect the RDD and the PPs. These effects are systematically delineated and quantified via the use of SEMSSs with different combinations of attributes. A recently developed probabilistic formulation for the PPs is used to characterize the results, allowing uncertainties in the relations between the shock pressure and RDD arising from material heterogeneities to be quantified. The probabilistic formulation is further used to quantify the confidence levels in the ranked order of influences of different combinations of microstructure and voids on the PPs.

Miller, Christopher (ORCID:0000000206844381)↗
DOE OSTI2017

Toward Exascale Earthquake Ground Motion Simulations for Near-Fault Engineering Analysis

Modernizing SW4 for massively parallel time-domain simulations of earthquake ground motions in 3D earth models increases resolution and provides ground motion estimates for critical infrastructure risk evaluations. Simulations of ground motions from large (M ≥ 7.0) earthquakes require domains on the order of 100 to500 km and spatial granularity on the order of 1 to5 m resulting in hundreds of billions of grid points. Surface-focused structured mesh refinement (SMR) allows for more constant grid point per wavelength scaling in typical Earth models, where wavespeeds increase with depth. In fact, MR allows for simulations to double the frequency content relative to a fixed grid calculation on a given resource. The authors report improvements to the SW4 algorithm developed while porting the code to the Cori Phase 2 (Intel Xeon Phi) systems at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. As a result, investigations of the performance of the innermost loop of the calculations found that reorganizing the order of operations can improve performance for massive problems.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Clinical effects of 3D printing-assisted posterolateral incision in the treatment of ankle fractures involving the posterior malleolus

Objective To explore the clinical outcomes of a 3D printing-assisted posterolateral approach for the treatment of ankle fractures involving the posterior malleolus. Methods A total of 51 patients with ankle fractures involving the posterior malleolus admitted to our hospital from January 2018 to December 2019 were selected. The patients were divided into 3D printing group (28 cases) and control group (23 cases). 3D printing was performed for ankle fractures, followed by printing of a solid model and simulation of the operation on the 3D model. The operation was then performed according to the preoperative plan, including open reduction and internal fixation via the posterolateral approach with the patient in the prone position. Routine x-ray and CT examinations of the ankle joint were performed, and ankle function was evaluated using the American Foot and Ankle Surgery Association (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score. Results All patients underwent x-ray and CT examinations. All fractures healed clinically, without loss of reduction or failure of internal fixation. Good clinical effects were achieved in both groups of patients. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss and intraoperative fluoroscopy frequency in the 3D printing group were significantly less than those in the control group ( p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the anatomical reduction rate of fractures or the incidence of surgical complications ( p > 0.05). Conclusion The 3D printing-assisted posterolateral approach is effective in the treatment of ankle fractures involving the posterior malleolus. The approach can be well planned before the operation, is simple to perform, yields good fracture reduction and fixation, and has good prospects for clinical application.

Zheng, Hongming↗
DOE OSTI2015

Morphological Influence in Lithium-Ion Battery 3D Electrode Architectures

The performance of lithium-ion batteries is limited by suboptimal energy density and power capability. A feasible approach is designing 3D electrode architectures where lithium ion transport in the electrolyte and active material can be optimized for improving the energy/power density. In this study, the influence of active material morphology and 3D electrode configurations is investigated with particular emphasis on solid-state transport and resulting implications on the performance. In this paper, a morphology-detailed computational modeling is presented which simulates lithium transport in disparate 3D electrode configurations. The resulting lithium concentration in the 3D electrode constructs during discharging, relaxation, and charging process reveal a local sate of charge map. This is correlated with the electrode performance. Finally, this study demonstrates the role of active particle morphology and 3D architecture on the electrode relaxation behavior, which determines the resulting concentration gradient and performance.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Three-Dimensional In Situ Observations of Polycrystalline Microstructure Evolution During Directional Solidification of Transparent Alloys Aboard the ISS and Quantitative Comparison with Numerical Modeling

Cellular/dendritic microstructures formed during solidification have a crucial influence on the mechanical properties of a wide range of structural alloys. By minimizing the amount of gravity-induced convection in the liquid, directional solidification experiments using transparent organic alloys conducted in the DECLIC-DSI onboard the International Space Station have provided unique 3D in situ observations of the spatiotemporal evolution of the solid-liquid interface during the formation of cellular and dendritic microstructures under purely diffusive growth conditions. Those observations have made it possible to perform benchmark quantitative comparisons with the predictions of state-of-the-art phase-field simulations of microstructure formation in 3D on experimentally relevant length and time scales. This talk will report quantitative comparisons between microgravity experiments and phase-field simulations in succinonitrile-camphor alloys of two different compositions, which shed new light on the selection of dendritic array structures, and on roles of macroscopic curvatures and subgrain boundaries between grains with a small misorientation with respect to the temperature gradient in the spatiotemporal evolution of the primary cellular spacing.

Kaihua Ji↗
DOE OSTI2013

COMPARISON OF PIONEER 10, VOYAGER 1, AND VOYAGER 2 ULTRAVIOLET OBSERVATIONS WITH ANTI-SOLAR LYMAN-ALPHA BACKSCATTER SIMULATIONS

Observations made by ultraviolet (UV) detectors on board Pioneer 10, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2 can be used to analyze the distribution of neutral hydrogen throughout the heliosphere, including the interaction regions of the solar wind and local interstellar medium. Previous studies of the long-term trend of decreasing intensity with increasing heliocentric distance established the need for more sophisticated heliospheric models. Here we use state-of-the-art three-dimensional (3D) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) neutral models to simulate Lyman-alpha backscatter as would be seen by the three spacecrafts, exploiting a new 3D Monte Carlo radiative transfer code under solar minimum conditions. Both observations and simulations of the UV backscatter intensity are normalized for each spacecraft flight path at {approx}15 AU, and we focus on the slope of decreasing intensity over an increasing heliocentric distance. Comparisons of simulations with Voyager 1 Lyman-alpha data results in a very close match, while the Pioneer 10 comparison is similar due to normalization, but not considered to be in agreement. The deviations may be influenced by a low resolution of photoionization in the 3D MHD-neutral model, a lack of solar cycle activity in our simulations, and possibly issues with instrumental sensitivity. Comparing the slope of Voyager 2 and the simulated intensities yields an almost identical match. Our results predict a large increase in the Lyman-alpha intensity as the hydrogen wall is approached, which would signal an imminent crossing of the heliopause.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Three-dimensional Oscillatory Magnetic Reconnection

Here we detail the dynamic evolution of localized reconnection regions about 3D magnetic null points using numerical simulation. We demonstrate for the first time that reconnection triggered by the localized collapse of a 3D null point that is due to an external magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) wave involves a self-generated oscillation, whereby the current sheet and outflow jets undergo a reconnection reversal process during which back-pressure formation at the jet heads acts to prise open the collapsed field before overshooting the equilibrium into an opposite-polarity configuration. The discovery that reconnection at fully 3D nulls can proceed naturally in a time-dependent and periodic fashion suggests that oscillatory reconnection mechanisms may play a role in explaining periodicity in astrophysical phenomena associated with magnetic reconnection, such as the observed quasi-periodicity of solar and stellar flare emission. Furthermore, we find that a consequence of oscillatory reconnection is the generation of a plethora of freely propagating MHD waves that escape the vicinity of the reconnection region.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS2019

A Streamlined Approach to Spatial Mapping of Complex 3D Thermal Boundary Condition Data

Spatial mapping of 1D, 2D, and particularly 3D thermal boundary condition data is essential for accurate thermal simulation of spacecraft and launch vehicles. This information typically is available in simple ASCII file format but can be problematic to use for thermal simulations. Difficulties that can be encountered include the ability to directly use the available file format, transformation of the data into the desired reference coordinate system in 3D space, and accurate interpolation of the data onto the thermal calculation domain. This paper presents a streamlined approach to spatial mapping of complex unsymmetrical 3D cold wall heat flux data using the fields’ capability in Simcenter3D. A recent example of 3D thermal plume simulation at MSFC will be employed to illustrate the use of text, csv, and Excel files, specifying coordinate systems for transformation of data in 3D space, and use of the various interpolation schemes available for spatial mapping. Spatial boundary condition verification is also very important, and the spacecraft thermal analyst needs effective visualization tools to develop confidence in the boundary condition definitions. Visualization of the spacecraft plume raw field data, the calculated field data, and the interpolated field data onto the thermal calculation domain will be discussed, with a particular focus on real-time viewing of the interpolated data for available interpolation schemes. The objective of this paper is to outline the modeling techniques used with the integrated thermal analysis of a terrestrial lunar lander demonstrator. Specifically, the techniques outlined herein focus on spatial mapping of convective and radiative exhaust plume results from a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. Two cases were investigated, however, the modeling techniques that were utilized translate to both cases seamlessly. Those two cases were as follows: • Lunar lander demonstrator firing on-pad (worst case). • Lunar lander demonstrator hovering at an elevated position above the launch pad. For the purposes of information control, this paper will focus on the modeling techniques only, using altered or dimensionless data where necessary. BACKGROUND The thermal model examined in this paper is of the lunar lander demonstrator known as XL-1T (terrestrial), born from a collaborative effort between Masten Space Systems (MSS) and NASA, under NASA’s Lunar CATALYST (also known as Lunar Cargo Transportation and Landing by Soft Touchdown) initiative. The lander is a reusable vertical takeoff/vertical landing (VTVL) test bed which is controlled by four throttleable main engines utilizing green hypergolic propellants.

Hawkins, Robert F.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Three-Dimensional Simulations of Electron Beams Focused by Periodic Permanent Magnets

A fully three-dimensional (3D) model of an electron beam focused by a periodic permanent magnet (PPM) stack has been developed. First, the simulation code MAFIA was used to model a PPM stack using the magnetostatic solver. The exact geometry of the magnetic focusing structure was modeled; thus, no approximations were made regarding the off-axis fields. The fields from the static solver were loaded into the 3D particle-in-cell (PIC) solver of MAFIA where fully 3D behavior of the beam was simulated in the magnetic focusing field. The PIC solver computes the time-integration of electromagnetic fields simultaneously with the time integration of the equations of motion of charged particles that move under the influence of those fields. Fields caused by those moving charges are also taken into account; thus, effects like space charge and magnetic forces between particles are fully simulated. The electron beam is simulated by a number of macro-particles. These macro-particles represent a given charge Q amounting to that of several million electrons in order to conserve computational time and memory. Particle motion is unrestricted, so particle trajectories can cross paths and move in three dimensions under the influence of 3D electric and magnetic fields. Correspondingly, there is no limit on the initial current density distribution of the electron beam, nor its density distribution at any time during the simulation. Simulation results including beam current density, percent ripple and percent transmission will be presented, and the effects current, magnetic focusing strength and thermal velocities have on beam behavior will be demonstrated using 3D movies showing the evolution of beam characteristics in time and space. Unlike typical beam optics models, this 3D model allows simulation of asymmetric designs such as non- circularly symmetric electrostatic or magnetic focusing as well as the inclusion of input/output couplers.

Kory, Carol L.↗
NASA NTRS2003

Simulated Radar Characteristics of LBA Convective Systems: Easterly and Westerly Regimes

The 3D Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) model was used to simulate convection that occurred during the TRMM LBA field experiment in Brazil. Convection in this region can be categorized into two different regimes. Low-level easterly flow results in moderate to high CAPE and a drier environment. Convection is more intense like that seen over continents. Low-level westerly flow results in low CAPE and a moist environment. Convection is weaker and more widespread characteristic of oceanic or monsoon-like systems. The GCE model has been used to study both regimes n order to provide cloud datasets that are representative of both environments in support of TRMM rainfall and heating algorithm development. Two different cases are analyzed: Jan 26, 1999, an eastely regime case, and Feb 23, 1999, a westerly regime case. The Jan 26 case is an organized squall line, while the Feb 23 case is less organized with only transient lines. Radar signatures, including CFADs, from the two simulated cases are compared to each other and with observations. The microphysical processes simulated in the model are also compared between the two cases.

Lang, Stephen E.↗
DOE OSTI2012

CFD modeling of debris melting phenomena during late phase Candu 6 severe accident

The objective of this paper was to study the phase change of the debris formed on the Candu 6 calandria bottom in a postulated accident sequence. The molten pool and crust formation were studied employing the Ansys-Fluent code. The 3D model using Large Eddy Simulation (LES) predicts the conjugate, radiative and convective heat transfer inside and from the corium pool. LES simulations require a very fine grid to capture the crust formation and the free convection flow. This aspect (fine mesh requirement) correlated with the long transient has imposed the use of a slice from the 3D calandria geometry in order not to exceed the computing resources. The preliminary results include heat transfer coefficients, temperature profiles and heat fluxes through calandria wall. From the safety point of view it is very important to maintain a heat flux through the wall below the CHF assuring the integrity of the calandria vessel. This can be achieved by proper cooling of the tank water which contains the vessel. Also, transient duration can be estimated being important in developing guidelines for severe accidents management. The debris physical structure and material properties have large uncertainties in the temperature range of interest. Thus, further sensitivity studies should be carried out in order to better understand the influence of these parameters on this complex phenomenon. (authors)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Validation of Thermohydraulic Simulations using RELAP for Critical Dual Purpose Canisters

Simulations using the RELAP5-3D systems analysis code and STAR-CCM+, a high-fidelity CFD code, were performed on a model of a real-scale MPC-32 dual purpose canister undergoing a criticality event. These simulations were performed to provide code-to-code verification of the natural convection capabilities in RELAP5. The STAR-CCM+ simulations revealed various natural convection flow patterns that aided in the cooling of fission heat produced in the fuel rods in the canister. Negligible spatial temperature variations were observed across the canister in the STAR-CCM+ results, supporting the use of RELAP5 in predicting the sub-cooled regime. The surface-averaged rod temperature predicted by RELAP5 compared well with STAR-CCM+, verifying the predictive capability of RELAP5 for sub-cooled conditions.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
NASA NTRS1992

Two-equation turbulence modeling for 3-D hypersonic flows

An investigation to verify, incorporate and develop two-equation turbulence models for three-dimensional high speed flows is presented. The current design effort of hypersonic vehicles has led to an intensive study of turbulence models for compressible hypersonic flows. This research complements an extensive review of experimental data and the current development of 2D turbulence models. The review of experimental data on 2D and 3D flows includes complex hypersonic flows with pressure profiles, skin friction, wall heat transfer, and turbulence statistics data. In a parallel effort, turbulence models for high speed flows have been tested against flat plate boundary layers, and are being tested against the 2D database. In the present paper, we present the results of 3D Navier-Stokes numerical simulations with an improved k-omega two-equation turbulence model against experimental data and empirical correlations of an adiabatic flat plate boundary layer, a cold wall flat plate boundary layer, and a 3D database flow, the interaction of an oblique shock wave and a thick turbulent boundary layer with a free stream Mach number = 8.18 and Reynolds number = 5 x 10 to the 6th.

Bardina, J. E.↗
DOE OSTI2012

Trapping induced nonlinear behavior of backward stimulated Raman scattering in multi-speckled laser beams

In inertial confinement fusion experiments, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) occurs when electron density fluctuations are amplified resonantly by the incident laser beams and scattered light. These beams comprise several thousands of individual laser speckles. We have found in single-speckle studies that electron trapping lowers the threshold intensity for SRS onset to a value below that from linear theory and enhances scattering. The trapping-induced plasma-wave frequency shift leads to wave-front bowing and filamentation processes that saturate SRS and limit scattering within a speckle. With large-scale simulations, we have now examined how laser speckles interact with one another through three-dimensional (3D) particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of two interacting speckles and 2D PIC simulations of ensembles of laser speckles (hundreds of speckles). Our work shows that kinetic trapping physics also governs the onset and saturation of SRS in ensembles of speckles. Speckles interact in a manner that is nonlinear and nonlocal: An intense speckle can destabilize its neighbors through transport of hot electrons and SRS waves, resulting in enhanced emission of particles and waves that, in turn, act upon the original speckle. In this manner, speckles below threshold when in isolation can be above the threshold in multi-speckled beams under conditions for laser-driven fusion experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) and ensembles of speckles are thus found to collectively lower the SRS onset threshold. Simulations of the hohlraum interior where laser beams overlap show that multi-speckled laser beams at low average intensity (a few times 10{sup 14} W/cm{sup 2}) have correspondingly lower thresholds for enhanced SRS and that the sub-ps bursts of SRS saturate through trapping induced nonlinearities. Because of electron trapping effects, SRS reflectivity grows slowly with average laser intensity. While SRS reflectivity saturates under NIF conditions, SRS hot electron energy increases with increasing laser intensity and may contribute to capsule preheat.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

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