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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 199 records · Page 11

An improved stochastic weighted particle method for boundary driven flows

Here, the stochastic weighted particle method (SWPM) is a generalization of the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method where particle weights are variable and dynamic. SWPM is backed by a strong theoretical foundation but has not been critically evaluated for problems of practical interest. A thorough assessment of SWPM for boundary-driven flows reveals significant numerical artifacts near the boundary, notably a diverging heat flux. To correct the boundary heat flux, two modifications to SWPM are proposed: separated grouping and a spatially-dependent weight transfer function. To gauge the relative efficiency of SWPM in comparison to DSMC, a high-Mach-number wheel flow which forms a strong density gradient is also simulated.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

In situ reductive dissolution to remove Iodine-129 from aquifer sediments

The use of an aqueous reductant (Na-dithionite) with pH buffer (K-carbonate, pH 12) was evaluated in this laboratory study as a potential remedial approach for removing Fe oxide associated iodine and enhancing pump-and-treat extraction from iodine-contaminated sediments in the unconfined aquifer in the 200 West Area of the Hanford site. X-ray fluorescence data of untreated sediment indicated that iodine was largely associated with Fe (i.e., incorporated into Fe oxides), however, XANES data was inconclusive as to valence state. During groundwater leaching, aqueous and adsorbed iodine was quickly released, then additional iodine was slowly released potentially from dissolution of one or more surface phases. The Na-dithionite treatment removed greater iodine mass (2.9x) at a faster rate (1 to 4 orders of magnitude) compared to leaching with groundwater alone. Iron extractions for untreated and treated sediments showed a decrease in Fe(III)-oxides, which likely released iodine to aqueous solution. Solid phase inorganic carbon and aqueous Ca and Mg analysis further confirmed that significant calcite dissolution did not occur in these experiments meaning these phases did not release significant iodine. Although it was expected that, after treatment, 127 I concentrations would eventually be lower than untreated sediments, leaching experiments showed continued, elevated iodine concentrations for treated samples over 750 hours. Stop flow events during 1-D column leaching suggested that some iodide precipitated within the first few pore volumes. In the survey of metals during leaching, some silver was detected which could have been solubilized by the elevated pH of initial Na-dithionite injection. Then, silver (or other metals) could have subsequently precipitated with iodide during the initial stop flow event forming a slowly dissolving source. Although significantly greater iodine is removed with treatment, the long-term leaching needs to be investigated further as it may limit dithionite treatment at the field scale.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

The influence of the shock-to-reshock time on the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability in reshock

Experiments on the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI) in a dual driver vertical shock tube (DDVST) are described. An initially planar, stably stratified membraneless interface is formed by flowing air from above and sulfur hexafluoride from below the interface location using the method of Jones & Jacobs ( Phys. Fluids , vol. 9, issue 1997, 1997, pp. 3078–3085). A random three-dimensional, multi-modal initial perturbation is imposed by vertically oscillating the gas column to produce Faraday waves. The DDVST design generates two shock waves, one originating above and one below the interface, with these shocks having independently controllable strengths and interface arrival times. The shock waves have nominal strengths of $M_L=1.17$ and $M_H=1.18$ for the shock wave originating in the light and heavy gas, respectively, with these strengths chosen to result in arrested bulk interface motion following reshock. The influence of the length of the shock-to-reshock time, as well as the order of shock arrival, on the post-reshock RMI is examined. The mixing layer width grows according to $h\propto t^\theta$ , where $\theta _H=0.36\pm 0.018$ (95 %) and $\theta _L=0.38\pm 0.02$ (95 %) for heavy and light shock first experiments, respectively, indicating no strong dependence on the order of shock wave arrival. Volume integrated specific turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in the mixing layer versus time is found to decay according to $E_{tot}/\bar {\rho }\propto t^p$ with $p_H=-0.823\pm 0.06$ (95 %) and $p_L=-1.061\pm 0.032$ (95 %) for heavy and light shock first experiments, respectively. Notably, the 95 % confidence intervals do not overlap. Analysis on the influence of the shock-to-reshock time on turbulent length scales, transition criteria, spectra and mixing layer anisotropy are also presented.

Ferguson, Kevin (ORCID:0000000166537482)↗

Detecting shearless phase-space transport barriers in global gyrokinetic turbulence simulations with test particle map models

In magnetically confined fusion plasmas, the role played by zonal 𝐸 x 𝐵 flow shear layers in the suppression of turbulent transport is relatively well understood. However, less is understood about the role played by the weak shear regions that arise in the non-monotonic radial electric field profiles often associated with these shear layers. In electrostatic simulations from the global total-𝑓 gyrokinetic particle-in-cell code XGC, we demonstrate how shearless regions with non-zero flow curvature form zonal ‘jets’ that, in conjunction with neighbouring regions of shear, can act as robust barriers to particle transport and turbulence spreading. By isolating quasi-coherent fluctuations radially localised to the zonal jets, we construct a map model for the Lagrangian dynamics of gyrokinetic test particles in the presence of drift waves. We identify the presence of shearless invariant tori in this model and verify that these tori act as partial phase-space transport barriers in the simulations. We also demonstrate how avalanches impinging on these shearless tori cause eddy detachment events that form ‘cold/warm core ring’ structures analogous to those found in oceanic jets, facilitating transport across the barriers without destroying them completely. We discuss how shearless tori may generically arise from tertiary instabilities or other types of discrete eigenmodes, suggesting their potential relevance to broader classes of turbulent fluctuations.

fusion plasma↗

Determination of Ground Subsidence Around Snow Fences in the Arctic Region

In this study, we analyzed the effects of snow cover changes caused by snow fences (SFs) installed in 2017 in the Alaskan tundra to examine ground subsidence. Digital surface model data obtained through LiDAR-based remote sensing in 2019 and 2022, combined with a field survey in 2021, revealed approximately 0.2 m of ground subsidence around the SF. To investigate the relationship between SF-induced snow cover changes and ground subsidence, geophysical methods, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR), were applied in 2023 to analyze subsurface characteristics. The increased snow cover due to the SF-enhanced insulation, delaying the penetration of winter cold into the subsurface. This delay caused subsurface temperatures to decrease more slowly, melting the upper permafrost and increasing the thickness of the active layer. ERT and GPR surveys well delineated the boundary between the active layer and permafrost, confirming that the increased snow cover thickened the active layer. This thickening led to the melting of pore ice, causing water runoff and ground compaction, which resulted in subsidence. The runoff also formed channels flowing eastward over the SF. This study highlights how changes in snow cover can influence active layer properties, leading to localized environmental changes and ground subsidence.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Nondestructive spot tests allow rapid identification of metals

Ordered qualitative test sequence, presented in flow chart form, permits identification of all common metallurgical elements and many high-temperature, stainless, high and low carbon, and tool steels within about 30 minutes. Identification is made from colors or specific reactions produced by the addition of standard chemical reagents.

Wilson, M. L.↗

Lunar volcanism: Mare ridges and sinuous rilles, part P

Additional evidence of the volcanic origin of mare ridges and sinuous rilles is provided by near-terminator photography of the Herigonius Rille area (12 deg S 37 deg W) northeast of Gassendi Crater. A possible genetic relationship between ridges and rilles is illustrated. From the figure, the following relationships are evident. (1) The most prominent rille crosses several ridges without distortion, which indicates that the mare ridges did not form after the sinuous rilles. (2) The rilles could not have formed by flow up and over the ridges. (3) The rilles extend from their widest ends toward distinctly lower elevations, and the largest one branches both north and south from the vent area. Elevations are evident in stereographic views that clearly indicate the local slopes. (4) The wider end of each rille is marked by an elongate vent (?) near the summit of the mare ridge from which the rille appears to issue. (5) The two most prominent rilles join south of the vent area and continue southward for more than 130 km.

Young, R. A.↗

Lunar dark-mantle deposits - Possible clues to the distribution of early mare deposits

A hypothesis is outlined for developing a better understanding of the areal extent and possible composition of early but subsequently buried mare lava flows. The thesis states that in areas adjacent to maria, upland dark-mantle deposits which are older than the adjacent mare surfaces may be used as clues to the distribution and composition of earlier, now buried, mare flows which formed at the same time as the dark mantle. Conclusions as to such distributions and compositions are given.

Head, J. W.↗

Convection

We review the status of theoretical work on magnetospheric convection in the lower auroral zone and at midlatitudes, and compare with various observed features, such as ionospheric electric fields and plasma flows, the form of the plasmasphere, and the distribution of plasma-sheet particles. We present preliminary results from a new series of computerized convection models, which follow the time evolution of the inner magnetosphere (L less than around 10), self-consistently including ionospheric currents and Birkeland currents, as well as the currents generated in a model plasma sheet with a realistic energy spectrum. We find that the model plasma sheet's inner edge quickly becomes rather sharp. Computed electric field distributions resemble those obtained earlier for a simple single-energy plasma sheet.

Harel, M.↗

Mars, highlands - lowlands: Viking contributions to Mariner relative age studies

Stratigraphic relations between lowland plains and highlands, two major types of Martian geologic-terrain units, were not directly distinguishable on Mariner-9 images. Morphologic characteristics and crater densities suggested that the lava plains beneath their eolian cover were younger than adjacent highland rocks, which form a plateau bounded in many places by highly dissected escarpments. Alternatively, the lowland plains could be the older unit and represent a broad erosional surface exhumed by southward retreat of the highlands along their frontal scarp. Viking photos across five areas of the highland-lowland boundary, however, tend to confirm the younger age of the plains-forming lava flows. A time interval of several hundred million years probably occurred between the retreat of the highland scarp and its latest embayment by lava extrusions in the lowlands.

Scott, D. H.↗

Regenerator matrix physical property data

Among several cellular ceramic structures manufactured by various suppliers for regenerator application in a gas turbine engine, three have the best potential for achieving durability and performance objectives for use in gas turbines, Stirling engines, and waste heat recovery systems: (1) an aluminum-silicate sinusoidal flow passage made from a corrugated wate paper process; (2) an extruded isosceles triangle flow passage; and (3) a second generation matrix incorporating a square flow passage formed by an embossing process. Key physical and thermal property data for these configurations presented include: heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics, compressive strength, tensile strength and elasticity, thermal expansion characteristics, chanical attack, and thermal stability.

Fucinari, C. A.↗

Resistance Heater Helps Stirling-Engine Research

Stirling engine heater head consists of 18 double-turn coils of tubing, each of which is tightly wrapped with resistance-heating element, through which working gas flows. Coils form a toroid about periphery of heater-head body. With new resistance heater, total circuit resistance can be selected independently of tube geometry by changing size of wires and/or number of wire wraps around each tube.

Hoehn, F. W.↗

An analysis of radio interferometry with the block O system

The form and flow of information from signal reception to recorded bits at each station, through cross-correlation, phase-tracking, phase calibration, and bandwidth synthesis, to final observable formation are traced. In this process the data volume is greatly compressed for each observation, from approx. 10 to the 9th power bits on the station tapes to only four final observables: amplitude, delay, phase-delay rate and RF phase. After phase calibration and propagation media calibrations, the final delay observable is shown to be the sum of a geometric delay and a clock synchronization offset.

Thomas, J. B.↗

Multiple buoyancy driven flows in a vertical cylinder heated from below

The structure of axisymmetric buoyancy-driven convection in a vertical cylinder heated from below is probed by finite element solution of the Boussinesq equations coupled with computed-implemented perturbation techniques for detecting and tracking multiple flows and for determining flow stability. Results are reported for fluids with Prandtl number of one and for cylinders with aspect ratio (Lambda) (defined as the height to radius of the cylinder) between 0.5 and 2.25. Extensive calculations of the neutral stability curve for the static solution and of the nonlinear motions along the bifurcating flow families show a continuous evolution of the primary cellular motion from a single toroidal cell to two and three cells nested radially in the cylinder, instead of the sharp transitions found for a cylinder with shear-free sidewalls. The smooth transitions in flow structure with Rayleigh number and lambda are explained by nonlinear connectivity between the first two bifurcating flow families formed either by a secondary bifurcation point for Lambda or = Lambda * approximately 0.80 or by a limit point for Lambda Lambda *. The transition between these two modes may be described by the theory of multiple limit point bifurcation.

Yamaguchi, Y.↗

Airport-Noise Levels and Annoyance Model (ALAMO) system's reference manual

The airport-noise levels and annoyance model (ALAMO) is described in terms of the constituent modules, the execution of ALAMO procedure files, necessary for system execution, and the source code documentation associated with code development at Langley Research Center. The modules constituting ALAMO are presented both in flow graph form, and through a description of the subroutines and functions that comprise them.

Deloach, R.↗

Time-dependent models of radiatively driven stellar winds. I - Nonlinear evolution of instabilities for a pure absorption model

Numerical radiation-hydrodynamics simulations of the nonlinear evolution of instabilities in radiatively driven stellar winds have been performed. The results show a strong tendency for the unstable flow to form rather sharp rarefactions in which the highest speed material has very low density. The qualitative features of the model agree well with the reqirements of displaced narrow absorption components in UV lines.

Owocki, Stanley P.↗

Recent water release in the Tharsis region of Mars

The anastomosing form and associated streamlined islands of the numerous channels identified in the northwestern Tharsis region of Mars indicate that they were probably formed by flowing water. An account is given of a channel-formation model for Tharsis which invokes the (most probable) action of the tectonic release of water from a deep groundwater system, or (less probably) the intrusive heating of deep-seated ice lenses. It is speculated, in view of the channels' occurrence in some of the youngest lava flows on Mars, that either water or ice may have existed in the equatorial latitudes of Mars until as recently as 1 billion years ago.

Mouginis-Mark, Peter J.↗

Plasma observations of the solar wind interaction with Mars

Measurements with the plasma analyzers on the Mars-2, 3 and 5 spacecraft show that Mars deflects a large fraction of the incoming solar wind flow to form a strong bow shock. The bow shock is about 1.41 Rm from the center of the planet at the subsolar point and about 2.40 Rm at the terminator. These distances are similar to those for Venus at times of moderate solar activity. The inferred effective obstacle altitude is about 400-700 km. An ion cushion has been found which is similar in its properties to the Venus magnetic barrier. The formation of this cushion appears to cause the deflection of the solar wind. Inside the cushion but well above the ionosphere is found a region where the ions are at the background, the electrons are cool and the magnetic pressure dominates. This region may resemble a planetary magnetosphere.

Vaisberg, O. L.↗