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At least 199 records · Page 11
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Measuring Upwelling Longwave in the Presence of an Obstruction

One of the key measurements from the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) satellite is Earth emitted or longwave (LW) radiation. The Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) aims to provide upwelling LW observations of the best possible quality across all their measurement sites. The disestablished CERES Ocean Validation Experiment (COVE), located at Chesapeake Light Station, approximately 25 kilometers east of Virginia Beach, Virginia (coordinates: 36.90N, 75.71W) was a validation site for CERES measurements and part of the BSRN network. One of the measurements at COVE was upwelling LW radiation made with an Eppley pyrgeometer. However, this measurement was complicated due to the Light Station tower being in its field of view. According to our estimates, the Light Station tower altered 15% of the upwelling LW radiation. To resolve this issue, we obtain a different upwelling longwave value using data from an infrared radiation thermometer (IRT), a pyrgeometer that measures downwelling longwave, and meteorological data. Using an IRT allows conversion from sea surface temperature to a water emission value, the downwelling pyrgeometer provides the reflected flux of the downward longwave radiation, and the meteorological data accounts for the air affects between the ocean surface and the upwelling LW measurement height. Comparing the upwelling LW pyrgeometer value with the newly derived value shows the unwanted consequence of the tower. The tower appears to enhance the upwelling LW signal during the summer, most obvious on a summer clear day, but depresses the upwelling signal, even more, during winter sky conditions (both clear and overcast). The tower affects the upwelling LW measurement in these scenarios up to 5% (20 W/m^2) when compared to the newly derived value. BSRN target uncertainty is 2%. Installing a pyrgeometer to measure upwelling LW without obstructions may not be possible at some measurement sties. This issue can be mitigated using other measurements to derive an upwelling LW value.

Bryan Fabbri↗
NASA NTRS1972

Study to determine cloud motion from meteorological satellite data

Processing techniques were tested for deducing cloud motion vectors from overlapped portions of pairs of pictures made from meteorological satellites. This was accomplished by programming and testing techniques for estimating pattern motion by means of cross correlation analysis with emphasis placed upon identifying and reducing errors resulting from various factors. Techniques were then selected and incorporated into a cloud motion determination program which included a routine which would select and prepare sample array pairs from the preprocessed test data. The program was then subjected to limited testing with data samples selected from the Nimbus 4 THIR data provided by the 11.5 micron channel.

Clark, B. B.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Meteorological rocket data processor and results from the solar eclipse of 7 March 1970.

A comprehensive digital computer program is described which automatically processes precision digitized data from conventional rocketsondes and radars to produce accurately corrected temperatures and winds together with estimated uncertainties at each point. Underlying models for the systematic errors in the Arcasonde 1A temperature sensor and the radar-tracked parachute wind sensor, and for the uncertainty in corrected results are presented. Techniques used to automatically edit, synchronize and filter data are also given. Performance is illustrated by graphical output from the eight meteorological soundings in the rocket series conducted at Wallops Island, Va., during the Mar. 7, 1970 solar eclipse. An operational version (METROK) of the program is in use at NASA Wallops Station.

Staffanson, F. L.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Management of atmospheric data

The establishment and maintenance of meteorological data archives to support various research projects are outlined. Consideration is given to overall data needs for meteorological and climatic research in the university community and to establish the climatology of the Southern Hemisphere from the surface to 10 kPa (100 millibars).

Jenne, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Mass balance investigation of alpine glaciers through LANDSAT TM data

An analysis of LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM) data of the Pasterze Glacier and the Kleines Fleisskees in the Austrian Alps was undertaken and compared with meteorological data of nearby weather stations. Alpine or valley glaciers can be used to study regional and worldwide climate changes. Alpine glaciers respond relatively fast to a warming or cooling trend in temperature through an advance or a retreat of the terminus. In addition, the mass balance of the glacier is being affected. Last year two TM scenes of the Pasterze Glacier of Aug. 1984 and Aug. 1986 were used to study the difference in reflectance. This year, in addition to the scenes from last year, one MSS scene of Aug. 1976 and a TM scene from 1988 were examined for both the Pasterze Glacier and the Kleines Fleisskees. During the overpass of the LANDSAT on 6 Aug. 1988 ground truthing on the Pasterze Glacier was undertaken. The results indicate that there was considerable more reflectance in 1976 and 1984 than in 1986 and 1988. The climatological data of the weather stations Sonnblick and Rudolfshuette were examined and compared with the results found through the LANDSAT data. There were relations between the meteorological and LANDSAT data: the average temperature over the last 100 years showed an increase of .4 C, the snowfall was declining during the same time period but the overall precipitation did not reveal any significant change over the same period. With the use of an interactive image analysis computer, the LANDSAT scenes were studied. The terminus of the Pasterze Glacier retreated 348 m and the terminus of the Kleines Fleisskees 121 m since 1965. This approach using LANDSAT MSS and TM digital data in conjunction with meteorological data can be effectively used to monitor regional and worldwide climate changes.

Bayr, Klaus J.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Airborne meteorological data-collection system

Aircraft position and weather data are collected, formatted, and relayed to ground from in-flight commercial jets. Data Acquisition and Control Unit in plane receives information from standard avionics data units, and provides scaling and storage. Normally, eight sets of data are acquired in 1 hour period and transmitted to satellite at precise time. Besides meteorological applications, system can locate and reroute aircraft into favorable winds to conserve fuel or aid search for downed planes.

Bagwell, J. W.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Stratospheric temperatures during AASE - Results from STRATAN

Comparisons of temperatures from the research analysis STRATAN to radiosonde data, Meteorological Measurement System (MMS) data, and the National Meteorological Center (NMC) analyses are presented for the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition (AASE). The STRATAN analyses show consistent quality throughout AASE. The comparisons to MMS show that STRATAN more accurately represented low temperatures than NMC. This, coupled with forecast quality, show that STRATAN temperature fields are a valuable tool for diagnosing and forecasting polar stratospheric clouds.

Rood, Richard B.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Engineering description of the ascent/descent bet product

The Ascent/Descent output product is produced in the OPIP routine from three files which constitute its input. One of these, OPIP.IN, contains mission specific parameters. Meteorological data, such as atmospheric wind velocities, temperatures, and density, are obtained from the second file, the Corrected Meteorological Data File (METDATA). The third file is the TRJATTDATA file which contains the time-tagged state vectors that combine trajectory information from the Best Estimate of Trajectory (BET) filter, LBRET5, and Best Estimate of Attitude (BEA) derived from IMU telemetry. Each term in the two output data files (BETDATA and the Navigation Block, or NAVBLK) are defined. The description of the BETDATA file includes an outline of the algorithm used to calculate each term. To facilitate describing the algorithms, a nomenclature is defined. The description of the nomenclature includes a definition of the coordinate systems used. The NAVBLK file contains navigation input parameters. Each term in NAVBLK is defined and its source is listed. The production of NAVBLK requires only two computational algorithms. These two algorithms, which compute the terms DELTA and RSUBO, are described. Finally, the distribution of data in the NAVBLK records is listed.

Seacord, A. W., II↗
NASA NTRS1979

UHF coplanar-slot antenna for aircraft-to-satellite data communications

A lightweight low drag coplanar slot antenna was developed for use on commercial jet aircraft that will provide upper hemisphere coverage in the UHF band at frequencies of 402 and 468 MHz is described. The antenna is designed to transmit meteorological data from wide body jet aircraft to ground users via synchronous meteorological data relay satellites. The low profile antenna (23.5 cm wide by 38.1 cm long slot by 1.9 cm high) is a conformal antenna utilizing the coplanar approach with the advantages of broad frequency bandwidth and improved electrical integrity over wide range of temperature. The antenna is circular polarized, has anon axis gain of near +2.5 dB, and a HPBW greater than 90 deg. Areas discussed include antenna design, radiation characteristics, flight testing, and system performance.

Myhre, R. W.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Meteorological Services Annual Data Report for 2024

This document presents the meteorological data collected at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) by Meteorological Services (Met Services) for the calendar year 2024. The purpose is to publicize the data sets available to emergency personnel, researchers and facility operations. Met services has been collecting data at BNL since 1949. Data from 1994 to the present is available in digital format. Data is presented in monthly plots of one-minute data. This allows the reader the ability to peruse the data for trends or anomalies that may be of interest to them. Full data sets are available to BNL personnel and to a limited degree outside researchers. The full data sets allow plotting the data on expanded time scales to obtain greater details (e.g., daily solar variability, inversions, etc.).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2016

The Quality Control Algorithms Used in the Process of Creating the NASA Kennedy Space Center Lightning Protection System Towers Meteorological Database

The methodology and the results of the quality control (QC) process of the meteorological data from the Lightning Protection System (LPS) towers located at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) launch complex 39B (LC-39B) are documented in this paper. Meteorological data are used to design a launch vehicle, determine operational constraints, and to apply defined constraints on day-of-launch (DOL). In order to properly accomplish these tasks, a representative climatological database of meteorological records is needed because the database needs to represent the climate the vehicle will encounter. Numerous meteorological measurement towers exist at KSC; however, the engineering tasks need measurements at specific heights, some of which can only be provided by a few towers. Other than the LPS towers, Tower 313 is the only tower that provides observations up to 150 m. This tower is located approximately 3.5 km from LC-39B. In addition, data need to be QC'ed to remove erroneous reports that could pollute the results of an engineering analysis, mislead the development of operational constraints, or provide a false image of the atmosphere at the tower's location.

Orcutt, John M.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Sensitivity of Global Modeling Initiative Model Predictions of Antarctic Ozone Recovery to Input Meteorological Fields

We use the Global Modeling Initiative chemistry and transport model to simulate the evolution of stratospheric ozone between 1995 and 2030, using boundary conditions consistent with the recent World Meteorological Organization ozone assessment. We compare the Antarctic ozone recovery predictions of two simulations, one driven by an annually repeated year of meteorological data from a general circulation model (GCM), the other using a year of output from a data assimilation system (DAS), to examine the sensitivity of Antarctic ozone recovery predictions to the characteristic dynamical differences between GCM- and DAS-generated meteorological data. Although the age of air in the Antarctic lower stratosphere differs by a factor of 2 between the simulations, we find little sensitivity of the 1995-2030 Antarctic ozone recovery between 350 and 650 K to the differing meteorological fields, particularly when the recovery is specified in mixing ratio units. Percent changes are smaller in the DAS-driven simulation compared to the GCM-driven simulation because of a surplus of Antarctic ozone in the DAS-driven simulation which is not consistent with observations. The peak ozone change between 1995 and 2030 in both simulations is approx.20% lower than photochemical expectations, indicating that changes in ozone transport due to changing ozone gradients at 450 K between 1995 and 2030 constitute a small negative feedback. Total winter/spring ozone loss during the base year (1995) of both simulations and the rate of ozone loss during August and September is somewhat weaker than observed. This appears to be due to underestimates of Antarctic Cl(sub y) at the 450 K potential temperature level.

Considine, David B.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Longwave cloud radiative forcing at the surface from ISCCP-C1 data

A method for deriving one component of the total cloud forcing picture, namely, the LW cloud forcing at the surface, is presented. The method is based on a validated radiative transfer technique and utilizes meteorological data available from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project. The radiative transfer model used was validated earlier and the TOVS-derived temperature and water vapor data used were generally reasonable. On a monthly-average basis, random error was estimated to be in the 5-10 W/sq m range, but biases as large as 10-20 W/sq m can occur in some regions. The lack of information on cloud-base heights were found to be the largest source of errors in the models and the meteorological data.

Gupta, Shashi K.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Algorithm Estimates Microwave Water-Vapor Delay

Accuracy equals or exceeds conventional linear algorithms. "Profile" algorithm improved algorithm using water-vapor-radiometer data to produce estimates of microwave delays caused by water vapor in troposphere. Does not require site-specific and weather-dependent empirical parameters other than standard meteorological data, latitude, and altitude for use in conjunction with published standard atmospheric data. Basic premise of profile algorithm, wet-path delay approximated closely by solution to simplified version of nonlinear delay problem and generated numerically from each radiometer observation and simultaneous meteorological data.

Robinson, Steven E.↗
NASA NTRS2011

Assessment of NASA's Physiographic and Meteorological Datasets as Input to HSPF and SWAT Hydrological Models

This paper documents the use of simulated Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer land use/land cover (MODIS-LULC), NASA-LIS generated precipitation and evapo-transpiration (ET), and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) datasets (in conjunction with standard land use, topographical and meteorological datasets) as input to hydrological models routinely used by the watershed hydrology modeling community. The study is focused in coastal watersheds in the Mississippi Gulf Coast although one of the test cases focuses in an inland watershed located in northeastern State of Mississippi, USA. The decision support tools (DSTs) into which the NASA datasets were assimilated were the Soil Water & Assessment Tool (SWAT) and the Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAN (HSPF). These DSTs are endorsed by several US government agencies (EPA, FEMA, USGS) for water resources management strategies. These models use physiographic and meteorological data extensively. Precipitation gages and USGS gage stations in the region were used to calibrate several HSPF and SWAT model applications. Land use and topographical datasets were swapped to assess model output sensitivities. NASA-LIS meteorological data were introduced in the calibrated model applications for simulation of watershed hydrology for a time period in which no weather data were available (1997-2006). The performance of the NASA datasets in the context of hydrological modeling was assessed through comparison of measured and model-simulated hydrographs. Overall, NASA datasets were as useful as standard land use, topographical , and meteorological datasets. Moreover, NASA datasets were used for performing analyses that the standard datasets could not made possible, e.g., introduction of land use dynamics into hydrological simulations

Alacron, Vladimir J.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Aspects of the determination of winds by means of scatterometry and of the utilization of vector wind data for meteorological forecasts

The present paper provides a description of four aspects of scatterometer winds and their uses. The theory of wave generation by the wind is considered along with an analysis of the properties of superobservations, and studies of intermittent versus continuous data assimilation methods for numerical weather predictions which use remotely sensed data. A comparison of the sum of squares versus the maximum likelihood method for recovering the vector winds is also conducted. Questions regarding wind speed, friction velocity, or normal stress are discussed and synoptic scale fields from Seasat-SASS data are examined.

Pierson, W. J., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Operation of the yield estimation subsystem

The organization and products of the yield estimation subsystem (YES) are described with particular emphasis on meteorological data acquisition, yield estimation, crop calendars, weekly weather summaries, and project reports. During the three phases of LACIE, YES demonstrated that it is possible to use the flow of global meteorological data and provide valuable information regarding global wheat production. It was able to establish a capability to collect, in a timely manner, detailed weather data from all regions of the world, and to evaluate and convert that data into information appropriate to the project's needs.

Mccrary, D. G.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Atmospheric effects on the risetime and waveshape of sonic booms

Accurate prediction of human response to sonic booms from proposed HSCT aircraft depends on a knowledge of the waveshape and risetime of the boom at the ground. In previous work, we have developed a numerical technique to predict the combined effects of molecular absorption and finite wave distortion on the sonic boom as it propagates from the aircraft to the top of the turbulent boundary layer. We have more recently developed a scattering center based model to calculate the effects of turbulence on the sonic boom waveform as it propagates through this boundary layer. Calculations have been performed using single scales of turbulence and compared to measurements at Edwards AFB in the late 1960's. A model of the atmosphere involving two scales each for convective and mechanical turbulence has been developed and fit to meteorological data collected during JAPE 2. Scattering calculations employing this model underpredict the number of unperturbed waveforms. In order to develop a more realistic model of the atmosphere, the JAPE 2 meteorological data has been fit to a von Karman spectrum. Results of scattering using this multi-scale model will be presented. The combination of finite wave effects with turbulent scattering predictions includes the principal effects of the atmosphere on the sonic boom from the HSCT.

Raspet, Richard↗