Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “RADIO INTERFEROMETER”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 199 records · Page 11

Fiber Optic Sensing System Measures Small Displacements

Fiber optic sensing system measures small changes in intensity of light propagating through its interferometric sensing head. Quantity determined using this approach is displacement or any other phenomenon that affects intensity of light. Sensing scheme involves imbalanced fiber optic interferometer as sensing head and amplitude modulation and detection at two radio frequencies. One important advantage over prior fiber sensors involving pulse-amplitude modulation is length of imbalance shorter.

Adamovsky, Grigory↗

Recent astronomical results from the infrared spatial interferometer and their implications for LOUISA

A new heterodyne interferometer for the atmospheric window from 9 to 12 microns was developed during the past five years. This instrument, called the Infrared Spatial Interferometer (ISI), was designed to use earth rotation aperture synthesis techniques developed in radio interferometry. It was moved to Mt. Wilson, California, in January 1988 and first fringes were obtained in June of that year. Systematic observations of some of the brighter late-type stars began shortly after the first fringes were obtained. We describe the basic principles and design of the ISI and give an overview of some of the initial results obtained from these observations. The implications of our work to the proposed Lunar Optical/UV/IR Synthesis Array (LOUISA) are discussed. We also analyze the conditions for the maximum signal-to-noise ratio of such an interferometer as a function of wavelength. The optimum wavelength is found to depend on the assumed scaling relation between telescope area and wavelength.

Danchi, William C.↗

Polar heating and the shape of Venus

Observations of an increase of the brightness temperature of Venus towards the poles are reported. Measurements of the deviations from circular symmetry of radio emission at 6 cm were made with a two-element interferometer near a time of inferior conjunction with Venus. The projected baseline lengths of the planet at the first null of the visibility function imply that the planet is either larger (by about 7 km) or brighter (by about 5 K) at the poles than at the equator. Possible causes of polar heating include a strong downwelling of the Venusian atmosphere at the poles and a slight topographical flattening relative to the gravitational equipotentials. Calculations of brightness temperature variations for a planet with a topographical oblateness of about 0.6 km are shown to agree with the observations, however the possibility of this oblateness being due to a fossil rotational bulge is argued against.

Pechmann, J. B.↗

The Bright Gamma-Ray Transient GRO J1838-0145: Multiwavelength Studies of X-Ray Novae

We completed the observational work regarding the bright gamma-ray transient GRO J1838-014 that might be a representative of a new class of gamma-ray sources in our Galaxy. A bright gamma-ray flare was detected by EGRET in June 1996. Its time variability (approx. weeks) and the absence of a clearly identified radio-loud (-approx. 1 Jy) blazar in its error box are crucial for our interpretation of GRO J1838-014 as an object different from gamma-ray blazars or isolated pulsars. We also observed the error box with ASCA and SAX pointings without identifying obvious candidate counterparts. The X-ray flux in quiescence, if any, is quite low, and canonical X-ray binary systems are also excluded. GRO J1838-014 is not the only non-blazar gamma-ray transients detected by EGRET in the Galactic plane. An analysis of CGRO Cycle 4 data is being completed in collaboration with R. Mukherjee and J. Mattox with the discussion of other interesting unidentified sources. Pulsars embedded in transient gaseous surroundings (maybe in binary systems) or compact objects in special systems are plausible candidates. A theoretical analysis is being developed. We also continued the study of Galactic X-ray novae, in particular of systems producing radio jets such as GRS 1915+10. The use of Green Bank Interferometer data (of which the MT is the chair of the executive committee) has been of great use to GRO and other satellite missions. We completed a study of X-ray/radio outbursts of GRS 1915+10 with BSAX and Ryle radiotelescope data and CGRO/BATSE simultaneous data. We also continued our theoretical work on gamma-ray bursts.

Tavani, Marco↗

Meter-wavelength observations of pulsars using very long baseline interferometry

The results of an investigation of the angular structure imposed on pulsar radiation due to scattering in the interstellar medium are presented. The technique of very-long-baseline interferometry was used to obtain the necessary high angular resolution. The interferometers formed by the Arecibo, NRAO, and Sugar Grove telescopes were used at radio frequencies of 196, 111, and 74 MHz during seven separate observing sessions between November 1971 and February 1973. A crude visibility function for the Crab nebular pulsar was obtained along with the correlated pulse profile. The technique of differential fringe phase was used to show that the pulsar and the compact source in the Crab nebula are coincident to within 0.001 arcsec which corresponds to aproximately 2 a.u. at the distance to the nebula. The ratio of pulsing to total flux, and the fringe visibility of the time-averaged pulsing flux are also discussed, and apparent angular sizes of the pulsars were measured.

Vandenberg, N. R.↗

Documentation for the machine-readable version of the Fourth Cambridge Radio Survey Catalogue (4C) (Pilkington, Gower, Scott and Wills 1965, 1967)

The machine readable catalogue contains survey data from the papers of Pilkington and Scott and Gower, Scott and Wills. These data result from a survey of radio sources between declinations -07 deg and +80 deg using the large Cambridge interferometer at 178 MHz. The computerized catalog contains for each source the 4C number, 1950 position, measured flux density, and accuracy class. For some sources miscellaneous brief comments such as cross identifications to the 3C catalog or remarks on contamination from nearby sources are given at the ends of the data records. A detailed description of the machine readable catalog as it is currently being distributed by the Astronomical Data Center is given to enable users to read and process the data.

Warren, W. H., Jr.↗

Measurements of antenna polar diagrams and efficiencies using a phase-switched interferometer

It is desirable to know antenna polar patterns and efficiencies accurately. In the past, calibration measurements have been made using balloons and aircraft and more recently satellites. These techniques are usually very expensive. It is shown that under certain circumstances it is possible to use a simpler and inexpensive technique by connecting together the antenna under test with another antenna to form a phase switched interferometer as first described by Ryle (1952). The technique does require a suitable radio source which gives measurable powers when using small antennas and since dipoles have broad patterns, radio sources with similar right ascensions but different declinations to the primary source can be a problem. These problems can partly be overcome by filtering the interference pattern.

Vincent, R. A.↗

High energy flare physics group summary

The contributions of the High Energy Flare Physics Special Session in the American Astronomical Society Solar Physics Division Meeting are reviewed. Oral and poster papers were presented on observatories and instruments available for the upcoming solar maximum. Among these are the space-based Gamma Ray Observatory, the Solar Flare and Cosmic Burst Gamma Ray Experiment on the Ulysses spacecraft, the Soft X Ray Telescope on the spacecraft Solar-A, and the balloon-based Gamma Ray Imaging Device. Ground based observatories with new capabilities include the BIMA mm-wave interferometer (Univ. of California, Berkeley; Univ. of Illinois; Univ. of Maryland), Owens Valley Radio Observatory and the Very Large Array. The highlights of the various instrument performances are reported and potential data correlations and collaborations are suggested.

Ryan, J. M.↗

Radio astronomy with microspacecraft

A dynamic constellation of microspacecraft in lunar orbit can carry out valuable radio astronomy investigations in the frequency range of 30kHz--30MHz, a range that is difficult to explore from Earth. In contrast to the radio astronomy ivestigations that have flown on individual spacecraft, the four microspacecraft together with a carrier spacecraft, which transported them to lunar orbit, form an interferometer with far superior angular resolution. Use of microspacecraft allows the entire constellation to be launched with a Taurus-class vehicle. Also distinguishing this approach is that the Moon is used as needed to shield the constellation from RF interference from the Earth and Sun.

radio astronomy microspacecraft lunar orbit moon i↗

The Far-Infrared Emission of Radio Loud and Radio Quiet Quasars

Continuum observations at radio, millimeter, infrared and soft X-ray energies are presented for a sample of 22 quasars, consisting of flat and steep spectrum radio loud, radio intermediate and radio quiet objects. The primary observational distinctions, among the different kinds of quasars in the radio and IR energy domains are studied using large observational datasets provided by ISOPHOT on board the Infrared Space Observatory, by the IRAM interferometer, by the sub-millimetre array SCUBA on JCMT, and by the European Southern Observatory (ESO) facilities IRAC1 on the 2.2 m telescope and SEST. The spectral energy distributions of all quasars from radio to IR energies are analyzed and modeled with non-thermal and thermal spectral components. The dominant mechanism emitting in the far/mid-IR is thermal dust emission in all quasars, with the exception of flat spectrum radio loud quasars for which the presence of thermal IR emission remains rather uncertain, since it is difficult to separate it from the bright non-thermal component. The dust is predominantly heated by the optical/ultraviolet radiation emitted from the external components of the AGN. A starburst contributes to the IR emission at different levels, but always less than the AGN (<= 27%). The distribution of temperatures, sizes, masses, and luminosities of the emitting dust are independent of the quasar type.

Polletta, M.↗

The minitrack tracking function description, volume 1

The treatment of tracking data by the Minitrack system is described from the transmission of the nominal 136-MHz radio beacon energy from a satellite and the reception of this signal by the interferometer network through the ultimate derivation of the direction cosines (the angular coordinates of the vector from the tracking station to the spacecraft) as a function of time. Descriptions of some of the lesser-known functions operating on the system, such as the computer preprocessing program, are included. A large part of the report is devoted to the preprocessor, which provides for the data compression, smoothing, calibration correction, and ambiguity resolution of the raw interferometer phase tracking measurements teletyped from each of the worldwide Minitrack tracking stations to the central computer facility at Goddard Space Flight Center. An extensive bibliography of Minitrack hardware and theory is presented.

Englar, T. S., Jr.↗

Precision timing and Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI)

The use of very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) for investigating small angular features in galactic and extragalactic radio sources is discussed. Mathematical models are developed to describe the operation of an interferometer and to show the variations in the resultant fringe frequency. The types of sources to which the interferometer will respond are identified.

Clark, T. A.↗

A very-long-baseline interferometer system for geodetic applications

A very-long-baseline interferometer system was designed and built for geodetic applications. Each interferometer terminal records a 360-kHz spectral band of noise from a compact extragalactic radio source. The center frequency of the spectral band can be selected to sample sequentially bands covering a much wider frequency range to obtain subnanosecond accuracy in group-delay measurements. A tunnel-diode pulse generator is used to calibrate the delays in the receiver. The necessary sets of algorithms and computer programs have been developed to analyze the data and have allowed the system to be employed to make accurate determinations of vector baselines, radio-source positions, polar motion, and universal time.

Whitney, A. R.↗

A demonstration of real-time connected element interferometry for spacecraft navigation

Connected element interferometry is a technique of observing a celestial radio source at two spatially separated antennas, and then interfering the received signals to extract the relative phase of the signal at the two antennas. The high precision of the resulting phase delay data type can provide an accurate determination of the angular position of the radio source relative to the baseline vector between the two stations. A connected element interferometer on a 21-km baseline between two antennas at the Deep Space Network's Goldstone, CA tracking complex is developed. Fiber optic links are used to transmit the data at 112 Mbit/sec to a common site for processing. A real-time correlator to process these data in real-time is implemented. The architecture of the system is described, and observational data is presented to characterize the potential performance of such a system. The real-time processing capability offers potential advantages in terms of increased reliability and improved delivery of navigational data for time-critical operations. Angular accuracies of 50-100 nrad are achievable on this baseline.

Edwards, C.↗

Cross-polarized interferometry of a Jovian decametric radio storm

Observations of an 18-MHz Io-A storm have been conducted using a 46 km cross-polarized interferometer at the University of Florida. The pre- and postdetection correlation properties of LH and RH elliptically polarized L bursts have been studied. Fringe visibility measurements suggest that two discrete and independent sources are sometimes simultaneously active, the polarization sense of one being LH and that of the other RH. A scintillation analysis supports the conclusion that two or more sources were active in such cases.

Phillips, J. A.↗

Application of VLBI and satellite laser ranging to geodynamics

The NASA Crustal Dynamics Project has developed very-long baseline interferometer (VLBI) systems and satellite laser ranging (SLR) systems for geodynamics measurements. In VLBI, a radio noise signal from a distant quasar is received by two or more radio antennas and coherently recorded. These recordings are cross-correlated to determine the relative signal delays between stations which are used to derive the vector baselines between the stations. The SLR systems accurately determine the range to a retroreflector satellite as a function of time with short laser pulses. These range measurements from several stations to the same satellite are used in orbit analysis programs to determine the position of the stations and the vector baselines between the stations. Measurements with these systems have achieved precisions of a few centimeters in length for distances of several thousand km. These systems are now operating in a global network for measuring the relative motion of the N. American, Pacific, S. American, Nazca, Eurasian and Australian tectonic plates. Highly mobile VLBI and SLR systems are being operated at many sites in the active earthquake areas in western N. America in order to determine the crustal deformation and strain accumulation.

Coates, R. J.↗

Solar VLBI

In April, 1981, radio telescopes at Dwingeloo (The Netherlands) and Onsala (Sweden) were used as a long-baseline interferometer at a wavelength of 18 cm. The baseline of 619 km gave a spatial resolution on the Sun of about 45 km. The major problems of Solar Very Long Baseline Interferometry are discussed.

Tapping, K. F.↗

Subnanoradian, Groundbased Tracking of Spaceborne Lasers

Over the next few decades groundbased tracking of lasers on planetary spacecraft will supplement or replace tracking of radio transponders. This paper describes research on two candidate technologies for groundbased, angular, laser tracking: the infrared interferometer and the optical filled-aperture telescope. The motivation for infrared and optical tracking will be followed by a description of the current (10-50 nanoradian) and future (subnanororadian) stellar tracking demonstrations with the University of California-Berkeley Infrared Spatial Interferometer (ISI) and the University of California-San Diego Optical Ronchi Telescope.

Treuhaft, R. N.↗