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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

First Measurement of the Nuclear-Recoil Ionization Yield in Silicon at 100 eV

We measured the nuclear-recoil ionization yield in silicon with a cryogenic phonon-sensitive gram-scale detector. Neutrons from a mono-energetic beam scatter off of the silicon nuclei at angles corresponding to energy depositions from 4 keV down to 100 eV, the lowest energy probed so far. The results show no sign of an ionization production threshold above 100 eV. In conclusion, these results call for further investigation of the ionization yield theory and a comprehensive determination of the detector response function at energies below the keV scale.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Scalable Circuits for Preparing Ground States on Digital Quantum Computers: The Schwinger Model Vacuum on 100 Qubits

The vacuum of the lattice Schwinger model is prepared on up to 100 qubits of IBM’s Eagle-processor quantum computers. A new algorithm to prepare the ground state of a gapped translationally invariant system on a quantum computer is presented, which we call “scalable circuits ADAPT-VQE” (SC-ADAPT-VQE). This algorithm uses the exponential decay of correlations between distant regions of the ground state, together with ADAPT-VQE, to construct quantum circuits for state preparation that can be scaled to arbitrarily large systems. These scalable circuits can be determined with use of classical computers, avoiding the challenging task of optimizing parameterized circuits on a quantum computer. SC-ADAPT-VQE is applied to the Schwinger model, and is shown to be systematically improvable, with an accuracy that converges exponentially with circuit depth. Both the structure of the circuits and the deviations of prepared wave functions are found to become independent of the number of spatial sites, L . This allows a controlled extrapolation of the circuits, determined with use of small or modest-sized systems, to arbitrarily large L . The circuits for the Schwinger model are determined on lattices up to L = 14 (28 qubits) with the Qiskit classical simulator, and are subsequently scaled up to prepare the L = 50 (100 qubits) vacuum on IBM’s 127-superconducting-qubit quantum computers ibm_brisbane and ibm_cusco. After introduction of an improved error-mitigation technique, which we call “operator decoherence renormalization”, the chiral condensate and charge-charge correlators obtained from the quantum computers are found to be in good agreement with classical matrix product state simulations. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Transforming Science Through Software: Improving While Delivering 100×

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Exascale Computing Project (ECP) funded the development of new (and the transformation of important existing) applications, libraries, and tools that realized improvement in performance and capabilities of often 100 times or more on emerging exascale computers. This exceptional gain inspired the title of this special issue: Transforming Science through Software: Improving while delivering 100X. The term 100X refers to advancing capabilities in modeling, simulation, and analysis by a factor of 100 or more using some combination of new algorithms, optimization techniques, software libraries, and programming models, coupled with the next generation of hardware for high-performance computing (HPC). The papers in this issue share experiences with the practice and science of scientific software development, with an emphasis on developing a coherent, portable, and sustainable HPC software ecosystem for next-generation computational science. Finally, we hope to foster expanded community efforts related to the fundamental role of sustainable scientific software ecosystems in advancing the computing sciences.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Planarizing Spalled GaAs(100) Surfaces by MOVPE Growth

III-V photovoltaic devices have demonstrated remarkable performance in many applications, and spalling is a promising technique for reducing device costs by recovering the substrate for reuse. In this study, we investigate the in situ planarization of A-directionally spalled GaAs(100) substrates using metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) grown C:GaAs with CCl4 as the carbon source. We have characterized the (100)-oriented growth for various CCl4 flow rates and observed that the CCl4 or its by-products promote material diffusion from the facet tops to the underlying valleys. For facets with a height of 5 ..mu..m on a substrate with an A-spall and 6 degreesB -offcut, it took 7 ..mu..m of C:GaAs to planarize the substrate. For a similar sample, with a 6 degreesA -offcut, it required 2 ..mu..m of growth to fill the valleys but there were remnant facets.

III-V↗
DOE OSTI2024

Design of Zone-Based Hierarchical Protection System for 100% Renewable Microgrids

Design of a reliable and secure protection system for a 100% renewable microgrid with only inverter-based resources (IBRs), is quite challenging. Most of the existing protection schemes in the state-of-the-art are suitable for microgrids with mixed-type of distributed energy resources (DERs) that covers both rotating machine-based DERs as well as IBR-based DERs, where the fault current level is moderately high. Due to drastic reduction in fault current level based on mode of operation and the variation of the low fault current level based on the operating level of the IBRs, the existing protection schemes face critical challenges, in case of a 100% renewable microgrid. This article proposes a zone-based hierarchical protection scheme that partitions a microgrid into various zones-of-protection and assigns speed-based hierarchical protection schemes in order to address the fundamental challenges of such microgrids. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated using time-domain simulation study on a microgrid test system. The results corroborates that the proposed hierarchical zone-based protection scheme exhibits enhanced reliability, security and dependability while tested with various fault cases (fault types, locations, and impedances), and non-fault cases during both grid-tied and islanded mode.

grid-forming inverter↗
DOE OSTI2024

Searching for beyond the Standard Model physics using the improved description of 100 Mo $2\nu \beta \beta$ decay spectral shape with CUPID-Mo

The current experiments searching for neutrinoless double-β ($0\nu \beta \beta$) decay also collect large statistics of Standard Model allowed two-neutrino double-β ($2\nu \beta \beta$ ) decay events. These can be used to search for Beyond Standard Model (BSM) physics via $2\nu \beta \beta$ decay spectral distortions. 100 Mo has a natural advantage due to its relatively short half-life, allowing higher $2\nu \beta \beta$ decay statistics at equal exposures compared to the other isotopes. We demonstrate the potential of the dual read-out bolometric technique exploiting a 100 Mo exposure of 1.47 kg years, acquired in the CUPID-Mo experiment at the Modane underground laboratory (France). We set limits on $0\nu \beta \beta$ decays with the emission of one or more Majorons, on $2\nu \beta \beta$ decay with Lorentz violation, and $2\nu \beta \beta$ decay with a sterile neutrino emission. In this analysis, we investigate the systematic uncertainty induced by modeling the $2\nu \beta \beta$ decay spectral shape parameterized through an improved model, an effect never considered before. This work motivates searches for BSM processes in the upcoming CUPID experiment, which will collect the largest amount of $2\nu \beta \beta$ decay events among the next-generation experiments.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Endurance Exercise Performance Is Reduced after 6-h Dives at 1.35 ATA When Breathing 100% Oxygen Compared with Air

ABSTRACT Introduction Long-duration dives on consecutive days reduces muscular performance, potentially affecting military personnel. However, a paucity of data exists on how breathing gases affect endurance performance. This study examined the influence of long-duration diving with different breathing gases on aerobic endurance and handgrip performance. Methods Twenty-three military divers completed a single 6-h dive (single dive [SD]) and five 6-h dives over consecutive days (dive week [DW]) with 30-min cycling intervals using air (AIR,n= 13) or 100% oxygen (OXY,n= 10). Before and after SD and DW, subjects completed a maximum handgrip strength test, a handgrip endurance test at 40% maximal strength, and a time to exhaustion run. Results Handgrip endurance decreased after DW in OXY (SD, 1.9 ± 0.0 vs 1.4 ± 0.3 min) compared with AIR (1.8 ± 0.0 vs 1.8 ± 0.2 min) (P< 0.001). Run time decreased after SD (Pre, 20.7 ± 10.4 min; Post, 16.6 ± 7.6 min;P= 0.039) and DW (Pre, 21.6 ± 9.0 min; Post, 11.2 ± 4.0 min;P< 0.001) in OXY and after overall diving in AIR (Pre, 26.5 ± 10.2 min; Post, 22.3 ± 7.5 min;P= 0.025). V̇O 2 decreased after diving only in AIR (Pre, 42.6 ± 3.4 mL·kg −1 ⋅min −1 ; Post, 40.4 ± 3.7 mL·kg −1 ⋅min −1 ;P= 0.010). There were no other significant effects. Conclusions Breathing 100% oxygen during long-duration dives on consecutive days may exacerbate decreases in aerobic endurance and impairs handgrip endurance compared with air. Additional research is needed to elucidate mechanisms of action and possible mitigation strategies.

Sport Sciences↗
DOE OSTI2023

Achieving 100 GW idler pulses from an existing petawatt optical parametric chirped pulse amplifier

Optical parametric chirped-pulse-amplification produces two broadband pulses, a signal and an idler, that can both provide peak powers >100 GW. In most cases the signal is used, but compressing the longer-wavelength idler opens up opportunities for experiments where the driving laser wavelength is a key parameter. This paper will describe several subsystems that were added to a petawatt class, Multi-Terawatt optical parametric amplifier line (MTW-OPAL) at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics to address two long-standing issues introduced by the use of the idler, angular dispersion, and spectral phase reversal. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that compensation of angular dispersion and phase reversal has been achieved in a single system and results in a 100 GW, 120-fs duration, pulse at 1170 nm.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2020

A 100 kW 1.3 GHz Magnetron System with Amplitude and Phase Control

Calabazas Creek Research, Inc., Fermilab, and Communications & Power Industries, LLC, developed a 100 kW peak, 10 kW average, 1.3 GHz, magnetron-based, RF system for driving accelerators. Efficiency varied between 81% and 87%. Phase locking uses a novel approach that provides fast amplitude and phase control when coupled into a superconducting accelerator cavity [1]. The system was successfully tested at Fermilab and produced 100 kW in 1.5 ms pulses at a repetition rate of 2 pps. A locking bandwidth of 0.9 MHz was achieved with a drive signal of 269 W injected through a 4 port circulator. The phase locking signal was 25 dB below the magnetron output power. The spectrum of the phase locked magnetron was suitable for driving accelerator cavities. Phase modulation was demonstrated to 50 kHz (the limit of the available driver source). The average power was limited by available conditioning time. Scaling indicates 42 kW of average power should be achievable. Estimated cost is less than $1/Watt of delivered RF power, exclusive of power supplies or modulators. System design and performance measurements will be presented.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Evaluation of a Potential Groundwater Tracer Test in the Ringold Upper Mud Aquifer at the 100-H Area of the Hanford Site

This document presents an evaluation of a potential groundwater tracer test in the uppermost RUM (Ringold Formation member of Wooded Island – upper mud unit) aquifer in the 100-H Area of the Hanford Site. The results from field electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) investigations, numerical flow and transport (F&T) modeling, coupled ERT-F&T model simulations, and laboratory resin experiments provide the technical basis for evaluating tracer test scenarios that minimize impacts to the 100-HX pump and treat (HX P&T) operations, and maximize hydrologic data acquisitions including the use of advanced surface geophysical techniques for monitoring tracer transport.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2022

Puerto Rico Grid Resilience and Transitions to 100% Renewable Energy Study (PR100): Six-Month Progress Update [Slides]

Puerto Rico has committed to meeting its electricity needs with 100% renewable energy by 2050, along with realizing interim goals of 40% by 2025, 60% by 2040, the phase-out of coal-fired generation by 2028, and a 30% improvement in energy efficiency by 2040, as established in Puerto Rico Energy Public Policy Act (Act 17). Since hurricanes Irma and Maria in September 2017, DOE and its national laboratories have provided Puerto Rico energy system stakeholders with tools, training, and modeling support to enable planning and operation of the electric power grid with more resilience against further disruptions. On February 2, 2022, DOE, FEMA, and six national laboratories launched the two-year Puerto Rico Grid Resilience and Transitions to 100% Renewable Energy Study (PR100) to conduct comprehensive analysis of stakeholder-driven pathways to Puerto Rico's energy future. The robust and objective energy analysis entails five activities, with an emphasis on power system reliability, resilience, and generation planning. This presentation provides a six-month progress update on the study, including presentation of four initial scenario frameworks defined with extensive stakeholder input.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Puerto Rico Grid Resilience and Transitions to 100% Renewable Energy Study (PR100) (Six-Month Progress Update) [Slides]

Puerto Rico has committed to meeting its electricity needs with 100% renewable energy by 2050, along with realizing interim goals of 40% by 2025, 60% by 2040, the phase-out of coal-fired generation by 2028, and a 30% improvement in energy efficiency by 2040, as established in Puerto Rico Energy Public Policy Act (Act 17). Since hurricanes Irma and Maria in September 2017, DOE and its national laboratories have provided Puerto Rico energy system stakeholders with tools, training, and modeling support to enable planning and operation of the electric power grid with more resilience against further disruptions. On February 2, 2022, DOE, FEMA, and six national laboratories launched the two-year Puerto Rico Grid Resilience and Transitions to 100% Renewable Energy Study (PR100) to conduct comprehensive analysis of stakeholder-driven pathways to Puerto Rico's energy future. The robust and objective energy analysis entails five activities, with an emphasis on power system reliability, resilience, and generation planning. This presentation was delivered in a public webinar on July 21, 2022, providing a high level summary of the progress in the first six months of the study, including presentation of four initial scenario definitions based on extensive stakeholder input.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Estudio de Resiliencia de la Red Electrica de Puerto Rico y Transiciones a Energia 100% Renovable (PR100): Actualizacion de Progreso de Seis Meses [Slides]

Puerto Rico se ha comprometido a satisfacer sus necesidades de electricidad con un 100% de energia renovable para 2050, junto con el cumplimiento de objetivos intermedios del 40% para 2025, el 60% para 2040, la eliminacion gradual de la generacion a base de carbon para 2028, y una mejora del 30% en la eficiencia energetica para 2040, segun lo establecido en la Ley de Politica Publica Energetica de Puerto Rico (Ley 17). Desde los huracanes Irma y Maria en septiembre de 2017, DOE y sus laboratorios nacionales han proporcionado a las partes interesadas del sistema energetico de Puerto Rico herramientas, adiestramiento y apoyo de modelaje para permitir la planificacion y el funcionamiento de la red electrica con mas resiliencia frente a nuevas interrupciones. El 2 de febrero de 2022, DOE, FEMA y seis laboratorios nacionales lanzaron el Estudio de Resiliencia de la Red Electrica de Puerto Rico y Transicion a la Energia 100% Renovable (PR100), de dos anos de duracion, para llevar a cabo un analisis exhaustivo de las vias impulsadas por las partes interesadas para el futuro energetico de Puerto Rico. El analisis energetico, solido y objetivo, comprende cinco actividades, con enfasis en la confiabilidad del sistema electrico, la resiliencia y la planificacion de la generacion. Esta presentacion se realizo en un seminario web publico el 21 de julio del 2022, proporcionando un resumen general del progreso en los primeros seis meses del Estudio, incluyendo la presentacion de cuatro escenarios iniciales definidos mediante un rol activo de las partes interesadas. This is the Spanish translation of NREL/PR-6A20-83431.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Estudio de Resiliencia de la Red Electrica de Puerto Rico y Transicion a Energia 100% Renovable (PR100): Actualizacion de Progreso de Seis Meses [Slides]

Puerto Rico se ha comprometido a satisfacer sus necesidades de electricidad con un 100% de energia renovable para 2050, junto con el cumplimiento de objetivos intermedios del 40% para 2025, el 60% para 2040, la eliminacion gradual de la generacion a base de carbon para 2028, y una mejora del 30% en la eficiencia energetica para 2040, segun lo establecido en la Ley de Politica Publica Energetica de Puerto Rico (Ley 17). Desde los huracanes Irma y Maria en septiembre de 2017, DOE y sus laboratorios nacionales han proporcionado a las partes interesadas del sistema energetico de Puerto Rico herramientas, adiestramiento y apoyo de modelaje para permitir la planificacion y el funcionamiento de la red electrica con mas resiliencia frente a nuevas interrupciones. El 2 de febrero de 2022, DOE, FEMA y seis laboratorios nacionales lanzaron el Estudio de Resiliencia de la Red Electrica de Puerto Rico y Transicion a la Energia 100% Renovable (PR100), de dos anos de duracion, para llevar a cabo un analisis exhaustivo de las vias impulsadas por las partes interesadas para el futuro energetico de Puerto Rico. El analisis energetico, solido y objetivo, comprende cinco actividades, con enfasis en la confiabilidad del sistema electrico, la resiliencia y la planificacion de la generacion. Esta presentacion provee una actualizacion de progreso del trabajo de seis meses sobre el Estudio, incluyendo la presentacion de cuatro escenarios iniciales definidos mediante un rol activo de las partes interesadas. This is the Spanish translation of NREL/PR-6A20-83432.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Plant Growth Study: Growth of Three Plant Species in 100-OL-1 Operable Unit Soils

Soil contamination from historical application of lead arsenate pesticides persists in the 100-OL-1 Operable Unit (OU) of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Hanford Site in Benton County, Washington. A remedial investigation used a portable X-ray fluorescence analyzer to estimate and map the concentrations of metals in surface soil in the 133 decision units comprising the OU. There is variability in lead and arsenic concentrations among the non-contiguous decision units, and an incomplete understanding of the ecological and human risks from soil contamination. While general screening criteria for lead are reported in literature, limited information is available on the impacts of heavy metals on site-specific plant and animal life. To address this information gap, a study on plant growth in Hanford soils was conducted using native bluegrass (Poa secunda), invasive cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), and buttercrunch lettuce (Lactuca sativa). The latter is included because it is a common species used in plant growth studies. Soil samples were collected from a single general location within the 100-OL-1 OU, prepared, and categorized as having low, medium, or high concentrations of lead and arsenic, with the high concentration soil having concentrations of up to 3,400 and 790 mg/kg lead and arsenic, respectively. Additionally, a synthetic soil was prepared and used as a control, in accordance with standard plant growth protocols. Fifty-four seeds of each plant species were planted in each of the four soil types following the procedure outlined by the Washington State Department of Ecology. Germination rates and biomass measurements were recorded for 20 days. Both bluegrass and lettuce germination rates appeared to be reduced at the highest lead and arsenic concentrations (Pb: 3400 mg/kg, As: 790 mg/kg), while cheatgrass germination rates were unaffected. Total biomass for all species appeared to be related to the relative concentrations of lead and arsenic in the soil. Results of this growth study agree reasonably well with previous Hanford Site plant growth studies and provide additional data for assessing ecological risk at the Hanford Site.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

ReNew100: Reliable Power System Operation with 100% Renewable Generation

The ReNew100 project has developed and demonstrated an operator support system (OSS) to operate power systems with 100% renewable power generation from inverter-based resources (IBRs) like wind and solar that significantly reduces the risk of widespread power outages in a simulated operational environment at Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 6. The OSS achieves resilient operation for power systems under changing operation modes including varying combinations of conventional and renewable generation, including cases with 100% renewable generation from wind and solar IBRs. The OSS continuously monitors the N-1 security of the power system, which refers to the ability of the power systems to survive single outages of power system elements, like the loss of a generator or a power line, without causing widespread power outages beyond those expected and planned for. If the OSS identifies that the system is not N-1 secure, an automatic Controller Parameter Optimization (CoPO) developed within Renew100 is activated to optimize the N-1 security of the system by tuning controller parameters within different assets like batteries, wind, and solar plants. The core innovation of ReNew100 is the development of this CoPO as well as the demonstration of the OSS for a real-time simulation of the Hawai'i Island power system. Moreover, Renew100 has developed new model calibration techniques for dynamic power system models and demonstrated them for Hawai'i Island.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Determination of the spins and parities for the $0^+_4$ and $0^+_5$ states in $^{100}Zr$

Two 0 + states at 1294.5 and 1774.0 keV, together with three 2 + and one 4 + levels, were identified or unambiguously spin-parity assigned for the first time in 100 Zr utilizing γ-ray spectroscopy and γ-γ angular correlation techniques with the Gammasphere spectrometer, following the β - decay of neutron-rich, mass separated 100,100m Y isotopes. Comparisons with recent Monte Carlo Shell-Model (MCSM) calculations indicate that these two states are candidates for the bandhead of a sequence in a shape-coexisting spherical minimum predicted to be located around ≈1500 keV. According to the measured relative B(E2) relative transition probabilities, the 0+ 5 state exhibits decay properties which more closely align with those predicted for a spherical shape, while the $0^+_4$ level is suggested to be associated with a weakly-deformed shape similar to one related to the $0^+_2$ state.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Determination of the spins and parities for the $0$$^{+}_{4}$ and $0$$^{+}_{5}$ states in 100 Zr

Two 0 + states at 1294.5 and 1774.0 keV, together with three 2 + and one 4 + levels, were identified or unambiguously spin-parity assigned for the first time in 100 Zr utilizing γ-ray spectroscopy and γ-γ angular correlation techniques with the Gammasphere spectrometer, following the β¯ decay of neutron-rich, mass separated 100,100m Y isotopes. Comparisons with recent Monte Carlo Shell-Model (MCSM) calculations indicate that these two states are candidates for the bandhead of a sequence in a shape-coexisting spherical minimum predicted to be located around ≈1500 keV. According to the measured relative B(E2) relative transition probabilities, the $0$$^{+}_{5}$ state exhibits decay properties which more closely align with those predicted for a spherical shape, while the $0$$^{+}_{4}$ level is suggested to be associated with a weakly-deformed shape similar to one related to the $0$$^{+}_{2}$ state.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗