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At least 199 records · Page 11

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NASA NTRS1983

Electrodynamic coupling in magnetically confined stellar X-ray loops

The solar coronal complex X-ray structure is now known to involve radiation loops that coincide spatially with the magnetic loops confining the radiating plasma. An effort is presently made to identify primary submodels involved in the global coupling between a mechanical energy reservoir of beta value greater than 1 and a contiguous site of X-ray activity whose beta value is lower than 1. The 'dynamo' model invoked establishes a quantitative connection between mechanical driver properties and the dimensions, field strength, and number density distribution of elemental magnetic loops.

Ionson, J. A.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Development of ion-implantation confined, shallow mesa stripe (Pn,Sn)Te/Pb(Te,Se) DH laser diodes

Preliminary results of a program to develop ion implantation confined, shallow mesa stripe (Pb,Sn)Te laser diodes are presented. The practicality of using a shallow mesa stripe to produce single mode laser output and to increase the single mode tuning range are demonstrated. The first results of p-type ion implantation in the lead-tin salts are also reported. It is shown that sodium and lithium both can be used to convert n-type Pb(Te,Se) to p-type. The implant and anneal procedures are described, and electrical characteristics of Li-implanted layers are presented.

Fonstad, C. G.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Turbulence measurements of lateral jet injection into confined tubular crossflow

Experiments have been conducted to characterize the time-mean and turbulent flowfield of a deflected turbulent jet in a confining cylindrical crossflow. Jet-to-crossflow velocity ratios of 2, 4, and 6 were investigated, with no swirl in the crossflow. A six-position single hotwire technique was used to measure the velocities and all turbulent normal and shear stresses. Measurements confirmed that the deflected jet is symmetrical about the vertical plane passing through the crossflow axis, and the jet penetration was found to be reduced from that of comparable velocity-ratio infinite crossflow cases.

Ferrell, G. B.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Polyvinyl alcohol coating of polystyrene inertial confinement fusion targets

An inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target made of polystyrene is first levitated in an acoustic field. The surface of the target is then etched using an appropriate solution (e.g., cyclohexane) to enhance the wetting characteristics. A specially prepared polyvinyl alcohol solution is atomized using an acoustic atomizer and deposited on the surface of the target. The solution is air dried to form a thin coating (2 microns) on the target (outside diameter of about 350-850 microns). Thicker coatings are obtained by repeated applications of the coating solutions. Preliminary results indicate that uniform coatings may be achievable on the targets with a background surface smoothness in the order of 1000 A.

Annamalai, P.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Density effects on jet characteristics in confined swirling flow

Density effects on isothermal jet mixing in confined swirling flow are investigated. The experiment is carried out with helium/air as the jet fluid in the same facility as that used by So et al. (1984) and the test conditions are chosen to be the same as before. Contrary to the homogeneous mixing results, the helium jet is preserved up to 40 jet diameters downstream. The behavior of the mean and turbulence field depends highly on the initial jet velocity. Since the jets are fully turbulent and the jet momentum fluxes for inhomogeneous mixing are less than those for homogeneous mixing, the cause of this difference in behavior is directly attributed to the combined action of density difference and swirl. In spite of this, near isotropy of the turbulence field is again observed at about 40 jet diameters downstream.

Ahmed, S. A.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Flex Circuitry for Confined Spaces

To facilitate installation of electronic equipment in confined spaces, circuitry preassembled on flexible wiring. Mother boards, large bypass capacitors, and interface connectors mounted on flexible wiring and tested before installation. Flexible circuits eliminate need for in-place hardwiring and allow smaller enclosures to be used.

Fitzpatrick, J. B.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Multiple-scale turbulence closure modeling of confined recirculating flows

A multiple-scale turbulence closure scheme is developed for the numerical predictions of confined recirculating flows. This model is based on the multiple-time-scale concepts of Hanjalic et al. (1980) and takes into account the non-equilibrium spectra energy transfer mechanism. Problems concerning new formulation of energy transfer rate equations and subsequent model coefficient redefinition and energy spectrum partition are discussed. Comparisons are made with several experiments of internal recirculating flows for the purpose of model validation. Numerical results using the present model show significant improvement of predictive capability over that obtained with the single-scale k-epsilon model and show promising potential for complex turbulent flow predictions.

Chen, C. P.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Computation of confined turbulent coaxial jet flows

The characteristics of the recirculation zones in confined coaxial turbulent jets are investigated numerically employing the k-epsilon turbulent model. The geometrical arrangement corresponds to the experimental study of Owen (1976) and the investigation is undertaken to provide information for isothermal flow relevant to combustor flows. For the first time, the shape, size, and location of the recirculation zones for the above experimental configuration are correctly predicted. The processes leading to the observed results are explained. Detailed comparisons of the prediction with measurements are made. It is shown that the recirculation zones are very sensitive to the central jet exit configuration and the velocity ratio of the jets.

Nallasamy, M.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Numerical analysis of confined recirculating gas-solid turbulent flows

Particle dispersion in confined recirculating turbulent flows has been investigated numerically. The present computational scheme utilizes Eulerian forms of the governing equations and allows two-way coupling between gas and solid phases. A recently developed two-phase closure model based on the multiple-scale turbulence model was used for the estimation of turbulent viscosities and diffusivities. For the particle size and loading considered in this study, the effect of particulate phase on the conveying gas is small, the nonequilibrium between the two phases is significant. Effects of recirculation, expanded chamber size and secondary annular jet momentum on the particle mixing rate are also investigated. In general, the present numerical results are in reasonably good agreement with the available experimental data.

Chen, C. P.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Particle dispersion in confined turbulent swirling flows

This paper reports a numerical investigation of confined swirling flows of gas-particle mixtures. A recently developed two-fluid, multiple-scale mixing model is applied to study the influence of particles on the intensity of the reverse flows of the gas phase and the effects of swirl on the particle dispersion in an annular expanding chamber under isothermal condition. The calculations were made for different swirl strength of injection of the annular jet into the mixing chamber. Results agree well qualitatively with experimental information available. It is also found that the calculated flow fields depend heavily on the prescription of the inlet flow conditions.

Chen, C. P.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Behavioral and biological interactions with small groups in confined microsocieties

Research on small group performance in confined microsocieties was focused upon the development of principles and procedures relevant to the selection and training of space mission personnel, upon the investigation of behavioral programming, preventive monitoring and corrective procedures to enhance space mission performance effectiveness, and upon the evaluation of behavioral and physiological countermeasures to the potentially disruptive effects of unfamiliar and stressful environments. An experimental microsociety environment was designed and developed for continuous residence of human volunteers over extended time periods. Studies were then undertaken to analyze experimentally: (1) conditions that sustain group cohesion and productivity and that prevent social fragmentation and performance deterioration, (2) motivational effects performance requirements, and (3) behavioral and physiological effects resulting from changes in group size and composition. The results show that both individual and group productivity can be enhanced under such conditions by the direct application of contingency management principles to designated high-value tasks. Similarly, group cohesiveness can be promoted and individual social isolation and/or alienation prevented by the application of contingency management principles to social interaction segments of the program.

Brady, Joseph V.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Multiple-scale turbulence model in confined swirling jet predictions

A recently developed multiple-scale turbulence model which attempts to circumvent the deficiencies of earlier models by taking nonequilibrium spectral energy transfer into account is presented. The model's validity is tested by predicting the confined swirling coaxial jet flow in a sudden expansion. It is noted that, in order to account for anisotropic turbulence, a full Reynolds stress model is required.

Chen, C. P.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Transport vehicle for manned Mars missions powered by inertial confinement fusion

Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is an ideal engine power source for manned spacecraft to Mars because of its inherently high power-to-mass ratios and high specific impulses. In this paper a concept is produced for a vehicle powered by ICF and utilizing a magnetic thrust chamber to avoid plasma thermalization with wall structures and the resultant degradation of specific impulse, that are unavoidable with the use of mechanical thrust chambers. This vehicle is capable of 100-day manned Mars missions with a 100-metric-ton payload and a total vehicle launch mass near 6000 metric tons, based on advanced technology assumed to be available by A.D. 2020.

Orth, Charles D.↗

NASA NTRS1985

On the mixing of a row of jets with a confined crossflow

Mean temperature profiles calculated with an interactive microcomputer code which evaluates dilution-zone design alternatives are presented to show the effects of flow and geometric variables on the mixing of a single row of jets injected through sharp-edged orifices into a uniform flow of a different temperature in a constant area duct. In addition, this program is used to calculate profiles for opposed rows of jets with their centerlines in-line, by assuming that the confining effect of an opposite wall is equivalent to that of a plane of symmetry between opposed jets.

Holdeman, J. D.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Human Adaptation to Isolated and Confined Environments

A study was conducted over seven months in a winter Antarctic isolated and confined environment (ICE). Physiological and psychological data was collected several times a week. Information was collected on a monthly basis on behavior and the use of physical facilities. Adaptation and information indicated that there was a significant decrease in epinephrine and norepinephrine during the middle trimester of the winter. No vital changes were found for blood pressure. Self reports of hostility and anxiety show a linear increase. There were no significant changes in depression during ICE. The physiological and psychological data do not move in a synchronous fashion over time. The data also suggest that both ambient qualities of an ICE and discrete social environmental events, such as the arrival of the summer crew, have an impact on the outcome measures used. It may be most appropiate to develop a model for ICE's that incorporates not only global chronic stressors common to all ICE's but also the role of discrete environmental effects which can minimize or enhance the influence of more chronic stressors. Behavioral adjustment information highlight the importance of developing schedules which balance work and recreational activities.

Evans, Gary W.↗

NASA NTRS1987

The VISTA spacecraft: Advantages of ICF (Inertial Confinement Fusion) for interplanetary fusions propulsion applications

Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) is an attractive engine power source for interplanetary manned spacecraft, especially for near-term missions requiring minimum flight duration, because ICF has inherent high power-to-mass ratios and high specific impulses. We have developed a new vehicle concept called VISTA that uses ICF and is capable of round-trip manned missions to Mars in 100 days using A.D. 2020 technology. We describe VISTA's engine operation, discuss associated plasma issues, and describe the advantages of DT fuel for near-term applications. Although ICF is potentially superior to non-fusion technologies for near-term interplanetary transport, the performance capabilities of VISTA cannot be meaningfully compared with those of magnetic-fusion systems because of the lack of a comparable study of the magnetic-fusion systems. We urge that such a study be conducted.

Orth, Charles D.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Biological Rhythms, Sleep, and Wakefulness in Prolonged Confinement

The dysynchronization of human circadian rhythms during 7 long-term (2 to 6 months) confinement experiments in temporal isolation in caves was studied. Five subjects abandon the circadian period of sleep and wakefulness (S-W) and spontaneously reach a circabidian S-W cycle (34 to 36 hr waking, 14 to 12 hr sleep) they maintain during weeks. Some subjects reach the 48 hr cycle very quickly (8 to 15 days), others after months. Polygraphic analyses of sleep show that rapid eye movement state (REMS) duration is directly proportional to the total duration of sleep and that the ultradian periodicity of REMS remains constant when S-W cycle is circadian or circabidian. When S-W cycle desynchronizes from circadian to circabidian, REMS and S-4 increase at the expense of stages I-2 and remain in constant relationship with the duration of previous wakefulness period.

M Siffre↗

NASA NTRS1988

Ultralow threshold graded-index separate-confinement heterostructure single quantum well (Al, Ga) As lasers

Broad area graded-index separate-confinement heterostructure single quantum well lasers grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) with threshold current density as low as 93 A/sq cm (520 microns long) have been fabricated. Buried lasers formed from similarly structured MBE material with liquid phase epitaxy regrowth had threshold currents at submilliampere levels when high reflectivity coatings were applied to the end facets. A CW threshold current of 0.55 mA was obtained for a laser with facet reflectivities of about 80 percent, a cavity length of 120 micron, and an active region stripe width of 1 micron. These devices driven directly with logic level signals have switch-on delays less than 50 ps without any current prebias. Such lasers permit fully on-off switching while at the same time obviating the need for bias monitoring and feedback control.

Derry, P. L.↗