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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 199 records · Page 11

Microscale Mechanical‐Chemical Modeling of Granular Salt: Insights for Creep

Abstract Microscale numerical modeling is potentially an effective approach for understanding salt creep, but it is quite challenging because natural salt grain boundaries can have complex and evolving geometry, and because contacts between these deformable salt mineral grains are dynamic as a result of compaction, chemical reaction, fluid flow, and heat transfer. In this study, we have overcome these challenges and developed a new microscale mechanical‐chemical (MC) model to analyze creep of salt at the microscale, accounting for coupled deformation, dynamic contacts, and chemical reaction in granular systems with realistic geometric representations. The MC model was realized by linking a new microscale mechanical code based on the numerical manifold method (NMM) to a reactive transport code named Crunch. We simulated the processes of reorganization of the salt grains, microfracturing, and pressure solution that contribute to creep at larger scales. Based on this first quantitative microscale model, we found that sharp corners of mineral grains can dominate the contact dynamics, microfracturing, and pressure solution when salt is compacted, thus governing the structural changes and porosity loss of the system. We found that pressure solution, which preferentially dissolves sharp corners and edges, can lead to relatively high porosity loss in the system, thus playing an important role in the creep of salt. Our analysis shows that the dynamic changes of salt granular systems involving grain relocation and pressure solution can occur repeatedly and continuously, thus contributing to longer‐term creep of salt at larger scales.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

Direct observation of the formation and stabilization of metallic nanoparticles on carbon supports

Direct formation of ultra-small nanoparticles on carbon supports by rapid high temperature synthesis method offers new opportunities for scalable nanomanufacturing and the synthesis of stable multi-elemental nanoparticles. However, the underlying mechanisms affecting the dispersion and stability of nanoparticles on the supports during high temperature processing remain enigmatic. In this work, we report the observation of metallic nanoparticles formation and stabilization on carbon supports through in situ Joule heating method. We find that the formation of metallic nanoparticles is associated with the simultaneous phase transition of amorphous carbon to a highly defective turbostratic graphite (T-graphite). Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations suggest that the defective T-graphite provide numerous nucleation sites for the nanoparticles to form. Furthermore, the nanoparticles partially intercalate and take root on edge planes, leading to high binding energy on support. This interaction between nanoparticles and T-graphite substrate strengthens the anchoring and provides excellent thermal stability to the nanoparticles. These findings provide mechanistic understanding of rapid high temperature synthesis of metal nanoparticles on carbon supports and the origin of their stability.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Impurity transport in the pedestal of H-mode plasmas with resonant magnetic perturbations

Experiments on DIII-D show that resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) reduce the impurity confinement time in the H-mode pedestal below that of naturally ELMy plasmas. STRAHL modeling of discharges with aluminum laser blow off (LBO) injection show increased diffusion in the pedestal of H-mode discharges with RMPs. The increased diffusion from the RMPs provides improved impurity control compared to the naturally ELMy discharges and prevents the buildup of impurities near the edge of the plasma. Tungsten LBO injection into discharges with and without RMPs led to striking differences in the evolution of the discharge. The naturally ELMy discharge became ELM free and showed an increase in edge radiation, leading to the eventual radiative collapse of the plasma. Injecting a similar number ofWparticles into discharges with RMPs, either with or without ELMs, led to a measurable accumulation of core W but did not significantly impact the evolution of the discharge. Furthermore, these results indicate that RMPs are beneficial for controlling the buildup of impurities in the pedestal region of the plasma.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

Enabling Robust Compressor Operation Under Various sCO 2 Conditions at Compressor Inlet

The supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO 2 ) power cycle is one of the most investigated power conversion systems in last decade. The reason for this is its wide range of potential applications from fossil fuels (Natural gas), nuclear (Fusion, Fission), through concentrated solar power, energy storage system and waste heat recovery systems to power-to-x systems. The main advantage of the sCO 2 power cycle is very similar operation conditions, especially for the compressor, for all potential applications. Because of this the potential cost of the system can be reduced. However, the sCO 2 power cycle has still several issue that needs to address before commercial application. The current key issue is design of the primary compressor. The primary compressor is one of the key components in the sCO 2 power cycle; it operates with inlet conditions just above the critical point of CO 2 to maintain high fluid density and reduce power requirements.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Annual Scientific Focus Area Report for the Energy Exascale Earth System Model Project: Phase II

The project's long-term goal is to assert and maintain an international scientific leadership position in the development of Earth system models that address the grand challenge of actionable predictions of Earth system variability and change, with an emphasis on the most critical scientific questions facing the nation and DOE. The grand challenge will be addressed by overcoming three major limitations: Pushing the high-resolution frontier of Earth system modeling through a combination of strategic model development and computational advances targeting exascale computers and beyond. Bridging the gap in scales and processes by developing a new class of models that couple the natural, managed, and man-made systems across scales to address energy sector vulnerability to variability and change. The project will achieve its goal through four intersecting project elements: A series of prediction and simulation experiments addressing scientific questions and mission needs; A well-documented and tested, continuously advancing, evolving, and improving system of model codes that comprise the E3SM Earth system model; The ability to use effectively leading (and “bleeding”) edge computational facilities soon after their deployment at DOE national laboratories; and An infrastructure to support code development, hypothesis testing, simulation execution, and analysis of results. To achieve the Grand Challenge of actionable Earth system predictions to address the most critical scientific questions facing our nation and DOE, the E3SM project defined its strategy in a fifteen-year roadmap with four intersecting project elements: A series of prediction and simulation experiments addressing scientific questions and mission needs; A well-documented and tested, continuously advancing, evolving, and improving system of model codes that comprise the E3SM Earth system model ; The ability to use effectively leading (and “bleeding”) edge computational facilities soon after their deployment at DOE national laboratories; and An infrastructure to support code development, hypothesis testing, simulation execution, and analysis of results. Figure 1 depicts the E3SM Project Roadmap, showing the relationships among the first three major project elements: the simulations, the modeling system to perform those simulations, and the machines on which they will be executed. Unlike the other three elements that have distinct but overlapping phases, the fourth element, the infrastructure, will evolve continuously based on the requirements imposed by project needs.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Topological edge conduction induced by strong anisotropic exchange interactions

Here, we predict that an interplay between isotropic and anisotropic exchange interactions in a honeycomb lattice structure can lead to topological edge conduction when the anisotropic interaction is at least twice the strength of the isotropic interaction. For materials like Na 2 ⁢IrO 3 , such a strong anisotropic exchange interaction simultaneously induces a zigzag type of antiferromagnetic order that breaks the time-reversal symmetry of the topological edge conductor. We show that the electronic transport in such topological conductors will exhibit a quantized Hall conductance without any external magnetic field when the Fermi energy lies within a particular energy range.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Effect of energetic ions on edge-localized modes in tokamak plasmas

The most efficient and promising operational regime for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor tokamak is the high-confinement mode. In this regime, however, periodic relaxations of the plasma edge can occur. These edge-localized modes pose a threat to the integrity of the fusion device. Here we reveal the strong impact of energetic ions on the spatio-temporal structure of edge-localized modes in tokamaks using nonlinear hybrid kinetic–magnetohydrodynamic simulations. A resonant interaction between the fast ions at the plasma edge and the electromagnetic perturbations from the edge-localized mode leads to an energy and momentum exchange. Energetic ions modify, for example, the amplitude, frequency spectrum and crash timing of edge-localized modes. The simulations reproduce some observations that feature abrupt and large edge-localized mode crashes. The results indicate that, in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, a strong interaction between the fusion-born alpha particles and ions from neutral beam injection, a main heating and fast particle source, is expected with predicted edge-localized mode perturbations. This work advances the understanding of the physics underlying edge-localized mode crashes in the presence of energetic particles and highlights the importance of including energetic ion kinetic effects in the optimization of edge-localized mode control techniques and regimes that are free of such modes.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

AToM: Advanced Tokamak Modeling Environment

Stability constraints play an important role in integrated modeling. The global plasma stability and macro-instabilities such as internal kink modes, neoclassical tearing modes, and edge localized perturbations limit the plasma performance and can result in large-scale transient events and plasma disruptions. These macro-instabilities can be also beneficial to the plasma performance. For example, the peeling models often lead to the edge localized modes (ELMs). However, the formation of stationary edge harmonic oscillations (EHOs) due to nonlinear interaction of peeling modes can result in a transition to the Quiescent H-mode (QH-mode) without ELMs. The profiles predicted with transport models need to be refined using the MHD stability constraints. This is important especially for transient and nonlinear stages of discharges such as ramp-up access to hybrid and steady state operation, and L- to H-mode transition as well as transition to the QH-mode. Several stability and MHD codes are already included in the OMFIT framework. These codes include BALOO, ELITE, GATO, M3DC1, MARS, and NIMROD. However, the verifications of stability constraints are currently mostly excluded from transport modeling workflows. The only exception is the EPED module which includes the ELITE predictions to limit the pedestal height. Here, we improved the OMFIT workflow to include stability calculations. Including the stability conditions to the integrated modeling workflow improved the robustness of the predictive modeling discharges. Being implemented in the workflow, the stability conditions can be also used for the stability analysis of experimental data. This improved the physics understanding of various discharge scenarios and can be used in experiment planning.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Reliable edge machine learning hardware for scientific applications

Extreme data rate scientific experiments create massive amounts of data that require efficient ML edge processing. This leads to unique validation challenges for VLSI implementations of ML algorithms: enabling bit-accurate functional simulations for performance validation in experimental software frameworks, verifying those ML models are robust under extreme quantization and pruning, and enabling ultra-fine-grained model inspection for efficient fault tolerance. We discuss approaches to developing and validating reliable algorithms at the scientific edge under such strict latency, resource, power, and area requirements in extreme experimental environments. We study metrics for developing robust algorithms, present preliminary results and mitigation strategies, and conclude with an outlook of these and future directions of research towards the longer-term goal of developing autonomous scientific experimentation methods for accelerated scientific discovery.

Baldi, Tommaso↗

A phase field study of the thermal migration of gas bubbles in UO 2 nuclear fuel under temperature gradient

Phase field models are developed to study the gas bubble migration in uranium dioxide nuclear fuel in which a large temperature gradient exists during the operation. In this work, thermal diffusion mechanism for nanosized gas bubbles and vapor transport process for micron-sized gas bubbles are considered, respectively. In both cases, gas bubbles migrate to the high-temperature area. Due to the velocity difference between leading and trailing edges of the gas bubbles, nanosized gas bubbles are elongated along the temperature gradient direction when thermal diffusion is dominated. Micron-sized gas bubbles are either compressed along temperature gradient direction to form lenticular shape bubbles or elongated along temperature gradient direction, depending on the location of the gas bubbles within the fuel pellet. Initial gas bubble radius has no significant effect on the gas bubble migration velocity for both thermal diffusion and vapor transport mechanisms. We notice that the shape change of the gas bubble due to vapor transport mechanism has no significant effect on the migration velocity. Furthermore, the center cavity formation is also captured by our model which is due to the migration and accumulation of lenticular gas bubbles at the center of the fuel pellet. The modeling results compare well with experimental observations and theoretical analysis in the literature.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Impact damage of narrow silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics with and without environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) by various foreign object debris (FOD) simulants

The leading and trailing edges of turbine airfoils are highly susceptible to impact by foreign object debris (FOD) entrained in the gas stream of turbine engines. In this study, a narrow specimen geometry is implemented to study the FOD impact behavior of low curvature airfoil edges. Silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic specimens with and without an environmental barrier coating (EBC) are used as target materials. The EBC consists of an air plasma sprayed mullite topcoat (~ 166 µm) and silicon bond coat (~ 58 µm). Spherical (∅ 1.5 mm) FOD simulants of silicon nitride (Si3N4), partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ), and steel are used as impactors. Additionally, a modified gas gun is used to generate impact damage at normal incidence and velocities ranging between 300 to 400 m/s. In situ phase contrast X-ray radiographs, which render 2D representations of the internal transient damage, are captured during the impact experiments. Impactor hardness and toughness are found to primarily influence damage in the coating. Relative to wide specimens, the narrow specimens experience a greater level of cracking and this is postulated to result from reduced self-confinement. Irrespective of specimen geometry and impactor material type, limited cracking (i.e. enhanced shielding) is observed for the coated condition.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Multiscale Chirping Modes Driven by Thermal Ions in a Plasma with Reactor-Relevant Ion Temperature

A thermal ion driven bursting instability with rapid frequency chirping, considered as an Alfv´enic ion temperature gradient mode, has been observed in plasmas having reactor-relevant temperature in the DIII-D tokamak. The modes are excited over a wide spatial range from macroscopic device size to micro-turbulence size and the perturbation energy propagates across multiple spatial scales. The radial mode structure is able to expand from local to global in ~ 0.1 ms and it causes magnetic topology changes in the plasma edge, which can lead to a minor disruption event. Since the mode is typically observed in the high ion temperature ≳ 10 keV and high-! plasma regime, the manifestation of the mode in future reactors should be studied with development of mitigation strategies, if needed. In conclusion, this is the first observation of destabilization of the Alfv´en continuum caused by the compressibility of ions with reactor-relevant ion temperature.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Final Technical Report - Fuel-Efficient Platooning in Mixed Traffic Highway Environments

Platooning has become a focus area for heavy-duty vehicle fuel savings during highway driving. Often, the platoon formation is controlled by a system called Coordinated Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC). CACC platooning seeks aerodynamic fuel economy benefits while simultaneously decreasing driver strain by setting and maintaining a desired headway from preceding vehicles. Under close following conditions, the controller must exhibit robust characteristics during testing to be considered safe. Specific to this study, real-time vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication shares vehicle state information among members of the same platoon, enhancing control response as the platoon members adjust to surrounding vehicles. Trucks not on the leading or trailing edge of the platoon exhibit benefits stemming from a push effect from the truck behind and a pull effect from the truck preceding it.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

Meso-scale Instability Triggered by Dust Feedback in Dusty Rings: Origin and Observational Implications

High spatial resolution observations of protoplanetary disks by ALMA have revealed many substructures that are providing interesting constraints on disk physics as well as dust dynamics, both of which are essential for understanding planet formation. We carry out high-resolution, 2D global hydrodynamic simulations, including the effects of dust feedback, to study the stability of dusty rings. When the ring edges are relatively sharp and the dust surface density becomes comparable to the gas surface density, we find that dust feedback enhances the radial gradients of both the azimuthal velocity profile and the potential vorticity profile at the ring edges. This eventually leads to instabilities on meso-scales (spatial scales of several disk scale heights), causing dusty rings to be populated with many compact regions with highly concentrated dust densities. We also produce synthetic dust emission images using our simulation results and discuss the comparison between simulations and observations.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Blade and airfoil damping configurations

The present embodiments set forth a blade including an airfoil, the airfoil including a tip cap, a pressure sidewall and a suction sidewall extending axially between corresponding leading and trailing edges and radially between the base and the tip cap. The blade, including the airfoil and base, being formed in at least two airfoil parts, each of the two airfoil parts including contacting edges engaging each other respective contacting edges, the contacting edges defining a joint for preloading each of the at least two parts with each other and with the base. The at least two airfoil parts forming the airfoil being retained to each other by an interference fit at the joint. The interference fit providing frictional damping of vibrations in the blade during blade operation.

Hart, Andrew Clifford↗

Multi-Modal Characterization of Nuclear Fuels and Materials at the Idaho National Laboratory Materials & Fuels Complex

The Idaho National Laboratory (INL) leads cutting-edge research pertaining to the advancement of nuclear reactor technologies, including nuclear fuels and materials. The INL Irradiated Materials Characterization Laboratory (IMCL), Electron Microscopy Laboratory (EML), and future Sample Preparation Laboratory (SPL) are available to the nuclear research community to assess the behavior of nuclear fuels and materials, efficiently and comprehensively characterizing from the engineering to atomistic scale. The IMCL is a unique, 12,000-square-foot facility located at the INL Materials and Fuels Complex designed for analysis of irradiated materials. The facility operates advanced characterization instruments that are sensitive to vibration, temperature, and electromagnetic interference in modular radiological shielding and confinement systems, granting researchers the ability to assess the microstructural, chemical, mechanical and thermophysical properties of nuclear materials, especially irradiated fuels. The EML is dedicated to advanced characterization of materials with optical and electron microscopy tools, including scanning electron microscopy/focused-ion beam (SEM/FIB) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Upon construction, the SPL will be a 3 story, 49,000 sq. ft facility, that is the most modern reactor structural materials testing and analysis facility in the world, designed to investigate reactor structural materials in support of life-extension programs and development of advanced reactor concepts, including mechanical testing and advanced characterization capabilities. This presentation will showcase some of the main capabilities available at both IMCL, EML, and SPL, specifically illustrating how these characterization techniques are incorporated into multi-modal characterization work scopes to elucidate the degradation of nuclear structural materials and irradiated fuels.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Observation of magnetic islands in tokamak plasmas during the suppression of edge-localized modes

In tokamaks, a leading platform for fusion energy, periodic filamentary plasma eruptions known as edge-localized modes occur in plasmas with high-energy confinement and steep pressure profiles at the plasma edge. These edge-localized modes could damage the tokamak wall but can be suppressed using small three-dimensional magnetic perturbations. Here we demonstrate that these magnetic perturbations can change the magnetic topology just inside the steep gradient region of the plasma edge. We identify signatures of a magnetic island, and their observation is linked to the suppression of edge-localized modes. We compare high-resolution measurements of perturbed magnetic surfaces with predictions from ideal magnetohydrodynamic theory where the magnetic topology is preserved. Although ideal magnetohydrodynamics adequately describes the measurements in plasmas exhibiting edge-localized modes, it proves insufficient for plasmas where these modes are suppressed. Nonlinear resistive magnetohydrodynamic modelling supports this observation. Our study experimentally confirms the predicted role of magnetic islands in inhibiting the occurrence of edge-localized modes. This will be beneficial for physics-based predictions in future fusion devices to control these modes.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Edge States Drive Exciton Dissociation in Ruddlesden–Popper Lead Halide Perovskite Thin Films

Efficient photovoltaic cells based on thin films of solution-processed 2D Ruddlesden–Popper hybrid perovskites (RPPs) represent an exciting breakthrough due to their enhanced tunability and chemical stability relative to those fabricated from 3D phases. However, reports of efficient charge separation and current collection are in apparent contradiction with the well-known enhancement of the exciton binding energy in multilayered halide perovskites, which should lower the device’s internal quantum efficiency and voltage. This controversy has led to various proposals for the electronic and physical structure of RPP thin films, including phase inhomogeneity as the driving force for exciton dissociation and transport. We address this apparent paradox in high-quality hot-cast RPP films by correlating ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy with X-ray scattering measurements. We show that a hot-casting fabrication method produces highly phase pure n = 3 (BA) 2 (MA) n-1 Pb n I 3n+1 RPP structures. The high-phase purity and large grain sizes allow us to observe vertical transport of excitons via a diffusive process and allow us to determine that charge separation is primarily driven by dissociation at surface localized subgap electronic states. Furthermore, we analyze the differential absorption kinetics in films of varying thickness to directly determine that the excitonic diffusion constant is ~0.18 cm 2 s –1 . We propose that a surface localized structural distortion, observed using surface selective grazing incidence X-ray scattering measurements, is responsible for the creation of the surface localized defect states. We find that the density and spatial distribution of these defect states is a function of preparation conditions.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗