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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 199 records · Page 11

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NASA NTRS1977

The gross energy balance of solar active regions

Parker's (1974) model in which sunspots denote regions of increased heat transport from the convection zone is briefly described. The amount of excess mechanically transported power supposed to be delivered to the atmosphere is estimated for a typical active region, and the total radiative power output of the active-region atmosphere is computed. It is found that only a very small fraction (about 0.001) of the sunspot 'missing flux' can be accounted for by radiative emission from the atmosphere above a spot group in the manner suggested by Parker. The power-loss mechanism associated with mass loss to the solar wind is briefly considered and shown not to be sufficient to account for the sunspot missing flux.

Evans, K. D.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Some problems of pulsar physics

The theories of particle acceleration along polar field lines are reviewed, and the total energization of the charge separated plasma is summarized, when pair creation is absent. The application of these theories and plasma supply to pulsars is discussed, with attention given to the total amount of electron-positron plasma created and its momentum distribution. Various aspects of radiation emission and transport are analyzed, based on a polar current flow model with pair creation, and the phenomenon of marching subpulses is considered. The coronation beaming and the relativistically expanding current sheet models for pulsar emission are also outlined, and the paper concludes with a brief discussion of the relation between the theories of polar flow with pair plasma and the problem of the energization of the Crab Nebula.

Arons, J.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Properties of the Io plasma torus inferred from Voyager EUV data

A physical model for the Io plasma torus is constructed to explain the EUV radiative emission observed by the Voyager UV spectrometer. Electron impact excitation rate coefficients for electronic transitions of S III, S IV, O II and O III are calculated by the method of distorted waves (Davis, Kepple, and Blaha, 1976); these coefficients account for the asymmetric shape of the 686 A feature. It is concluded that the electron gas must have a distribution function with a non-Maxwellian tail. An approximate representation of the distribution function as two temperature components requires a cold component of 3.5-4 eV and density of 2000 per cu cm and a hot component of about 100 eV and density of 50-100 per cu cm to satisfy observational constraints.

Strobel, D. F.↗

NASA NTRS1981

A unified thermal and vertical trajectory model for the prediction of high altitude balloon performance

A computer model for the prediction of the trajectory and thermal behavior of zero-pressure high altitude balloon was developed. In accord with flight data, the model permits radiative emission and absorption of the lifting gas and daytime gas temperatures above that of the balloon film. It also includes ballasting, venting, and valving. Predictions obtained with the model are compared with flight data from several flights and newly discovered features are discussed.

Carlson, L. A.↗

NASA NTRS1981

A new thermal and trajectory model for high altitude balloons

A new computer model for the prediction of the trajectory and thermal behavior of high altitude balloons has been developed. In accord with flight data, the model permits radiative emission and absorption of the lifting gas and daytime gas temperatures above that of the balloon film. It also includes ballasting, venting, and valving. Predictions obtained with the model are compared with flight data and newly discovered features are discussed.

Carlson, L. A.↗

NASA NTRS1982

The great galactic centre mystery

Gamma-ray observations of the center of the Galaxy show a varying positron-electron annihilation radiation emission, while at radio wavelengths a non-thermal compact source surrounded by ionized gas moving at high velocities can be seen. Line emission maps for atomic and ionized hydrogen and molecular gas suggest gas expulsion and a massive collapsed object. IR observations show that ionized gas in the central few parsecs of the Galactic center is concentrated in at least 14 small clouds. Charge-coupled device images show a pair of faint, very red sources within a few arc seconds of IRS 16 and the compact non-thermal radio source. The positron-electron annihilation line emission implies an annihilation rate of 10 to the 43rd per sec, compared with an observed luminosity at IR wavelengths of 10 to the 40 erg per sec. Some models are briefly discussed.

Riegler, G. R.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Centimeter and millimeter wave attenuation and brightness temperature due to atmospheric oxygen and water vapor

Calculations are presented for atmospheric absorption and radiation emission for several atmospheric conditions and elevation angles. The calculations are for frequencies in the 1 to 340 GHz frequency range. The calculations are compared to those from other models. Agreement is found to within 15% for absorption coefficient (7.5 g/m/cubed water vapor at 290 K) and approximately the same for total zenithal attenuation. The attenuation and gaseous emission noise curves defined by the International Radio Consultative Committee are found to have minor inconsistencies.

Smith, E. K.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Dynamical implications of the observed thermal contrasts in Venus' upper atmosphere

Observational data on the Venusian upper atmosphere are analyzed to determine the dynamical implications of the large pressure change across the terminator, to study the change in diurnal contrast pattern at the 100 km level, and to investigate the viability of the most straightforward explanation of the cooling, radiative emission by CO2 in the 15 micron bands. Evidence is discussed that a major subsidence or downward vertical contraction of the upper atmosphere occurs across the terminator. The observation that supersonic velocities would be induced in horizontal, inviscid flow by the observed pressure distributions affected by the described flow subsidence is investigated by generalizing the equations for adiabatic inviscid flow along streamtubes to the case of nonhorizontal inviscid flow with heat addition. Nightside cooling is discussed, showing variations in cooling rates. Finally, zonal winds below 100 km are considered.

Seiff, A.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Serf studies of mass motions arising in flares

It is believed that radio type IVs, co-spatial with dense hot plasmoids, may be the result of a plasma radiation emission mechanism. The injection of mass into the corona was recently observed in chromospheric and coronal lines with magnetic field changes and also at very high speeds into loops. The start time of coronal loop transients, if extrapolated to the chromosphere, in most cases precedes flare H-alpha or X-ray emission. Observational inferences from polarization and other studies are seen as favoring the three-dimensional bubble over the planar loop as a description of coronal mass motions.

Wagner, W. J.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Relativistic dispersion and the generation of auroral kilometric radiation

Under the conditions at which auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) is known to be produced by a plasma sheet electron region, relativistic effects of the dispersion of extraordinary-mode waves near the electron cyclotron frequency are found to be very significant. The application of linear theory and computer simulation to a model distribution indicates that an extraordinary mode of a particular Reynolds number dominated the radiation emission due to the cyclotron maser instability, suggesting that hot electrons determine the propagation characteristics of AKR and that larger growth rates are possible for direct amplification of extraordinary waves in the auroral region than had been predicted by calculations employing cold plasma dispersion.

Pritchett, P. L.↗

NASA NTRS1984

The appearance of magnetic flux on the surfaces of the early main-sequence F stars

Available chromospheric, transition region, and coronal observations of the early main-sequence F stars are examined in order to find that while these objects exhibit enhanced levels of magnetic field-related radiative emissions, significant inhomogeneities in surface activity are not present. This phenomenon is discussed within the context of the calculations published by Schmitt and Rosner (1983) for the production of flux ropes of various spatial scales at a given rotation rate at the bottom of a stellar convection zone. It is found that the spatial scales and area contrast of emergent magnetic flux in these stars that, as a class, are characterized by rapid rotation and thin convection zones are substantially reduced relative to that of the sun.

Giampapa, M. S.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Light, Strong Insulating Tiles

Improved lightweight insulating silica/aluminum borosilicate/silicon carbide tiles combine increased tensile strength with low thermal conductivity. Changes in composition substantially improve heat-insulating properties of silica-based refractory tile. Silicon carbide particles act as high-emissivity radiation scatterers in tile material.

Cordia, E.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Proton acceleration in gamma-ray bursts

Proton acceleration and subsequent secondary electron production are proposed as the process responsible for the radiation emission in gamma-ray bursts. In this mechanism electrons are naturally injected at energies much larger than m(e) x c-squared and emission above 10 MeV is expected to be one of their common features, in agreement with observations showing that most of the luminosity of these events is emitted in gamma-rays. This mode of injection guarantees copious e(+)-e(-) pair production at the source and implies a relationship between the luminosity and the spectra of the bursts, the soft bursts being, in general, the most (intrinsically) luminous and hence the most distant. This, in turn, implies that bursts with soft spectra should show a galactic distribution, a fact consistent with the limited available data. It is also argued that the observed red-shift of the e(+)-e(-) annihilation feature may not always be gravitational.

Kazanas, Demosthenes↗

NASA NTRS1988

Holographic particle detection

The feasibility was studied of developing a novel particle track detector based on the detection of 1p-1s emission radiation from electron bubbles in liquid helium. The principles, design, construction, and initial testing of the detection system have been described in previous reports. The main obstacle encountered was the construction of the liquid-helium tight infrared windows. Despite numerous efforts in testing and redesigning the windows, the problem of window leakage at low temperature persisted. Due to limited time and resources, attention was switched to investigating the possibility of using room-temperature liquid as the detection medium. A possible mechanism was the detection of de-excitation radiation emitted from localized electrons in common liquids where electrons exhibit low mobilities, as suggested in the previous report. The purity of the liquid is critical in this method as the dissolved impurities (such as oxygen), even in trace amounts, will act as scavengers of electrons. Another mechanism is discussed whereby the formation of the superoxide ions by electron scavenging behavior of dissolved oxygen is exploited to detect the track of ionizing particles. An experiment to measure the ionization current produced in a liquid by a pulsed X-ray beam in order to study propertiies of the ions is also reported.

Bowen, Theodore↗

NASA NTRS1989

Modeling surface temperature distributions in forest landscapes

A model of the frequency distributions of the spatial variability in surface temperature is presented. Surface temperature data are obtained from two daytime and two nighttime flights of the Thermal IR Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) over forest land in western Oregon in August, 1985. The temperature values are corrected for atmospheric attenuation and thermal radiation emission with the LOWTRAN-6 algorithm. The temperature distributions were modeled with a two-parameter beta probability density distribution and the fit of the model was evaluated by comparison with the TIMS data set. Use of the model's parameters to identify and classify surface types shows good discrimination among various surfaces for the daytime images, with less distinct discrimination for the nighttime images.

Holbo, H. R.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Multipurpose hardened spacecraft insulation

A Multipurpose Hardened Spacecraft Multilayer Insulation (MLI) system was developed and implemented to meet diverse survivability and performance requirements. Within the definition and confines of a MLI assembly (blanket), the design: (1) provides environmental protection from natural and induced nuclear, thermal, and electromagnetic radiation; (2) provides adequate electrostatic discharge protection for a geosynchronous satellite; (3) provides adequate shielding to meet radiated emission needs; and (4) will survive ascent differential pressure loads between enclosed volume and space. The MLI design is described which meets these requirements and design evolution and verification is discussed. The application is for MLI blankets which closeout the area between the laser crosslink subsystem (LCS) equipment and the DSP spacecraft cabin. Ancillary needs were implemented to ease installation at launch facility and to survive ascent acoustic and vibration loads. Directional venting accommodations were also incorporated to avoid contamination of LCS telescope, spacecraft sensors, and second surface mirrors (SSMs).

Steimer, Carlos H.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Direct VLBI detection of the magnetosphere surrounding the young star S1 in Rho Ophiuchi

VLBI 6-mm data are presently used to investigate the circularly polarized radio core previously identified around the young B3 star S1 in Rho Ophiuchi. The measured angular diameter and brightness temperature are found to be consistent with gyrosynchrotrom radiation emission from mildly relativistic electrons. A simple model based on a pole-on dipolar magnetic field of about 2 kG at the stellar surface suggests itself as consistent with the main observed features of the S1 magnetosphere; an important feature of the model is its taking the influence of the X-ray-emitting plasma into account. S1 may represent a new type of young stellar object, characterized by very extended magnetic fields.

Andre, Philippe↗

NASA NTRS1992

Measured rotational and vibrational temperature differences in arc jet shock layers

Shock-layer-radiation emission spectra from the first negative system of the nitrogen molecular ion N2(+) are analyzed over the wavelength region between 370 and 430 nm. The shock layer is produced by a blunt body placed in the expanded flow from an arc heater employing either pure nitrogen or a nitrogen-oxygen air mixture. A rotational temperature is obtained from analysis of (0,1) band emission from N2(+). Vibrational temperatures are extracted from population distributions obtained through spectral fitting of the N2(+) (B-X) band sequences. Rotational temperatures up to 9500 K near the front of the shocks are determined for different energy and flow conditions. The rotational temperatures are found to be lower than those obtained for vibration confirming previous measurements and contrary to expectation based on theory.

Blackwell, Harvel E.↗