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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2013

Costs and benefits of energy efficiency improvements in ceiling fans

Ceiling fans contribute significantly to residential electricity consumption, especially in developing countries with warm climates. The paper provides analysis of costs and benefits of several options to improve the efficiency of ceiling fans to assess the global potential for electricity savings and green house gas (GHG) emission reductions. Ceiling fan efficiency can be cost-effectively improved by at least 50% using commercially available technology. If these efficiency improvements are implemented in all ceiling fans sold by 2020, 70 terawatt hours per year could be saved and 25 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e) emissions per year could be avoided, globally. We assess how policies and programs such as standards, labels, and financial incentives can be used to accelerate the adoption of efficient ceiling fans in order to realize potential savings.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2013

Dynamic Line Rating Oncor Electric Delivery Smart Grid Program

Electric transmission lines are the lifeline of the electric utility industry, delivering its product from source to consumer. This critical infrastructure is often constrained such that there is inadequate capacity on existing transmission lines to efficiently deliver the power to meet demand in certain areas or to transport energy from high-generation areas to high-consumption regions. When this happens, the cost of the energy rises; more costly sources of power are used to meet the demand or the system operates less reliably. These economic impacts are known as congestion, and they can amount to substantial dollars for any time frame of reference: hour, day or year. There are several solutions to the transmission constraint problem, including: construction of new generation, construction of new transmission facilities, rebuilding and reconductoring of existing transmission assets, and Dynamic Line Rating (DLR). All of these options except DLR are capital intensive, have long lead times and often experience strong public and regulatory opposition. The Smart Grid Demonstration Program (SGDP) project co-funded by the Department of Energy (DOE) and Oncor Electric Delivery Company developed and deployed the most extensive and advanced DLR installation to demonstrate that DLR technology is capable of resolving many transmission capacity constraint problems with a system that is reliable, safe and very cost competitive. The SGDP DLR deployment is the first application of DLR technology to feed transmission line real-time dynamic ratings directly into the system operation’s State Estimator and load dispatch program, which optimizes the matching of generation with load demand on a security, reliability and economic basis. The integrated Dynamic Line Rating (iDLR)1 collects transmission line parameters at remote locations on the lines, calculates the real-time line rating based on the equivalent conductor temperature, ambient temperature and influence of wind and solar radiation on the stringing section, transmits the data to the Transmission Energy Management System, validates its integrity and passes it on to Oncor and ERCOT (Electric Reliability Council of Texas) respective system operations. The iDLR system is automatic and transparent to ERCOT System Operations, i.e., it operates in parallel with all other system status telemetry collected through Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) employed across the company.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Northwest Combined Heat and Power Technical Assistance Partnership: Final Scientific/Technical Report

During the years of 2018 through 2023, The Washington State University Energy Program (WSU EP) operated the Northwest Combined Heat and Power Technical Assistance Partnership under contract to the US Department of Energy’s Advanced Manufacturing Office (AMO), a part of DOE’s larger Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. This contract provided direction and funding for providing technical outreach, information and technical/economic analysis services in support of expanding development of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) over a four state region in the Pacific Northwest. The states served included Alaska, Idaho, Oregon and Washington. During the duration of this contract, the WSU EP delivered performed specific assigned tasks and provided services of various generally prescribed types, with the overall goal of increasing adoption of CHP as an efficient heat and power supply in the region. Indications – though not formally evaluated to our knowledge – are that this goal was achieved. Over many years, the WSU team has provided support for CHP developments in these states under similar previous Department of Energy contracts, and many such projects have been built. While the early-phase outreach, education and techno-economic assessments that the NW CHP TAP provides rarely immediately result in project construction, there is no doubt that the WSU EP team has had substantial influence in the construction of a number of important CHP projects in the region. Examples of projects implemented directly under the current team’s guidance and services during this contract cycle include an 875 kilowatt biomass fueled CHP system installed at the University of Idaho, and 5 megawatt natural gas fueled CHP system at the University of Montana ( UM Breaks Ground on New Power Facility, Slashes Emissions 30% (umt.edu) ). Many other CHP systems recently installed are also either directly or at least partially the result of information and technical services provided by the team. Finally, though much more difficult to quantify and less glamorous, the team has helped countless organizations to understand CHP and determine whether and how CHP may be a fit for them, before they consider paying for engineering services. Whether the ultimate outcome has been to include CHP or not, the expert skills provided by the NW CHP TAP team have provided real value to these organizations considering this relatively complex technology. Over the duration of the contract our team provided 71 Initial Technical Assessments and 17 Advanced Technical Assessments; 53 End-User Engagements and 33 Stakeholder Engagements of various types; 42 Technical Profiles (Project Profiles, Program Profiles and Policy Profiles), and produced 14 technical articles for the Department of Energy. Unfortunately, these quantities provide no measure of the value that the team has provided. Only our clients can judge that, and we are confident that they are pleased with the benefits we have offered them.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2012

U.S. Department of Energy Instrumentation and Controls Technology Research for Advanced Small Modular Reactors

Instrumentation, controls, and human-machine interfaces (ICHMI) are essential enabling technologies that strongly influence nuclear power plant performance and operational costs. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has recognized that ICHMI research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) is needed to resolve the technical challenges that may compromise the effective and efficient utilization of modern ICHMI technology and consequently inhibit realization of the benefits offered by expanded utilization of nuclear power. Consequently, key DOE programs have substantial ICHMI RD&D elements to their respective research portfolio. This article describes current ICHMI research to support the development of advanced small modular reactors.

human-machine interface↗
DOE OSTI2021

Cook Inlet Tidal Energy Resource Characterization Effort

Located in the southcentral region of Alaska, Cook Inlet contains one of the greatest tidal resources in the world. A pinch point in the channel increases the water velocity and provides an excellent site for a potential tidal farm. Access to affordable, clean power would provide a cascade of economic benefits to Alaskans, who face some of the highest energy costs and most extreme climates in the U.S. NREL researchers are collaborating with universities and private partners to gain a better understanding of the underwater environment to pave the way for development of an efficient, durable tidal farm. This summer, they will deploy a buoy in Cook Inlet to characterize the site.

50 EE - Wind and Water Power Program - Water (EE-4↗
DOE OSTI2022

Integration of cryogenic energy storage with renewables and power plants: Optimal strategies and cost analysis

Energy storage is critical for overcoming challenges associated with the intermittency and the variable availability of renewable sources for decarbonizing the energy sector. Cryogenic energy storage (CES) is of interest due to its high technology readiness level, no geographical limitations, and moderate round-trip efficiency. The time-varying nature of demands and renewable availability needs to be considered at the design and integration stages of energy storage. We develop a mixed-integer nonlinear program (MINLP) model to obtain the energy storage costs on a daily basis for different scenarios that typically arise over an entire year. Using this optimization-based framework, we address key decision-making questions towards energy transition: What is the energy cost when CES is integrated with renewables and power plants? How does each scenario affect the overall energy cost? How much storage is needed for complete transition to renewables? What is the optimal integration towards 100% renewable energy? What are the optimal storage designs for both renewables and fossil-based power generation with current and future energy demands? Here, we discuss different scenarios and solutions to these questions.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2014

New approach for calibration the efficiency of HpGe detectors

This work evaluates the efficiency calibrating of HpGe detector coupled with Canberra GC3018 with Genie 2000 software and Ortec GEM25-76-XLB-C with Gamma Vision software; available at Neutron activation analysis laboratory in Malaysian Nuclear Agency (NM). The efficiency calibration curve was constructed from measurement of an IAEA, standard gamma–point sources set composed by {sup 214}Am, {sup 57}Co, {sup 133}Ba, {sup 152}Eu, {sup 137}Cs and {sup 60}Co. The efficiency calibrations were performed for three different geometries: 5, 10 and 15 cm distances from the end cap detector. The polynomial parameters functions were simulated through a computer program, MATLAB in order to find an accurate fit to the experimental data points. The efficiency equation was established from the known fitted parameters which allow for the efficiency evaluation at particular energy of interest. The study shows that significant deviations in the efficiency, depending on the source-detector distance and photon energy.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2018

Integrated Geologic Storage Prefeasibility Study Proximal to Dry Fork Power Station, Powder River Basin, Wyoming

The pre-feasibility study—funded by the Department of Energy CarbonSAFE program (DE-FE0029375)—is centred around Basin Electric’s Dry Fork Station (DFS) in Wyoming’s Powder River Basin. Dry Fork Station, completed in 2011, is a high efficient coal-fired power plant that emits 3.3 million tons of CO2 per annum. The DFS site also host’s the Wyoming Integrated Test Center (ITC) funded by a $15 million investment by the State of Wyoming. The ITC is a public-private partnership test bed for CCS technologies. Geologic storage sites are in immediate vicinity of the DFS providing significant opportunities for co-located source and saline storage. The Powder River Basin (PRB) of Wyoming and Montana, was identified by NETL (2010) as having a “high potential” for commercial-scale carbon sequestration. The basin contains as much as 17,000 feet of sedimentary rock and covers an area of approximately 24,000 square miles. The PRB has a long history of hydrocarbon production and remaining undiscovered reserves. Accumulations and production of hydrocarbons in the basin indicate the presence of reservoir formations with significant pore volumes and impermeable sealing formations. This attribute alone suggests the reservoir and seal characteristics of the formations provide significant opportunities for CO₂ storage in saline reservoirs. Four high quality potential reservoir and sealing complexes have been identified for geologic storage. These formations range in depth from 6,500-9,500 feet underneath DFS including: (1) the Pennsylvanian Minnelusa Formation reservoir and Permian Goose Egg Formation (Opeche Shale) seal; (2) the Jurassic Hulett and Canyon Springs Sandstones of the Sundance Formation sealed by the Late Jurassic Upper Sundance Member and Morrison Formation and (3) the Early Cretaceous Lakota and Dakota, and Muddy Formation reservoirs sealed by the Mowry Shale. The preliminary reservoir characterization results integrate data from petrophysical well logs, core measurements, faults/fractures analysis, artificial penetrations, and published literature to evaluate geologic storage capacity and potential risk, for the Powder River Basin. These reservoir and seal combinations reside within ideal depth constraints and show suitable reservoir and seal characteristics conducive to commercial-scale storage. Specifically, this paper presents 1) high level description of the geologic storage complex 2) a first order risk analysis associated with pre-existing oil and gas wells, and 3) preliminary storage capacity and Area of Review estimates.

Quillinan, Scott↗
DOE OSTI2013

Performance House -- A Cold Climate Challenge Home

Working with builder partners on a test homes allows for vetting of whole-house building strategies to eliminate any potential unintended consequences prior to implementing these solution packages on a production scale. To support this research, CARB partnered with Preferred Builders Inc. on a high-performance test home in Old Greenwich, CT. The philosophy and science behind the 2,700 ft2 'Performance House' was based on the premise that homes should be safe, healthy, comfortable, durable, efficient, and adapt with the homeowners. The technologies and strategies used in the 'Performance House' were not cutting-edge, but simply 'best practices practiced'. The focus was on simplicity in construction, maintenance, and operation. When seeking a 30% source energy savings targets over a comparable 2009 IECC code-built home in the cold climate zone, nearly all components of a home must be optimized. Careful planning and design are critical. To help builders and architects seeking to match the performance of this home, a step-by-step guide through the building shell components of DOE's Challenge Home are provided in a pictorial story book. The end result was a DOE Challenge Home that achieved a HERS Index Score of 20 (43 without PV, the minimum target was 55 for compliance). This home was also awarded the 2012 HOBI for Best Green Energy Efficient Home from the Home Builders & Remodelers Association of Connecticut.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2017

Final Technical Report, Wind Generator Project (Ann Arbor)

A Final Technical Report (57 pages) describing educational exhibits and devices focused on wind energy, and related outreach activities and programs. Project partnership includes the City of Ann Arbor, MI and the Ann Arbor Hands-on Museum, along with additional sub-recipients, and U.S. Department of Energy/Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE). Report relays key milestones and sub-tasks as well as numerous graphics and images of five (5) transportable wind energy demonstration devices and five (5) wind energy exhibits designed and constructed between 2014 and 2016 for transport and use by the Ann Arbor Hands-on Museum.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

2018 Building Technologies Office Peer Review Report

The 2018 BTO Peer Review was held April 30–May 3, 2018, at the DoubleTree Crystal City in Arlington, Virginia. The review was attended by more than 480 participants and included presentations on 115 projects representing three of BTO’s five technology programs.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
NASA NTRS1993

Coherent launch-site atmospheric wind sounder - Theory and experiment

The coherent launch-site atmospheric wind sounder (CLAWS) is a lidar atmospheric wind sensor designed to measure the winds above space launch facilities to an altitude of 20 km. In our development studies, lidar sensor requirements are defined, a system to meet those requirements is defined and built, and the concept is evaluated, with recommendations for the most feasible and cost-effective lidar system for use as an input to a guidance and control system for missile or spacecraft launches. The ability of CLAWS to meet NASA goals for increased safety and launch/mission flexibility is evaluated in a field test program at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in which we investigate maximum detection range, refractive turbulence, and aerosol backscattering efficiency. The Nd:YAG coherent lidar operating at 1.06 micron with 1-J energy per pulse is able to make real-time measurements of the 3D wind field at KSC to an altitude of 26 km, in good agreement with our performance simulations. It also shows the height and thickness of the volcanic layer caused by the volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines.

Hawley, James G.↗
NASA NTRS1997

Steady-State Cycle Deck Launcher Developed for Numerical Propulsion System Simulation

One of the objectives of NASA's High Performance Computing and Communications Program's (HPCCP) Numerical Propulsion System Simulation (NPSS) is to reduce the time and cost of generating aerothermal numerical representations of engines, called customer decks. These customer decks, which are delivered to airframe companies by various U.S. engine companies, numerically characterize an engine's performance as defined by the particular U.S. airframe manufacturer. Until recently, all numerical models were provided with a Fortran-compatible interface in compliance with the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) document AS681F, and data communication was performed via a standard, labeled common structure in compliance with AS681F. Recently, the SAE committee began to develop a new standard: AS681G. AS681G addresses multiple language requirements for customer decks along with alternative data communication techniques. Along with the SAE committee, the NPSS Steady-State Cycle Deck project team developed a standard Application Program Interface (API) supported by a graphical user interface. This work will result in Aerospace Recommended Practice 4868 (ARP4868). The Steady-State Cycle Deck work was validated against the Energy Efficient Engine customer deck, which is publicly available. The Energy Efficient Engine wrapper was used not only to validate ARP4868 but also to demonstrate how to wrap an existing customer deck. The graphical user interface for the Steady-State Cycle Deck facilitates the use of the new standard and makes it easier to design and analyze a customer deck. This software was developed following I. Jacobson's Object-Oriented Design methodology and is implemented in C++. The AS681G standard will establish a common generic interface for U.S. engine companies and airframe manufacturers. This will lead to more accurate cycle models, quicker model generation, and faster validation leading to specifications. The standard will facilitate cooperative work between industry and NASA. The NPSS Steady-State Cycle Deck team released a batch version of the Steady-State Cycle Deck in March 1996. Version 1.1 was released in June 1996. During fiscal 1997, NPSS accepted enhancements and modifications to the Steady-State Cycle Deck launcher. Consistent with NPSS' commercialization plan, these modifications will be done by a third party that can provide long-term software support.

VanDrei, Donald E.↗
NASA NTRS2011

US Clean Energy Sector and the Opportunity for Modeling and Simulation

The following paper sets forth the current understanding of the US clean energy demand and opportunity. As clean energy systems come online and technology is developed, modeling and simulation of these complex energy programs provides an untapped business opportunity. The US Department of Defense provides a great venue for developing new technology in the energy sector because it is demanding lower fuel costs, more energy efficiencies in its buildings and bases, and overall improvements in its carbon footprint. These issues coupled with the security issues faced by foreign dependence on oil will soon bring more clean energy innovations to the forefront (lighter batteries for soldiers, alternative fuel for jets, energy storage systems for ships, etc).

Inge, Carole Cameron↗
DOE OSTI2022

A multi-level load shape clustering and disaggregation approach to characterize patterns of energy consumption behavior

This study presents representative electrical load shapes, disaggregated to the end-use level, for over 5000 customer clusters across California’s residential, commercial, industrial and agricultural sectors. We developed a novel, multi-level load shape clustering approach for residential and commercial sectors leveraging interval meter data for over 350,000 California utility customers collected as a part of the Phase 4 California Demand Response (DR) Potential Study. The clustering approach allowed us to identify typical consumption patterns and categorize customers based on their daily load shape displayed throughout the year. For example, we were able to identify customers with particular energy technologies such as electric vehicles and rooftop solar, as well as building occupancy types such as restaurants, grocery stores and even unoccupied buildings, based solely on whole-building interval data. We then combined the load shape-based clusters with other customer information including building type, climate, geographical area, total consumption and low-income status, to create a set of customer clusters based on both demographics and usage patterns. Total cluster electricity demand was then disaggregated into a wide variety of end-uses using weather normalization and other publicly available end-use load shape datasets. The resulting disaggregated cluster load shapes will be released in anonymized form as part of the Phase 4 DR Potential Study. They will have wide-ranging applications in energy research and policy analysis, including estimation of energy efficiency (EE) and DR potential on the end-use level, time-dependent valuation of EE savings, building stock modeling, and developing customer targeting strategies for EE and DR programs.

Murthy, Samanvitha↗
DOE OSTI2026

Design and Analysis of a 25 MWe Supercritical CO2 Turbo Machine

This paper presents the design and analysis of a turbo machine operating with supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) in a 25 MWe Recompression Brayton Cycle (RCBC). The work was performed under US Department of Energy (DoE) program DE-EE-0010318. The design process involves the aerodynamic design of the compressor and turbine, including the initial layout of flowpaths and stage configurations to achieve high efficiency and performance. Additionally, a comprehensive rotodynamic analysis is performed to ensure the stability and reliability of the system. Conceptual designs for a high-speed motor and synchronous generator that match turbomachinery requirements are also developed from first principles.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2019

Hydrogen's Potential Role in Future Energy Systems

Hydrogen is developing as a key energy interface that can benefit the electricity grid, provide energy storage, and be used in a number of key applications that have limited alternatives to today's fossil-energy sources. In 2015, the global hydrogen market was 60 MMT/yr (8 EJ/yr). The Hydrogen Council estimated that it could grow ten-fold to 600 MMT/yr (80 EJ/yr) if industrial, transportation, buildings, and electrical applications grow [1]. Hydrogen is used extensively in oil refining for hydrocracking and hydrodesulfurization. It is also the key intermediate while producing ammonia which is used primarily as a fertilizer. Additional industrial market opportunities include steel production where hydrogen could replace metallurgical coal as a reductant (for example, in the direct iron reduction process) and as a feedstock with carbon dioxide to produce methanol, Fischer-Tropsch liquids, and other organic chemicals. In transportation, hydrogen can be used in applications powered by fuel cells. Currently, material handling equipment is the primary market; however, heavy- and medium-duty trucks and light duty vehicles are other direct options. In addition, a hydrogen carrier such as ammonia is a key transportation opportunity. Because it is a non-carbon form of energy storage, hydrogen can play a key role in heating buildings, either directly or through combined heat and power generation, and in providing seasonal storage for the electricity grid. Research and development (R&D) that reduce costs will likely be necessary for hydrogen to economically participate in steelmaking and organic chemical markets. Likewise, lower-cost fuel cells will likely be needed for hydrogen to compete in many transportation, heat, and power markets. Hydrogen is primarily produced from natural gas or other organic feedstocks (e.g., oil refinery byproducts) today. R&D that can reduce the capital cost of both low-temperature and high-temperature electrolysis is possible. If the capital costs for low temperature electrolysis can be reduced while keeping its ability to respond to varying power input, it could be a flexible load on the grid. As such, it could utilize power that would otherwise be curtailed and thus increase the market opportunity for variable renewable generation such as wind and photovoltaic solar [2]. Because it is at an elevated temperature, high temperature electrolysis has a higher efficiency. In many sites where both heat and electricity are available (e.g., nuclear power plants) it can be the most cost effective option for producing hydrogen and supporting energy generation facilities that are challenged when competing to produce electricity alone. [1] The Hydrogen Council. Hydrogen Scaling Up. November 2017. [2] Ruth M., Jadun P., Elgowainy A. H2@Scale Analysis. U.S. Department of Energy Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program 2019 Annual Merit Review and Peer Evaluation Meeting. April 30, 2019.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

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