Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “Calorimeters”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 199 records · Page 11
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2012

Demonstration of Time Domain Multiplexed Readout for Magnetically Coupled Calorimeters

Magnetically coupled calorimeters (MCC) have extremely high potential for x-ray applications due to the inherent high energy resolution capability and being non-dissipative. Although very high energy-resolution has been demonstrated, until now there has been no demonstration of multiplexed read-out. We report on the first realization of a time domain multiplexed (TDM) read-out. While this has many similarities with TDM of transition-edge-sensors (TES), for MGGs the energy resolution is limited by the SQUID read-out noise and requires the well established scheme to be altered in order to minimize degradation due to noise aliasing effects. In cur approach, each pixel is read out by a single first stage SQUID (SQ1) that is operated in open loop. The outputs of the SQ1 s are low-pass filtered with an array of low cross-talk inductors, then fed into a single-stage SQUID TD multiplexer. The multiplexer is addressed from room temperature and read out through a single amplifier channel. We present results achieved with a new detector platform. Noise performance is presented and compared to expectations. We have demonstrated multiplexed X-ray spectroscopy at 5.9keV with delta_FWHM=10eV. In an optimized setup, we show it is possible to multiplex 32 detectors without significantly degrading the Intrinsic detector resolution.

Porst, J.-P.↗
NASA NTRS2012

Development of Metallic Magnetic Calorimeters for High Precision Measurements of Calorimetric Re-187 and Ho-163 Spectra

The measurement of calorimetric spectra following atomic weak decays, beta (b) and electron capture (EC), of nuclides having a very low Q-value, can provide an impressively high sensitivity to a non-vanishing neutrino mass. The achievable sensitivity in this kind of experiments is directly connected to the performance of the used detectors. In particular an energy resolution of a few eV and a pulse formation time well below 1 microsecond are required. Low temperature Metallic Magnetic Calorimeters (MMCs) for soft X-rays have already shown an energy resolution of 2.0 eV FWHM and a pulse rise-time of about 90 ns for fully micro-fabricated detectors. We present the use of MMCs for high precision measurements of calorimetric spectra following the beta-decay of Re-187 and the EC of Ho-163. We show results obtained with detectors optimized for Re-187 and for Ho-163 experiments respectively. While the detectors equipped with superconducting Re absorbers have not yet reached the aimed performance, a first detector prototype with a Au absorber having implanted Ho-163 ions already shows excellent results. An energy resolution of 12 eV FWHM and a rise time of 90 ns were measured.

Ranitzsch, P. C.-O.↗
NASA NTRS2018

Magnetic Calorimeter Arrays with High Sensor Inductance and Dense Wiring

We describe prototype arrays of magnetically coupled microcalorimeters fabricated with an approach scalable to very large format arrays. The superconducting interconnections and sensor coils have sufficiently low inductance in the wiring and sufficiently high inductance in the coils in each pixel, to enable arrays containing greater than 4000 sensors and 100,000 X-ray absorbers to be used in future astrophysics missions such as Lynx. We have used projection lithography to create submicron patterns (e.g., 400-nanometer-lines and spaces) in our niobium sensor coils and wiring, integrated with gold-erbium sensor films and gold X-ray absorbers. Our prototype devices will explore the device physics of metallic magnetic calorimeters as feature sizes are reduced to nanoscale.

Magnetism↗
NASA NTRS2019

Development of Large-Scale Magnetic Calorimeter Arrays

We describe performance of large-scale arrays of metallic magnetic calorimeters (MMCs) we are developing to meet requirements of the Lynx X-ray Microcalorimeter (LXM) instrument in the astrophysics mission concept Lynx. We have fabricated prototypes with 55,800 x-ray pixels thermally connected to 5,688 MMC sensors. Subarrays demonstrate three types of pixels, which have different energy and spatial resolution goals in LXM. Pixel pitch is 50 or 25 µm. For two subarrays, use of position sensitive detectors, in a "hydra" configuration with 25 x-ray absorbers per sensor, helps achieve a large focal plane by increasing pixel count relative to readout channels. Since each absorber has a different thermal link to its sensor, it generates a different pulse shape and enables discrimination of pixel position. Superconducting wiring from all sensors was brought out to the perimeter of the overall array using multiple buried metal layers planarized by Chemical Mechanical Planarization to achieve high critical current, low inductance, and high fabrication yield. An automated, algorithmic approach was used to layout the complex wiring pattern. For readout with existing small arrays of Superconducting Quantum Interference (SQUID) amplifiers, 112 selected pixels were connected to wire bond pads. In hydras, we successfully identified 25 pulse shapes using rise-time and pulse height. Pulse shapes were similar to simulations. We measured noise and responsivity to substrate temperature and applied x-ray pulses. While we designed sensors to have high inductance to relative to stray inductance of wiring, we had only mismatched (lower input inductance) SQUIDs available in our current apparatus, giving non-optimized resolution. We compared measured and calculated energy resolutions. We have the required sensitivity to reach < 3 eV FWHM resolution for 6 keV x-rays, required for the LXM Main Array, and the ability to discriminate the 25 different absorber pixels down to energies < 300 eV.

microcalorimeters↗
NASA NTRS2019

Prototype Magnetic Calorimeter Arrays with Buried Wiring for the Lynx X-Ray Microcalorimeter

Metallic magnetic calorimeter (MMC) technology is a leading contender for detectors for the Lynx X-ray Microcalorimeter, which is an imaging spectrometer consisting of an array of greater than 100,000 pixels. The fabrication of such large arrays presents a challenge when attempting to route the superconducting wiring from the pixels to the multiplexed readout. If the wiring is designed to be planar, then an aggressive, submicron scale wiring pitch has to be employed, which is technically challenging to design and fabricate on account of the requirements of low inductance, low cross-talk, high critical currents and high yield. An alternative way to achieve large scale, high density wiring is through the use of multiple buried metal layers, planarized by Chemical Mechanical Planarization. This approach is well-suited for connecting thousands of pixels on a large focal plane to readout chips, and also for fabricating sensor meander coils with narrow line widths, which helps in increasing the sensor inductance and thus alleviates stray inductance issues associated with the wiring in large size arrays. In this work we describe the fabrication of high sensor inductance MMC arrays implementing Lynx concepts and incorporating multiple layers of buried Nb wiring. The detector array is composed of three sub-arrays with pixels optimized to meet the different science driven performance requirements of Lynx. In two of the sub-arrays we adopt a thermal multiplexing scheme to read out pixels by coupling 25 absorbers to a single sensor through thermal links of varied thermal conductance. We demonstrate the successful fabrication of multi-absorber MMCs with fine pitch pixels in very large size arrays.

Solid-State Physics↗
NASA NTRS2019

Magnetic Calorimeter Option for the Lynx X-Ray Microcalorimeter

One option for the detector technology to implement the Lynx x-ray microcalorimeter (LXM) focal plane arrays is the metallic magnetic calorimeter (MMC). Two-dimensional imaging arrays of MMCs measure the energy of x-ray photons by using a paramagnetic sensor to detect the temperature rise in a microfabricated x-ray absorber. While small arrays of MMCs have previously been demonstrated that have energy resolution better than the 3 eV requirement for LXM, we describe LXM prototype MMC arrays that have 55,800 x-ray pixels, thermally linked to 5688 sensors in “hydra” configurations, and that have sensor inductance increased to avoid signal loss from the stray inductance in the large-scale arrays when the detectors are read out with microwave superconducting quantum interference device multiplexers, and that use multilevel planarized superconducting wiring to provide low-inductance, low-crosstalk connections to each pixel. We describe the features of recently tested MMC prototype devices and simulations of expected performance in designs opti- mized for the three subarray types in LXM.

Stevenson, Thomas R.↗
NASA NTRS2019

A High Spectral Resolution Study of the Soft X-Ray Background with the X-Ray Quantum Calorimeter

We present here a combined analysis of four high spectral resolution observations of the Diffuse X-ray Background, made using the University of Wisconsin-Madison/ Goddard Space Flight Center X-ray Quantum Calorimeter sounding rocket payload. The observed spectra support the existence of a ∼0.1 keV Local Hot Bubble and a ∼0.2 keV Hot Halo, with discrepancies between repeated observations compatible with expected contributions of time-variable emission from Solar Wind Charge Exchange. An additional component of ∼0.9 keV emission observed only at low galactic latitudes can be consistently explained by unresolved dwarf M stars.

Dallas Wulf↗
NASA NTRS2024

COLUTA: Custom 8-Channel 15-bit 40-MSPS ADC for the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter Readout

The stringent radiation-tolerance, quantization requirements, and the need for seamless integration of the on-detector readout electronics chain require the design of a full-custom analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for the 182,468 channels in the ATLAS Liquid Argon (LAr) calorimeter at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, as part of the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) upgrade. Each of the 8 channels in the prototype 65 nm CMOS ADC with 15-bit resolution and >68 dB signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SNDR), or equivalently >11 effective number of bits (ENOB), consists of a Multiplying-DAC (MDAC) and a successive-approximation (SAR) ADC. A digital data processing unit (DDPU) calibrates and serially transmits the quantized data. Initial lab characterization of 18 chips shows a minimum SNDR of 69.5 dB at full-scale at about 5 MHz and a maximum power consumption of 1.17 W; differential non-linearity (DNL) measurements show no missing codes. Additional validation of the ADC is ongoing before approximately 70k chips can be mass-produced for the upgrade.

Rui Xu↗
DOE OSTI2024

Functional Verification for Endcap Concentrator ASICs in the High-Granularity Calorimeter Upgrade of CMS

The High-Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) of CMS will undergo a major upgrade during Long-Shutdown 3. The Endcap Concentrator (ECON) ASICs represent key elements in the readout chain, processing trigger (ECON-T) and data (ECON-D) streams from the HGCROC to the lpGBT. The ECONs will operate in a radiation environment with a High-Energy Hadron (HEH) flux of $3\cdot10^{6} cm^{-2}s^{-1}$. This contribution describes the Universal Verification Methodology (UVM)-based functional verification of the ECON ASICs focusing on the re-use of existing components to manage the complexity of the verification environment.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2025

Calorimeter Pileup Deconvolution for Online Trigger Primitives

In high energy physics experiment, as the luminosity increases, pile-up issues on detectors such as calorimeters become non-negligible. Deconvolution approaches with mathematic pre-assumptions such as Sparse Representation are developed for data analysis stage. For online computation tasks such as for trigger primitive creation, signal availability is significantly different as in offline data analysis stage, and therefore, different (yet simpler) algorithms should be explored. In this document, several approaches of deconvolution suitable for FPGA implementation are discussed.

Wu, Jin-yuan [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000344329521)↗
DOE OSTI2026

Design and Testing of the Endcap Concentrator ASICs for the CMS High-Granularity Calorimeter Upgrade

A major upgrade of the High-Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) in the CMS detector is planned for Long-Shutdown 3 (LS3), currently expected to start in 2026. This upgrade will contain over 6 million channels and the electronics will be required to be low power and to withstand a radiation environment with a High-Energy Hadron flux of 3x10**6 particles per square centimeter per second. The solution to this significant challenge is the two Endcap Concentrator (ECON) ASICs, ECON-T and ECON-D, working in tandem with the HGCROC front-end ASIC. The two ECON ASICs provide critical on-detector data reduction for both the 40 MHz trigger path (ECON-T) and 750 kHz data acquisition path (ECON-D) of the HGCAL. The ASICs are fabricated in 65nm CMOS. They are rad-tolerant to 600 Mrad with low power consumption (<2.5 mW/channel). This presentation will be a comprehensive description of each ECON design, including the infrastructure that they share as well as the elements that make each unique. The presentation will also include functionality and radiation tests for both ASICs, and the first high statistics characterization results from the full production of 75k ECON-D and ECON-T ASICs.

Hoff, James R. [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000163514592)↗