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DOE OSTI2026

HtPIP: High-throughput phage isolation platform increases diversity and reduces isolation time using multiple bacteria

Bacteriophages are ubiquitous in nature, but relatively few have been isolated and characterized compared to the number of bacterial strains. Phage biotechnology applications benefit from a diverse library of isolated phages to kill or transfer genetic material to a bacterium of interest. However, scaling up phage discovery for diverse bacterial hosts can be time-consuming and costly. Here, we developed an approach to capture novel phages for multiple bacterial strains in parallel from an environmental sample using commercially available 0.2-μM filter plates. Using this High-throughput Phage Isolation Platform (HtPIP), 12 novel phages were isolated spanning 9 diverse bacterial host genera. Eleven of the isolated phages define new phage species, with nine also defining new genera. The HtPIP was used to discover both DNA and RNA phages, including a Tectiviridae infecting Pseudomonas putida mt-2 and a Leviviricetes infecting a Microbacterium isolate, which represents the first cultured RNA phage infecting a host outside of Proteobacteria. Using a metagenomic approach, we demonstrate that the HtPIP captures a higher proportion of novel phages compared to traditional low-throughput methods.

High-throughput↗

DOE OSTI2023

Effects of additively manufactured surface roughness on small diameter plenums with multiple side discharges for high temperature gas turbine blade cooling applications

Combined heat and power (CHP) applications have significant environmental and economic benefits that are consistent with the goals of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). One area that is currently being studied includes the potential benefits of CHP turbine operation at higher turbine inlet temperatures. Internal cooling concepts enabled by additive manufacturing (AM) are of primary interest. Here, the effectiveness of internal cooling is hindered by many factors such as velocity distribution of the cooling air to the hot surface considering impingement cooling. To simulate cooling air exiting from a series of orifices for internal cooling in an airfoil, a straight smooth wall tubing with multiple side discharging orifices is used and compared to additively manufactured tubing (Ti6Al4V Grade 23) with orifice size and spacing as well as inner and outer diameters identical to the smooth wall tubing. Similar to flow discharging form perforated pipes, the flow discharged from individual orifices along the tubes in this study is found to be nonuniformly distributed, and the horizontal (axial direction) momentum can be observed from the experimental data. Discharge velocities have been measured with two-dimensional (2D) particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) and single element hot wire anemometry. Numerical analysis has also been conducted to predict the velocity distributions along the orifices in the smooth wall and additive manufacturing (AM) tubing, which are inherited with surface roughness. Numerical and measured results in this study are compared, presented, and discussed.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2022

A Single Application of Compost Can Leave Lasting Impacts on Soil Microbial Community Structure and Alter Cross-Domain Interaction Networks

Our current understanding suggests that nutrient management strategies applied to agricultural soils over multiple years are required to cause major and stable shifts in soil microbial communities. However, some studies suggest that agricultural soils can benefit even from sporadic, single additions of organic matter. Here we investigate how single additions of high-quality organic matter can cause significant shifts in microbial soil communities over multiple cropping cycles. We grew radishes in a tropical Oxisol soil for six crop cycles after a single application of a high-nitrogen compost or urea. At planting and before biomass harvest, we sampled soils influenced by the radish rhizosphere and sequenced bacterial and archaeal 16S and fungal ITS rDNA marker genes. We measured microbial richness and diversity, community composition and structure, and constructed correlation networks to predict cross-domain microbial interactions. We found that a single application of compost, compared to urea or control, resulted in a persistent improved plant biomass response and led to sustained changes in the soil microbial community throughout the duration of the 227-day study. Compost altered the structure of both the fungal and prokaryotic microbial communities, introduced new microorganisms that persisted in the resident soil system, and altered soil microbial correlation network structure and hub taxa. In contrast, fertilization with urea did not significantly alter the structure of soil microbial communities compared to the control but reduced network complexity and altered hub taxa. This study highlights the significant impacts that high-quality organic matter fertilization can exert on agricultural soil microbiomes and adds to the growing body of knowledge on using organic fertilizers as a way to steer the soil microbiome toward a healthier soil.

Heisey, Steven↗

DOE OSTI2020

Scalable Data-Intensive Geocomputation: A Design for Real-Time Continental Flood Inundation Mapping

The convergence of data-intensive and extreme-scale computing enables an integrated software and data ecosystem for scientific discovery. Developments in this realm will fuel transformative research in data-driven interdisciplinary domains. Geocomputation provides computing paradigms in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for interactive computing of geographic data, processes, models, and maps. Because GIS is data-driven, the computational scalability of a geocomputation workflow is directly related to the scale of the GIS data layers, their resolution and extent, as well as the velocity of the geo-located data streams to be processed. Unique in high user interactivity and low end-to-end latency requirements, geocomputation applications will dramatically benefit from the convergence of high-end data analytics (HDA) and high-performance computing (HPC). The application level challenge, however, is to identify and eliminate computational bottlenecks that arise along a geocomputation workflow. Indeed, poor scalability at any of the workflow components is detrimental to the entire end-to-end pipeline. Here, we study a large geocomputation use case in flood inundation mapping that handles multiple national-scale geospatial datasets and targets low end-to-end latency. We discuss benefits and challenges for harnessing both HDA and HPC for data-intensive geospatial data processing and intensive numerical modeling of geographic processes. We propose an HDA+HPC geocomputation architecture design that couples HDA (e.g., Spark)-based spatial data handling and HPC-based parallel data modeling. Key techniques for coupling HDA and HPC to bridge the two different software stacks are reviewed and discussed.

Liu, Yan↗

DOE OSTI2022

Potential of water quality wetlands to mitigate habitat losses from agricultural drainage modernization

Given widespread biodiversity declines, a growing global human population, and demands to improve water quality, there is an immediate need to explore land management solutions that support multiple ecosystem services. Agricultural water quality wetlands designed to provide both water quality benefits and wetland and grassland habitat are an emerging restoration solution that may reverse habitat declines in intensive agricultural areas. Installation of water quality wetlands in the Upper Midwest, USA, when considered alongside the repair and modification of aging agricultural tile drainage infrastructure, is a likely scenario that may mitigate nutrient pollution exported from agricultural systems and improve crop yields. The capacity of water quality wetlands to provide habitat within the wetland pool and the surrounding grassland is not well-studied, particularly with respect to potential habitat changes resulting from drainage infrastructure upgrades. For the current study, we produced spatially explicit models of 37 catchments distributed throughout an important region for agriculture and biodiversity, the Des Moines Lobe of Iowa. Four scenarios were considered - with and without improved drainage and with and without water quality wetlands - to estimate the net potential habitat implications of these scenarios for amphibians, grassland birds, and wild bees. Model results indicate that drainage modification alone will likely result in moderate direct losses of suitable amphibian habitat and large declines in overall habitat quality. However, inclusion of water quality wetlands at the catchment scale may mitigate these amphibian habitat losses while also increasing grassland bird and pollinator habitat. In conclusion, the impacts of water quality wetlands and drainage modernization on waterfowl in the region require additional study.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

Planarization of Rough (100) GaAs Substrates via Growth by Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy

Wafer reuse techniques help offset the cost of III-V growth substrates by using a single wafer for multiple growths, but costly re-polishing after device removal limits the end benefit. In this work, we present planarization growth by hydride vapor-phase epitaxy (HVPE), a potentially low-cost growth technique, as a method of smoothing rough substrates for subsequent high-quality device growth without the need for polishing. First, we show there is a threshold for allowable substrate roughness without device degradation by comparing devices grown by organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy (OMVPE) on epi-ready polished and pre-polished substrates that did not have the final epi-ready polish. We then demonstrate successful smoothing with HVPE growth on substrates with different surface morphologies, with features ranging from general roughness to large facets. Initial devices grown by HVPE on a pre-polished substate showed no degradation compared to a control wafer, indicating that planarizing rough substrates through HVPE growth is a promising path toward being able to use rough substrates directly for growth, without costly polishing steps.

GaAs↗

DOE OSTI2023

Beyond the Hype: An Evaluation of Commercially Available Machine-Learning-Based Malware Detectors

There is a lack of scientific testing of commercially available malware detectors, especially those that boast accurate classification of never-before-seen (i.e., zero-day) files using machine learning (ML). Consequently, efficacy of malware detectors is opaque, inhibiting end users from making informed decisions and researchers from targeting gaps in current detectors. In this paper, we present a scientific evaluation of four prominent commercial malware detection tools to assist an organization with two primary questions: To what extent do ML-based tools accurately classify previously and never-before-seen files? Is purchasing a network-level malware detector worth the cost? To investigate, we tested each tool against 3,536 total files (2,554 or 72% malicious, 982 or 28% benign) of a variety of file types, including hundreds of malicious zero-days, polyglots, and APT-style files, delivered on multiple protocols. We present statistical results on detection time and accuracy, consider complementary analysis (using multiple tools together), and provide two novel applications of the recent cost-benefit evaluation procedure of Iannacone & Bridges. Although the ML-based tools are more effective at detecting zero-day files and executables, the signature-based tool might still be an overall better option. Both network-based tools provide substantial (simulated) savings when paired with either host tool, yet both show poor detection rates on protocols other than HTTP or SMTP. Our results show that all four tools have near-perfect precision but alarmingly low recall, especially on file types other than executables and office files—37% of malware, including all polyglot files, were undetected. Priorities for researchers and takeaways for end users are given. Code for future use of the cost model is provided.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2024

Implementation and Operation of Power Flow Control Solutions for Transmission Systems

Power-flow controls (PFCs) technologies provide a suite of alternatives to more-efficiently direct the flow of power on the grid, improving flexibility and enabling the grid to be more responsive and resilient. PFCs can be used in many cases to mitigate overloads and consequently defer the installation of grid-expansion projects. They can also be suitable options in situations where new transmission lines cannot be built because of environmental constraints, land use, or other types of restrictions. Other uses include mitigation of loop or unintended flows, forcing of contractual or scheduled flows, reduction of congestion, and mitigation solutions during large maintenance or construction projects. While many studies have demonstrated the potential economic benefits of PFC for different types of applications, the implementation implications of using multiple PFCs for system operation and reliability have not been analyzed in detail. The lack of information and practical experience on these aspects hinders adoption of this technology. One use case would be that multiple PFCs are required to coordinate congestion management. In such cases, multiple PFCs are deployed in a meshed power system to control power flows across a wide area. The challenges are associated with PFC interaction—namely, the self and mutual power-flow sensitivity of each PFC, which must be accounted for in the calculation of the respective operating setpoints. This report analyzes implementation and operation that must be considered in evaluating transmission solutions using PFCs. The report first analyzes attributes with which PFC-based solutions should comply, based on the objective and characteristics of each particular use case. It then describes different approaches for coordinated control of multiple PFC devices for different applications, including options to avoid adverse interactions and reduce risks due to inappropriate coordination. Control and operation are illustrated through case studies performed on both generic and actual power system models. This report provides insights for transmission planners and operation engineers about the implementation of PFC-based transmission solutions; consequently, it will help them make informed decisions about the adoption of the technology.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2021

In silico trials predict that combination strategies for enhancing vesicular stomatitis oncolytic virus are determined by tumor aggressivity

Background Immunotherapies, driven by immune-mediated antitumorigenicity, offer the potential for significant improvements to the treatment of multiple cancer types. Identifying therapeutic strategies that bolster antitumor immunity while limiting immune suppression is critical to selecting treatment combinations and schedules that offer durable therapeutic benefits. Combination oncolytic virus (OV) therapy, wherein complementary OVs are administered in succession, offer such promise, yet their translation from preclinical studies to clinical implementation is a major challenge. Overcoming this obstacle requires answering fundamental questions about how to effectively design and tailor schedules to provide the most benefit to patients. Methods We developed a computational biology model of combined oncolytic vaccinia (an enhancer virus) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) calibrated to and validated against multiple data sources. We then optimized protocols in a cohort of heterogeneous virtual individuals by leveraging this model and our previously established in silico clinical trial platform. Results Enhancer multiplicity was shown to have little to no impact on the average response to therapy. However, the duration of the VSV injection lag was found to be determinant for survival outcomes. Importantly, through treatment individualization, we found that optimal combination schedules are closely linked to tumor aggressivity. We predicted that patients with aggressively growing tumors required a single enhancer followed by a VSV injection 1 day later, whereas a small subset of patients with the slowest growing tumors needed multiple enhancers followed by a longer VSV delay of 15 days, suggesting that intrinsic tumor growth rates could inform the segregation of patients into clinical trials and ultimately determine patient survival. These results were validated in entirely new cohorts of virtual individuals with aggressive or non-aggressive subtypes. Conclusions Based on our results, improved therapeutic schedules for combinations with enhancer OVs can be studied and implemented. Our results further underline the impact of interdisciplinary approaches to preclinical planning and the importance of computational approaches to drug discovery and development.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2024

Mixed waste contamination selects for a mobile genetic element population enriched in multiple heavy metal resistance genes

Abstract Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) like plasmids, viruses, and transposable elements can provide fitness benefits to their hosts for survival in the presence of environmental stressors. Heavy metal resistance genes (HMRGs) are frequently observed on MGEs, suggesting that MGEs may be an important driver of adaptive evolution in environments contaminated with heavy metals. Here, we report the meta-mobilome of the heavy metal-contaminated regions of the Oak Ridge Reservation subsurface. This meta-mobilome was compared with one derived from samples collected from unimpacted regions of the Oak Ridge Reservation subsurface. We assembled 1615 unique circularized DNA elements that we propose to be MGEs. The circular elements from the highly contaminated subsurface were enriched in HMRG clusters relative to those from the nearby unimpacted regions. Additionally, we found that these HMRGs were associated with Gamma and Betaproteobacteria hosts in the contaminated subsurface and potentially facilitate the persistence and dominance of these taxa in this region. Finally, the HMRGs were associated with conjugative elements, suggesting their potential for future lateral transfer. We demonstrate how our understanding of MGE ecology, evolution, and function can be enhanced through the genomic context provided by completed MGE assemblies.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

Consolidated Hydropower Data Repository: Value and Opportunities

Hydropower is one of several types of generating assets that provides energy, capacity, and services to electric power systems. It does so under rubrics and objectives—market driven and regulated, internal and external to asset and fleet owners—that address reliability, cost, price, and, increasingly, flexibility of output. The aggregation of data from multiple hydropower units can provide insights into asset operations and maintenance practices and needs and assist in meeting hydropower objectives. This paper examines the concept and potential benefits of aggregating hydropower asset data—primarily supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) information—with examples of insights developed from data aggregated by the Hydropower Research Institute (HRI). Data aggregation as discussed herein, and as implemented by the HRI, extends beyond multiple units in a powerhouse and beyond multiple hydropower facilities in an electric utility fleet or river system. Examples of research and analytics from such aggregated datasets range from unit load dependency analyses to modeling sensor measurements to detect and diagnose anomalies in assets. These examples showed the benefits of utilizing the entire dataset for insights into how the sensor layout of a single unit or set of units compares to the hydropower industry overall. Such insights include whether additional sensors are needed to complete analyses or to make decisions. In addition, utilizing multiple sensors of the same kind within a unit can provide an indication of possible current or upcoming problems with equipment. Although other analyses are possible, their use requires the development of complex models and, potentially, access to types of data that are currently not included with the example dataset used in this study. However, the examples studied herein confirmed the value of data aggregation in the fleet and unit contexts, and the value extends beyond multiple units in a powerhouse and beyond multiple hydropower facilities in an electric utility fleet or river system. The assessments also provided insights into potential extensions to the data aggregation concept that could further add to their value to the hydropower community, and these are included in this document as a set of recommendations.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2025

Greenhouse gas emissions reduction strategies that maximize portfolio-wide life cycle cost reduction, resilience, and environmental justice benefits

While strategies to achieve net-zero emissions at an individual site are well understood, new analysis methods are required for organizations seeking to achieve net-zero across multiple facilities, each with concurrent priority goals. At a portfolio level, distinct locations present varied challenges that cannot be addressed through singular solutions, and competing goals can take precedence with the assumption that net-zero emissions strategies deter from energy resilience and cost savings, therefore negatively impacting nearby communities. This study tests these assumptions by analyzing 16 diverse sites (varying in size, climate, and energy use) to identify strategies that reduce emissions and assess the impact these strategies have on life cycle costs, resilience, and communities with environmental justice concerns. Methods were developed to approximate missing information essential to net-zero evaluation. Established methods were augmented to evaluate life cycle costs, resilience, and environmental justice impacts across a set of strategies and accommodate the multi-criteria analyses. Potential benefits from identified strategies were quantified using site characteristics and a set of corresponding metrics. The net-zero analysis found that 11 sites could use on-site strategies to eliminate all but 2% of emissions generated. The remaining emissions can be offset, for instance through sequestration, executed at the portfolio scale. On-site carbon-free energy was found to reduce 51% of emissions across all sites; efficiency reduced 19% of emissions; sequestration 16%; procured carbon-free energy 15%; fuel switching 1.6%; and fleet electrification 1.3%. Building electrification, however, increased emissions by 4.4%. Different strategies also provide cost, resilience, and/or environmental justice benefits—the degree to which varies with individual site conditions. The findings indicate an advantage to considering the strategies as a comprehensive set, which leads to co-benefits, both in the ability to achieve net-zero goals and in advancing other goals. The results present the case for comprehensive advanced planning at the portfolio level to prioritize investments that will balance the minimization of emissions and life cycle cost with the maximization of resilience and environmental justice benefits. The novel methods for evaluation and integration, valuation of benefits, and consideration at the portfolio scale allow organizations to select investments that simultaneously address multiple key priorities.

Net-Zero Emissions↗

DOE OSTI2025

Crash–and–dash: a new era in tree genome editing

In less than a decade since the first demonstrations of CRISPR genome editing of agronomic genes in several tree species (Zhou et al., 2015; Jia et al., 2016; Ren et al., 2016), this disruptive technology has been deployed for a growing number of traits in both basic and applied research. The precision and efficiency of CRISPR editing allow for the recovery of null mutants in the first generation (Zhou et al., 2015; Elorriaga et al., 2018; Muhr et al., 2018), which is a significant benefit for perennial trees with long generation times. The stability of editing outcomes over multiple years or clonal propagation cycles (Bewg et al., 2022; Chen et al., 2023; Goralogia et al., 2024) is another key advantage since most woody perennials are vegetatively propagated in commercial operations. However, in many countries, gene-edited trees with stably integrated T-DNA face the same regulatory hurdles as traditional transgenics, slowing field trial characterization and the integration of transgenesis with conventional breeding (Boerjan & Strauss, 2024). In an article recently published in New Phytologist, Hoengenaert et al. (2025; doi: 10.1111/nph.20415) demonstrate transgene-free editing in poplar (Populus tremula × alba) that shows promise for wide adoption. The CRISPR-edited, transgene-free canker-resistant citrus (Citrus sinensis) trees (Su et al., 2023) have recently been approved by USDA-APHIS and are exempt from regulation by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for commercial production. The work by Hoengenaert et al. (2025) suggests a similar path could be followed for purpose-grown plantations for bioenergy, bioproducts, and biomaterials.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

Game-Theoretic Approach for Grace-Period Policy in Supercomputers

Job scheduling at supercomputing facilities is important for achieving high utilization of these valuable resources while ensuring effective execution of jobs submitted by users. The jobs are scheduled according to their specified resource demands such as expected job completion times, and the available resources based on allocations. Jobs that overrun their allocated times are terminated, for example, after a grace-period. It is non-trivial and often very complex for users to accurately estimate the completion times of their jobs, and consequently they face a dilemma: underestimate the job time to have a higher priority and risk job termination due to overrun, or overestimate it to ensure its completion and risk its delayed execution. In this paper, we investigate whether providing grace-period can benefit facility performance by developing a game- theoretic model between a facility provider and multiple users for a simplified scheduling scenario based on job execution times. We present closed-form expressions for the provider’s and user’s best-response strategies to maximize their respective utility functions. We describe conditions under which offering a grace-period is advantageous to both facility provider and users by deriving the Nash equilibrium of the game.

He, Fei↗

DOE OSTI2020

A Community Energy Operations and Planning System: Concept, Use cases, Metrics, and Benefits

Community and city leaders are interested in achieving sustainability goals, providing resilient energy infrastructure, and improving economic competitiveness. Community-level data acquisition and analysis can provide energy and associated benefits that are not possible at the single building level. However, there is a lack of organizational structure, common semantic data models, interoperable systems, and methods to support data-driven decision-making for community-scale energy supply and demand systems. We explored the need and opportunity for a Community Energy Operations and Planning System (Community EOPS), a potential data exchange platform. We conducted “customer discovery” interviews, and reviewed literature, public tools, and technology platforms to identify key energy data “users” and use cases in communities. The key users of the Community EOPS could be developers of mixed-use districts, corporate, defense and university campus energy managers, and city managers of cities that own their energy utility. The value could be for community planning and reporting (for energy data-integrated land use planning and community infrastructure investments in microgrids, storage, district heating and cooling), energy efficiency (leveraging optimizations for community scale energy supply and demand), flexible load management (grid-edge load management to offset, shift, and flatten loads for multiple buildings and EV fleets), cost savings and revenue generation (participating in grid services), and social benefits such as energy resilience, equity, and awareness. We developed a conceptual Community EOPS architecture with recommendations for streamlined and prioritized data acquisition, sharing, and integration driven by prioritized use cases, common metrics, and actionable visualizations that can provide value to a community’s users.

Singh, Reshma↗

DOE OSTI2024

Hydrodynamic Test Requirements Process Improvements

Hydrodynamic testing at Los Alamos National Laboratory would benefit from a process improvement for the requirements process. Cameo was used as a digital solution for requirements management to allow Lead Engineers to track requirements more effectively. This was identified as a process improvement throughout this Capstone project. This report includes a project proposal, business case, literature review, methodology, project plan, data analysis, decision-making report, financial analysis report, discussion, and conclusion. Initially, this project focused on figuring out a solution for the hydrotest requirement process improvements. The scope narrowed to focus on the use of Cameo for requirement capture and management. During this Capstone, four tests had digital models produced for requirements management in Cameo. The initial model was the baseline, with core requirements used across the tests. Commonalities in tests were used and the core requirements allowed for process efficiencies. In the data analysis, it was seen that overall, the implementation of using Cameo for requirements resulted in a decreasing trend for both schedule and normalized cost. Tests have different complexity levels which is also a factor in how long the requirements process will take. Additional data is needed to continue analyzing process improvements. Through decisionmaking and financial analysis, the recommendation was to use Cameo for requirements process improvement. Multiple experts provided feedback for requirements that were then captured within models. Numerous tangible and intangible benefits were identified with this process improvement. For return on investment, the metric of success was schedule reduction, which was overall seen. Four tests were analyzed, so future analysis will be needed. There is also not a great financial risk because the main cost would be purchasing more licenses. Individuals must generate requirements whether using this software or not. Overall, training is needed to help improve the skillsets of Lead Engineers but is already being supported on a regular frequency. A desktop guide was started associated with explaining the process, however, it is a work in progress. The team plans on adding additional information in the digital models to help status when requirements are met using verification methods and artifacts. From working on this project an improved understanding of Cameo and requirements was the result. There are future opportunities to extend the usage for requirements management and progress will continue after this project.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Stabilizing the Solid‐Electrolyte Interphase with Polyacrylamide for High‐Voltage Aqueous Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Abstract The introduction of “water‐in‐salt” electrolyte (WiSE) concept opens a new horizon to aqueous electrochemistry that is benefited from the formation of a solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI). However, such SEI still faces multiple challenges, including dissolution, mechanical damaging, and incessant reforming, which result in poor cycling stability. Here, we report a polymeric additive, polyacrylamide (PAM) that effectively stabilizes the interphase in WiSE. With the addition of 5 molar % PAM to 21 mol kg −1 LiTFSI electrolyte, a LiMn 2 O 4 ∥L‐TiO 2 full cell exhibits enhanced cycling stability with 86 % capacity retention after 100 cycles at 1 C. The formation mechanism and evolution of PAM‐assisted SEI was investigated using operando small angle neutron scattering and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which reveal that PAM minimizes the presence of free water molecules at the anode/electrolyte interface, accelerates the TFSI − anion decomposition, and densifies the SEI.

Hou, Xu↗

DOE OSTI2021

Stabilizing the Solid‐Electrolyte Interphase with Polyacrylamide for High‐Voltage Aqueous Lithium‐Ion Batteries

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗