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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 199 records · Page 11
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Most general neutron decay correlations: Standard model recoil and radiative corrections

To continue from our previous work, we derive the full Standard Model prediction of the most general free neutron differential decay rate with all massive particles (neutron, proton, and electron) polarized, including the $\mathcal{O}$⁢(1/$\mathcal{m}$ N ) recoil corrections and $\mathcal{O}$⁢(α/π) radiative corrections. For the latter we adopt the newly developed pseudoneutrino formalism which is compatible to realistic experimental setups, in which neutrinos and photons are not detected. We also provide readily executable Mathematica notebooks to evaluate these corrections.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Kaon mixing beyond the standard model with physical masses

We present nonperturbative results for beyond the standard model kaon mixing matrix elements in the isospin symmetric limit ( m u = m d ) of QCD, including a complete estimate of all dominant sources of systematic error. Our results are obtained from numerical simulations of lattice QCD with N f = 2 + 1 flavors of dynamical domain wall fermions. For the first time, these quantities are simulated directly at the physical pion mass m π ∼ 139 MeV for two different lattice spacings. We include data at three lattice spacings in the range a = 0.11 – 0.07 fm and with pion masses ranging from the physical value up to 450 MeV. Compared to our earlier work, we have added both direct calculations at physical quark masses and a third lattice spacing making the removal of discretization effects significantly more precise and eliminating the need for any significant mass extrapolation beyond the range of simulated data. We renormalize the lattice operators nonperturbatively using RI-SMOM off-shell schemes. These schemes eliminate the need to model and subtract nonperturbative pion poles that arises in the RI-MOM scheme and, since the calculations are performed with domain wall fermions, the unphysical mixing between chirality sectors is suppressed. Our results for the bag parameters in the MS ¯ scheme at 3 GeV are B K ≡ B 1 = 0.5240 ( 17 ) ( 54 ) , B 2 = 0.4794 ( 25 ) ( 35 ) , B 3 = 0.746 ( 13 ) ( 17 ) , B 4 = 0.897 ( 02 ) ( 10 ) and B 5 = 0.6882 ( 78 ) ( 94 ) , where the first error is from lattice uncertainties and the second is the uncertainty due to the perturbative matching to MS ¯ . Published by the American Physical Society 2024

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Graph reinforcement learning for exploring model spaces beyond the standard model

We present a methodology for performing scans of beyond the standard model (BSM) parameter spaces with reinforcement learning. We identify a novel procedure using graph neural networks that is capable of exploring spaces of models without the user specifying a fixed particle content, allowing broad classes of BSM models to be explored—in theory, the technique is applicable to nearly any model space with a prespecified gauge group. We provide a generic procedure by which a suitable graph grammar can be developed for any BSM model that features user-specified symmetry groups and a finite number of different possible particle species, the use of which is applicable to a variety of machine learning tasks over the actions of BSM theories beyond our particular reinforcement learning use case. As a proof of concept, we construct the graph grammar for theories with vectorlike leptons that may or may not be charged under a dark U ( 1 ) group, inspired by portal matter extensions of the sub-GeV vector portal/kinetic mixing simplified dark matter models. We then use this graph grammar to create a reinforcement learning environment tasked with creating models with these vectorlike leptons that are consistent with a list of a variety of precision observables. The reinforcement learning agent succeeds in developing models that can address the observed muon anomalous magnetic moment discrepancy while remaining consistent with flavor violation and electroweak precision observables, including both constructions that have previously been studied as well as new models that have not, to our knowledge, previously been identified. By inspecting the resulting ensembles of models that the agent produces and experimenting with different configurations for our reinforcement learning environment and graph grammar, we also infer various lessons about the development of these environments that can be transferable to reinforcement learning scans of more complicated model spaces and comment on future directions for the development of this technique into a more mature tool. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Wojcik, George N.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Impact of Next-to-Leading-Order Weak Standard-Model-Effective-Field-Theory Corrections in e + e − → Z H

We present results from a complete next-to-leading order (NLO) calculation of e + e − → Z H in the standard model effective field theory (SMEFT) framework, including all contributions from dimension-six operators. At NLO, there are novel dependencies on CP violating parameters in the gauge sector, on modifications to the Higgs boson self-couplings, on alterations to the top quark Yukawa couplings, and on four-fermion operators involving the electron and the top quark, among others. We show that including only the logarithms resulting from renormalization group scaling can produce misleading results, and further, we explicitly demonstrate the constraining power of combining measurements from different energy scales. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Observation of Nonaxisymmetric Standard Magnetorotational Instability Induced by a Free-Shear Layer

The standard magnetorotational instability (SMRI) with a magnetic field component parallel to the rotation axis is widely believed to be responsible for the fast accretion in astronomical disks. In conventional base flows with a Keplerian profile or an ideal Couette profile, most studies focus on axisymmetric SMRI, since excitation of nonaxisymmetric SMRI in such flows requires a magnetic Reynolds number (Rm) more than an order of magnitude larger. Here, we report that, in a magnetized Taylor-Couette flow, nonaxisymmetric SMRI with an azimuthal mode number m = 1 can be triggered by a free-shear layer in the base flow at Rm ≳1, the same threshold as for axisymmetric SMRI. Global linear analysis reveals that the free-shear layer reduces the required Rm, possibly by introducing an extremum in the vorticity of the base flow. Nonlinear simulations validate the results from linear analysis and confirm that a novel instability recently discovered experimentally [Wang et al., Nat. Commun. 13, 4679 (2022)] is the nonaxisymmetric m =1 SMRI. Further, our finding has astronomical implications as free-shear layers are ubiquitous in celestial systems, such as the disk-star boundary layer, the solar tachocline, and the edge of planet-opened gaps in protoplanetary disks.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Energy-enhanced expansion of the standard model effective field theory

We formalize energy-scaling arguments in the standard model effective field theory (SMEFT) to estimate the effects of operators up to dimension ten. Our approach relies on weakly coupled UV completions with no presumed large hierarchies between the Wilson coefficients. We introduce a classification based on the number of external legs and an energy-counting parameter. We establish a dual expansion in 𝑣/Λ and 𝐸/Λ. Extending to four-, five-, and six-particle vertices, our framework highlights energy-enhanced operators that dominate high-energy processes at the High Luminosity-Large Hadron Collider. This organization streamlines experimental analyses to only include operators with energetic impact in their analyses and enhances the discoverability of new physics within the SMEFT framework.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Advances for QCD and the standard model: color-confining light-front holography and the principle of maximum conformality

Here, I review how the application of superconformal quantum mechanics and light-front holography leads to new insights into the physics of color confinement, the spectroscopy and dynamics of hadrons, as well as surprising supersymmetric relations between the masses of mesons, baryons, and tetraquarks. Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking is automatically fulfilled by supersymmetric Light-Front QCD. The light-front holographic approach (HLFQCD) also predicts the behavior of the QCD running coupling and other observables from the nonperturbative color-confining domain to the perturbative domain. One can determine the QCD running coupling to high precision from the data of just a single experiment over the entire perturbative regime by using the Principle of Maximum Conformality (PMC). The PMC, which generalizes the conventional Gell-Mann-Low method for scale-setting in perturbative QED to non-Abelian QCD, provides a rigorous method for achieving unambiguous scheme-independent, fixed-order Standard Model predictions, consistent with the principles of the renormalization group. I also briefly review a novel feature of hadronic physics predicted by QCD: intrinsic heavy quarks.

Brodsky, Stanley J. [SLAC National Accelerator Lab↗
DOE OSTI2025

Utilization of traceable standards to validate plutonium isotopic purification and separation of plutonium progeny using AG MP-1M resin for nuclear forensic investigations

Radio-chronometric studies on plutonium (Pu) materials require independent measurement of the Pu (parent) content and isotopic distribution as well as concentration and isotopic distribution of the plutonium isotopic decay products. We performed a series of experiments to demonstrate the consistency of separations using the Lewatit MP 800 macroporous anion exchange resin and the AG MP-1M resin with traceable Pu isotopic certified reference material (CRM) standards 136, 137, 138, and 126-A. Two different mesh-sizes of the AG MP-1M resin were tested and the 50–100 mesh size resin was found to work more efficiently for the separation task. Both Lewatit and AG MP-1M resins were found to perform satisfactorily for quantitatively extracting the americium (Am) and uranium (U) progeny as well as gallium (Ga) present as a tracer in the Pu material. Both resins were effective in removing isobaric interferences from the Pu fraction used in isotopic measurements by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). To address the co-elution of uranium and gallium, Alizarin red S (ARS) was used as a colorimetric dye to determine the behavior of UO 2 2+ and Ga 3+ on AG MP-1M resin with various acidic solutions as eluents using UV–vis spectra. Poor resolution of these peaks complicated quantitative analysis by UV–vis spectroscopy, but these results were informative in planning automated separation experiments by HPLC. LA-UR-24-28919.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗
DOE OSTI2026

RC-SFA Data Management Templates and Guidance for Standardized, Reusable AI-Ready Data Packages

This data package provides templates and supporting documentation developed by the River Corridor Science Focus Area (RC-SFA; https://www.pnnl.gov/projects/river-corridor) to communicate its approach to managing and publishing AI-ready data. The package is intended to help data users and data producers understand the structures, metadata practices, and quality-control approaches that support consistent, reusable, and machine-actionable data products across RC-SFA studies. Rather than focusing on a single experimental dataset, this package documents the data management framework used to make RC-SFA data easier to find, ingest, navigate, and interpret. The materials in this package reflect RC-SFA practices for standardized data package organization, including the use of a human- and machine-readable README, file-level metadata, data dictionaries, descriptive file naming, method identifiers, and automated and review-based quality assurance procedures. Together, these components illustrate how RC-SFA extends FAIR data principles toward AI-readiness by prioritizing deep metadata, consistency across data packages, and support for informed downstream reuse by both humans and computational tools. This dataset is comprised of (1) readme; (2) presentation slides with an overview of RC-SFA approach and guidance; (3) document of RC-SFA best practices; (4) data dictionary (dd); (5) file level metadata (flmd); and a subfolder containing templates for dd and flmd. All files are .csv and .pdf. For details on how to navigate data packages generated by this project, see https://data.ess-dive.lbl.gov/portals/PNNLRiverCorridorSFA/About.

AI-readiness↗
DOE OSTI2025

Standardization of ancillary installation tooling for SRF cavities at Fermilab

For assemblies of cavities in cleanrooms, single-use tooling systems are made for the alignment and installation of ancillary components such as couplers and bellows. To minimize the number of tooling sets created, a design has been created to standardize alignment features to allow for assembly of different components with one set of tooling. A prototype set of tooling has been developed to with the required degrees of freedom for multiple assemblies while minimizing deformation during the assembly process. Prototype designs have been created for PIP-II SSR2 and 650 Cavities and for AUP Crab Cavities. Using 3D printing, this tooling can be quickly adjusted to allow for different ancillary components. The development process and status of the design will be discussed.

Narug, C. [Fermilab]↗
DOE OSTI2025

Maturing Rational Design Methodologies and Industry Consensus Engineering Standards: Critical Fastened Joints - Solar PV Industry

Critical structural joints can be seen throughout a solar array and are called upon to secure modules and keep racking assembled and able to resist large demands from winds and snow loads. In the relatively new and fast-growing solar PV industry, the important role these hardware assemblies (e.g. clips, clamps, bolts, nuts, washers) play is not well understood by product designers. Failures with critical structural joints are surprisingly common and point to the need for maturing the engineering and assembly of these joints. The wide variety of design concepts (Figure 2&2) demonstrate interesting and innovative ideas but are lacking the basics of fastener engineering seen in matured industries (e.g. transportation, buildings). Complicating the maturing process for critical structural joints is that they are one component in rack supporting structures that exhibits a systems behavior; each component will affect the other and play a key role in maintaining structural integrity. When wind loads the surface of a module, the underlying racking members deflect and twist which in turn imparts forces back into the joints and into the mounted modules. Often, these supporting rack structures exhibit high deflections and low natural frequencies which amplify the demands placed into the joints even in moderate winds. Current engineering practices and associated structural conventions view solar racking support structures as they would a high mass building that exhibit more static behaviors in wind events. Solar structures are unique from high mass buildings and require the development of solar specific industry engineering consensus standards.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Standardization of Ancillary Installation Tooling for SRF Cavities at Fermilab

For assemblies of cavities in cleanrooms, single-use tooling systems are made for the alignment and installation of ancillary components such as couplers and bellows. To try and minimize the amount of tooling sets used, a design has been created to standardize alignment features to allow for assembly of different components with one set of tooling. A prototype set of tooling has been developed to with the required degrees of freedom for multiple assemblies while minimizing deformation during the assembly process. Prototype designs have been created for PIP-II SSR2 and 650 Cavities and for AUP Crab Cavities. Using 3D printing, this tooling can be quickly adjusted to allow for different ancillary components. The development process and status of the design will be discussed.

Narug, Colin↗
DOE OSTI2024

NREL Comparison of Absolute Cavity Pyrgeometers, InfraRed Integrating Sphere, and Pyrgeometers Traceable to World Infrared Standard Group: September 23-October 4, 2024

The comparison of the absolute cavity pyrgeometers (ACPs) with the CG4 FT005 pyrgeometer traceable to the InfraRed Integrating Sphere (IRIS) referred to by FT005(IRIS), Eppley Precision Infrared Radiometer (PIR) pyrgeometers, and Kipp & Zonen (KZ) pyrgeometers traceable to the World Infrared Standard Group (WISG) was held during NREL ACP and IRIS Comparisons (NAIC) from September 23 to October 4, 2024. Data from all instruments was collected during nighttime clear sky conditions only. The irradiance measured by the ACPs is collected in 30 seconds intervals during the measurement period of two hours, and 10 seconds intervals during the calibration period of 6 minutes. Two methods described in and were used for the comparison based on original Reda et. al and proposed Forgan et. al.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Lattice field theory beyond the standard model

We conducted theoretical studies in high energy physics beyond the standard model, using lattice gauge theory techniques, with a particular emphasis on supersymmetric fields theories. There are many reasons for formulating and studying such theories using this first principles approach, with the goal in mind of repeating the successes of lattice quantum chromodynamics—which are quite substantial.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Towards a standard approach to the analysis of carbon products generated from Natural Gas pyrolysis

Conference presentation for the work entitled “A standard approach to the analysis of carbon products generated from Natural Gas pyrolysis”. Pyrolysis of natural gas (NGP) has been proposed as a near term solution for the production of direct CO2 free (turquoise) hydrogen, to help fuel a more sustainable energy future. NGP can serve as a bridging technology while other (green) hydrogen production technologies mature. In order for NGP to be successful, the management of the generated carbon products needs to be carefully considered. Necessary markets need to be considered to incorporate the (turquoise) carbon products that are generated. A large hurdle in addressing the channeling of carbon products into desired markets is determining exactly what is manufactured from the NGP process. In this work an analysis method is presented that combines a suite of techniques for the assessment of the carbon product from Natural Gas Pyrolysis for appropriate identification and quality control.

Riley, Jarrett↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Novel Standard Gibbs Energy of Formation Model for High-Enthalpy Water Systems

This work provides an advanced standard molar Gibbs energy of formation model, informed by molecular statistical thermodynamics (MST), and validated by mineral solubility and ion association reactions. This new model aligns with experimental data within uncertainties and highlights the role of specific MST interactions around the critical point. This work will provide a reliable tool for the optimization of industrial processes operating at the edges of the supercritical domain.

Hall, Derek↗
DOE OSTI2025

Reimagining Energy Efficiency Resource Standards

Energy Efficiency Resource Standards (EERS) are a long-standing policy used to advance state goals and priorities, such as reliability, affordability and decarbonization. They ensure cost-effective energy efficiency is used to lower energy consumption, reduce peak demand, and enable grid flexibility. Adapting EERS through strategic design, and integrating EERS into broader energy plans and policies, can help states optimize their approach to meet modern and evolving power system needs and achieve sustainable energy outcomes. This report examines how states consider energy efficiency in the context of four policy priorities: providing grid benefits, addressing load growth, reducing emissions, and promoting affordability. It provides examples of states that are pursuing these priorities, reviews the role of energy efficiency in them and identifies opportunities to further promote energy efficiency alongside the priorities. Decisionmakers and stakeholders can draw directly from these examples and findings to design an EERS that maximizes co-benefits, captures synergies, and promotes consideration of the all the possible solutions to advance their goals.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗