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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 199 records · Page 11
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

Ultrafast Light-Induced Magnetoelectric Effect in van der Waals Magnetic Semiconductor Heterostructures

Atomic-scale heterostructures of van der Waals (vdW) magnets and semiconductors provide a unique environment for exploring magnetic dynamics. In contrast to typical photothermal excitation of precessional magnetization dynamics by a pump laser pulse, we find that ultrafast optical excitation of a WS2/CrGeTe3 (CGT) bilayer produces an opposite sign of magnetic torque compared to an isolated CGT film. Experimental observations by time-resolved magneto-optic Kerr effect (TR-MOKE) and theoretical analysis by density functional theory (DFT) and Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) simulations support a mechanism in which charge transfer of photoexcited carriers across the interface alters the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, which in turn generates a torque on the magnetic layer to trigger precessional magnetization dynamics. These results provide new avenues for ultrafast manipulation of magnetization in vdW heterostructures with type-II band alignments. Lastly, we show that optically-generated spin currents from WS2 into CGT can also trigger precessional dynamics via angular momentum transfer.

Zhou, Wenyi [The Ohio State University]↗
NASA NTRS1997

Investigation of Photoluminescence and Photocurrent in InGaAsP/InP Strained Multiple Quantum Well Heterostructures

Multiple quantum well InGaAsP/InP p-i-n laser heterostructures with different barrier thicknesses have been investigated using photoluminescence (PL) and photocurrent (PC) measurements. The observed PL spectrum and peak positions are in good agreement with those obtained from transfer matrix calculations. Comparing the measured quantum well PC with calculated carrier escape rates, the photocurrent changes are found to be governed by the temperature dependence of the electron escape time.

Raisky, O. Y.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Thermophysical property measurements in electromagnetic levitators

Proper measurements of thermophysical properties of hot levitated liquid drops require the following: accurate temperature measurement (brightness measurement, emissivity measurement); precise drop shape measurements with submillisecond time resolution (density determination, rotational and vibrational shape information); precise control of drop shape (high symmetry variable gap levitators); accurate energy transfer measurements (direct measurements of energy transfer rates for defined gas flows over samples with quantitative measurements of energy transfer rates for defined flows over samples with known shapes); and precise measurements of repetitive sample motions (rapid repetitive shape measurements, frequency measurements with reflected laser light, measurements in the levitator and as a freely falling drop). Recent advances in coil design and control of sample rotation in an electromagnetic levitator are discussed with respect to the above requirements.

Hauge, Robert H.↗
NASA NTRS2012

Modeling of Melt Growth During Carbothermal Processing of Lunar Regolith

The carbothermal processing of lunar regolith has been proposed as a means to produce carbon monoxide and ultimately oxygen to support human exploration of the moon. In this process, gaseous methane is pyrolyzed as it flows over the hot surface of a molten zone of lunar regolith and is converted to carbon and hydrogen. Carbon gets deposited on the surface of the melt, and mixes and reacts with the metal oxides in it to produce carbon monoxide that bubbles out of the melt. Carbon monoxide is further processed in other reactors downstream to ultimately produce oxygen. The amount of oxygen produced crucially depends on the amount of regolith that is molten. In this paper we develop a model of the heat transfer in carbothermal processing. Regolith in a suitable container is heated by a heat flux at its surface such as by continuously shining a beam of solar energy or a laser on it. The regolith on the surface absorbs the energy and its temperature rises until it attains the melting point. The energy from the heat flux is then used for the latent heat necessary to change phase from solid to liquid, after which the temperature continues to rise. Thus a small melt pool appears under the heated zone shortly after the heat flux is turned on. As time progresses, the pool absorbs more heat and supplies the energy required to melt more of the regolith, and the size of the molten zone increases. Ultimately, a steady-state is achieved when the heat flux absorbed by the melt is balanced by radiative losses from the surface. In this paper, we model the melting and the growth of the melt zone with time in a bed of regolith when a portion of its surface is subjected to a constant heat flux. The heat flux is assumed to impinge on a circular area. Our model is based on an axisymmetric three-dimensional variation of the temperature field in the domain. Heat transfer occurs only by conduction, and effects of convective heat transport are assumed negligible. Radiative heat loss from the surface of the melt and the regolith to the surroundings is permitted. We perform numerical computations to determine the shape and the mass of the melt at steady state and its time evolution. We first neglect the volume change upon melting, and subsequently perform calculations including it. Predictions from our model are compared to test data to determine the effective thermal conductivities of the regolith and the melt that are compatible with the data

Balasubramaniam, R.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Destruction of absorbing metal films during laser printing with gel microdroplets

The degree of destruction and evaporation of metal films (Au and Ti, thickness ∼50 nm) with a gel layer during laser transfer of small volumes of a gel substrate is estimated depending on the laser fluence value. The dynamics of these processes for dry films and films with a gel layer at fluences close to threshold values is investigated using a probe beam of a He – Ne laser. It is shown that the presence of a gel leads to an increase in the ablation threshold, but the time during which the process of structural changes in the film material is completed does not change significantly. The results obtained can be used to improve the laser bioprinting technology. (interaction of laser radiation with matter)

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2004

Development of In-Situ Erosion Measurement Techniques for Application to Real-Time Determination of Plasma Thruster Component Lifetimes

This research has resulted in advancing the laser-based diagnostic capability and the ion optics development in the ion propulsion program at NASA GRC. Laser-based plasma diagnostics have been demonstrated in tabletop experiments and, in the case of LDI, on laboratory hollow cathodes. Assessment by GRC of its resources and priorities two years into the grant lead to a refocusing of the research effort away from the development of a real-time erosion rate measurement technique. The extension of the diagnostic techniques to diagnostic tools has been transferred to graduate students under the technical direction of the PI. These diagnostics may facilitate the development of ion thruster with significantly improved throughput capability for lower-power (10 kW) missions High-Isp, Long-lived ion optics development has proceeded from simple extensions of state-of-the-art geometries to radically different geometries and materials. Full-scale testing of these ion optics has demonstrated a significant advance in the throughput capability of ion thrusters enabling significantly more demanding missions. The capability to predict the throughput was developed and will continue to be upgraded. The performance models have been validated via full-scale testing. Partial validation of the throughput prediction will be completed via an upcoming wear test of the ion optics.

Source record↗
DOE OSTI2020

Excited state charge distribution and bond expansion of ferrous complexes observed with femtosecond valence-to-core x-ray emission spectroscopy

Valence-to-core x-ray emission spectroscopy (VtC XES) combines the sample flexibility and element specificity of hard x-rays with the chemical environment sensitivity of valence spectroscopy. Here, we extend this technique to study geometric and electronic structural changes induced by photoexcitation in the femtosecond time domain via laser-pump, x-ray probe experiments using an x-ray free electron laser. The results of time-resolved VtC XES on a series of ferrous complexes [Fe(CN) 2n (2, 2'-bipyridine) 3-n ] -2n+2 , n = 1, 2, 3, are presented. Comparisons of spectra obtained from ground state density functional theory calculations reveal signatures of excited state bond length and oxidation state changes. An oxidation state change associated with a metal-to-ligand charge transfer state with a lifetime of less than 100 fs is observed, as well as bond length changes associated with metal-centered excited states with lifetimes of 13 ps and 250 ps.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1985

Lasing in N2O and CO2 isotope mixtures pumped by blackbody radiation

The use of N2O and CO2 isotopes as active species for a blackbody radiation pumped laser has been experimentally demonstrated and theoretically analyzed. The results obtained for mixtures containing N2O, (C-13) (O-16)2, and (C-12) (O-18)2 are presented. For the first time, continuous lasing action with blackbody radiation pumping has been obtained for this species. Two active species mixtures were tested, obtaining up to a 100 percent increase in output power due to v-v transfer. A simple model was developed and gain calculations are presented.

Sirota, J. M.↗
NASA NTRS2013

Thermal Performance of ATLAS Laser Thermal Control System Demonstration Unit

The second Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite mission currently planned by National Aeronautics and Space Administration will measure global ice topography and canopy height using the Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System {ATLAS). The ATLAS comprises two lasers; but only one will be used at a time. Each laser will generate between 125 watts and 250 watts of heat, and each laser has its own optimal operating temperature that must be maintained within plus or minus 1 degree Centigrade accuracy by the Laser Thermal Control System (LTCS) consisting of a constant conductance heat pipe (CCHP), a loop heat pipe (LHP) and a radiator. The heat generated by the laser is acquired by the CCHP and transferred to the LHP, which delivers the heat to the radiator for ultimate rejection. The radiator can be exposed to temperatures between minus 71 degrees Centigrade and minus 93 degrees Centigrade. The two lasers can have different operating temperatures varying between plus 15 degrees Centigrade and plus 30 degrees Centigrade, and their operating temperatures are not known while the LTCS is being designed and built. Major challenges of the LTCS include: 1) A single thermal control system must maintain the ATLAS at 15 degrees Centigrade with 250 watts heat load and minus 71 degrees Centigrade radiator sink temperature, and maintain the ATLAS at plus 30 degrees Centigrade with 125 watts heat load and minus 93 degrees Centigrade radiator sink temperature. Furthermore, the LTCS must be qualification tested to maintain the ATLAS between plus 10 degrees Centigrade and plus 35 degrees Centigrade. 2) The LTCS must be shut down to ensure that the ATLAS can be maintained above its lowest desirable temperature of minus 2 degrees Centigrade during the survival mode. No software control algorithm for LTCS can be activated during survival and only thermostats can be used. 3) The radiator must be kept above minus 65 degrees Centigrade to prevent ammonia from freezing using no more than 135 watts of heater power. 4) The LHP reservoir control heater power is limited to 15 watts with a 70 percent duty cycle. 5) The voltage of the power supply can vary between 26 volts direct current and 34 volts direct current during the spacecraft lifetime. A design analysis shows that a single LTCS can satisfy these requirements. However, shutdown of· the LHP is particularly challenging and the shutdown heater must be wired in series with two reservoir thermostats and two CCHP thermostats at different set points. An LTCS demonstration unit has been tested to verify these performance characteristics experimentally prior to proceeding to the final LTCS design and fabrication. Test results showed that the LHP shutdown scheme would be able to shut down the LHP as designed and the reservoir control heater can maintain the ATLAS mass simulator within the plus or minus 1 degrees Centigrade accuracy under various combinations of the heat load, sink temperature, and power supply voltage.

Ku, Jentung↗
DOE OSTI2020

Specific features of fluorescence transfer in multiply scattering randomly inhomogeneous layers under intense laser pumping

Based on the analysis of experimental data on the effect of the pulsed laser pump intensity on the spectral properties and the size of the fluorescent response zone in randomly inhomogeneous fluorescent layers, we found that the amplification of spontaneous and stimulated emission significantly affects the statistical properties of the propagation lengths of the fluorescent field partial components in the layers. The experiments are performed with layers of SiO{sub 2} and TiO{sub 2} nanoparticles saturated with rhodamine 6G, pumped by 532-nm laser radiation in the intensity range corresponding to the transient regime from excitation of spontaneous fluorescence to random lasing in the layer. The experimental data are compared with the results of statistical modelling of fluorescence transfer. It is shown that, even at a pump intensity below the random lasing threshold, the spontaneous emission amplification in a layer leads to a significant increase in the contributions to the fluorescence response from partial components with propagation lengths much larger than the layer thickness. This can be interpreted as a manifestation of the quasi-waveguide effect, in which the probability of propagation of diffuse fluorescence components along the layer over distances many times greater than its thickness and the size of the pumped region increases significantly with a decrease in the characteristic radiation amplification length in the layer. (paper)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2021

Modulating the Electron Affinity of Small Bipyridyl Molecules on Single Gold Nanoparticles for Plasmon-Driven Electron Transfer

Developing controlled platforms for plasmon-driven chemistry is of great importance in catalytic reactions at the nanoscale. We report anion radical formation for five bipyridyl complexes of varying degrees of electron affinity utilizing optically fo-cused intraband (594 nm) and interband (532 nm) pump excitation of single gold nanoparticles. The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of anion radicals for the five non-resonant adsorbed molecules 2,2’-bipyridine (22BPY), 4,4’-bipyridine (44BPY), trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (BPE), 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)acetylene (BPA), and 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (BPEt) were detected using localized surface-plasmon resonance (LSPR) excitation with 785 nm. The electron affinity of the five bipyridyl complexes were determined using electrochemistry. Molecules with low electron affinity experienced high-er instances of radical anion formation under a plasmon-coupled intraband electron transfer excitation (594 nm) whereas molecules with high electron affinity showed a preference for anion radical formation under direct interband electron trans-fer excitation (532 nm). The lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels for low electron affinity surface-bound molecules (22BPY, BPEt) are on average ~0.43 eV higher for high electron affinity surface-bound molecules (BPA, BPE, 44BPY) as calculated using time-dependent density functional theory, elucidating the importance of plasmon coupling to energy levels that facilitate charge transfer pathways. We also show the ability to ‘activate’ high vs low electron affinity single nanoparticles with the choice of pump excitation wavelength. The findings show the complex interplay between molecular electron affinity, orbital overlap with the density of states of the plasmonic metal, and excitation energetics of the pump laser wavelength. Potential applications of this work include enhanced control over molecular scale catalysis, biosensor design, and solar energy capture.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1975

Uniformity of Ludwieg tube flows

Pressure and speed of sound measurements are used to obtain averaged gas properties in a Ludwieg combustion tube in which the gas is burned just prior to use. Absorption of a laser beam in the exit flow is used to check the predicted temperature uniformity. The burning process and the heat transfer to the cold walls are modeled. Interferograms of Ludwieg tube boundary layers are utilized to develop a new semiempirical boundary layer expression referred to as the integral density thickness, which is then applied to a recently developed linearized analysis of the effects of this layer. Pressure-time histories are determined for a wide range of tube flow Mach number and aspect ratio. Viscous and nonviscous effects are considered. It is shown that although the influence of the integral density thickness on the flow can be large, a modified linear theory can be used to estimate the effects for arbitrary tube flow Mach number and values of the aspect ratio that include cases where the boundary layers have merged.

Russell, D. A.↗
NASA NTRS1996

Observation of Vibrational Relaxation Dynamics in X(sup 3)Sigma(sup -)(sub g) Oxygen Following Stimulated Raman Excitation to the v=1 Level: Implications for the RELIEF Flow Tagging Technique

The vibrational relaxation of ground-state molecular oxygen (O2, X(sup 3)Sigma(sup -)(sub g)) has been observed, following stimulated Raman excitation to the first excited vibrational level (v=1). Time delayed laser-induced fluorescence probing of the ro-vibrational population distribution was used to examine the temporal relaxation behavior. In the presence of water vapor, the relaxation process is rapid, and is dominated by near-resonant vibrational energy exchange between the v=1 level of O2 and the n2 bending mode of H2O. In the absence of H2O, reequilibration proceeds via homogeneous vibrational energy transfer, in which a collision between two v=1 O2 molecules leaves one molecule in the v=2 state and the other in the v=0 state. Subsequent collisions between molecules in v=1 and v>1 result in continued transfer of population up the vibrational ladder. The implications of these results for the RELIEF flow tagging technique are discussed.

Diskin, Glenn S.↗
NASA NTRS1980

A radiative transfer model for remote sensing of laser induced fluorescence of phytoplankton in non-homogeneous turbid water

A radiative transfer computer model was developed to characterize the total flux of chlorophyll a fluoresced or backscattered photons when laser radiation is incident on turbid water that contains a non-homogeneous suspension of inorganic sediments and phytoplankton. The radiative transfer model is based on the Monte Carlo technique and assumes that: (1) the aquatic medium can be represented by a stratified concentration profile; and (2) that appropriate optical parameters can be defined for each layer. The model was designed to minimize the required computer resources and run time. Results are presented for an anacystis marinus culture.

Venable, D. D.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Iodine monofluoride emission spectrum and formation kinetics in electron-beam-produced plasmas

The observation of intense blue-green spontaneous emission attributed to IF from electron-beam-excited Ar/CF3I/NF3 gas mixtures is reported. Intense emission from a structured band centered at a wavelength of 484 nm was observed when mixtures of 2000-4000 Torr AR (or He or Ne), 3 Torr CF3I and 1 Torr NF3 (or F2) were irradiated with a 3-nsec FWHM electron beam. Analysis of ICl and IBr spectra, which the present spectrum closely resembles, indicates that the 484-nm emission originates from the E to A 3 pi 1 transition of IF. Examination of the time dependence of metastable IF and I2 emission reveals that the IF (E) level is formed primarily by excitation transfer from metastable I(4P) states. The fluorescence efficiency of the E-A transition and the radiative lifetime of the metastable IF (E) state are estimated to be approximately 6% and 15 nsec, respectively, and it is suggested that metastable IF is an attractive candidate for a blue-green laser.

Hutchison, S. B.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Satellite Laser Ranging operations

Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) is currently providing precision orbit determination for measurements of: 1) Ocean surface topography from satellite borne radar altimetry, 2) Spatial and temporal variations of the gravity field, 3) Earth and ocean tides, 4) Plate tectonic and regional deformation, 5) Post-glacial uplift and subsidence, 6) Variations in the Earth's center-of-mass, and 7) Variations in Earth rotation. SLR also supports specialized programs in time transfer and classical geodetic positioning, and will soon provide precision ranging to support experiments in relativity.

Pearlman, Michael R.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Variability in Mt. Sharp Group Bedrock as Seen By ChemCam Passive and Active Spectra

The Curiosity rover landed in Gale crater in August 2012 and has since been travelling up the central sedimentary mound known as Mt. Sharp. The ChemCam instrument on Curiosity was designed primarily for the use of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), where a laser ablates a small amount of material from the target and the spectrum of the resulting plasma yields elemental abundance data. ChemCam’s three spectrometers range from 240-905 nm and can also take passive spectra (without the use of the laser). The spectral range ChemCam passive spectra observe is sensitive to charge-transfer and crystal field absorptions related to iron-bearing minerals. In the first 2934 sols of Curiosity’s mission, 9,400 passive spectra were taken of bedrock targets in Mt. Sharp’s Murray and Carolyn Shoemaker formations. We examine these spectra using spectral slope/ratio and band depth calculations as well as Principal Component Analysis (PCA). For the first time, paired passive spectra and LIBS elemental abundances are compared on a large scale. Finally, CheMin data are compared to ChemCam passive observations to understand sources of spectral variability.

H T Manelski↗