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At least 199 records · Page 11
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Double-Atom Catalysts Featuring Inverse Sandwich Structure for CO 2 Reduction Reaction: A Synergetic First-Principles and Machine Learning Investigation

Electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction reactions (CO 2 RR) based on scalable and highly efficient catalysis provide an attractive strategy for reducing CO 2 emissions. Here in this work, we combined first-principles density functional theory (DFT) and machine learning (ML) to comprehensively explore the potential of double-atom catalysts (DACs) featuring an inverse sandwich structure anchored on defective graphene (gra) to catalyze CO 2 RR to generate C 1 products. We started with five homonuclear M 2 ⊥gra (M = Co, Ni, Rh, Ir, and Pt), followed by 127 heteronuclear MM'⊥gra (M = Co, Ni, Rh, Ir, and Pt, M' = Sc–Au). Stable DACs were screened by evaluating their binding energy, formation energy, and dissolution potential of metal atoms, as well as conducting first-principles molecular dynamics simulations with and without solvent water molecules. Based on DFT calculations, Rh 2 ⊥gra DAC was found to outperform the other four homonuclear DACs and the Rh-based single- and double-atom catalysts of noninverse sandwich structures. Out of the 127 heteronuclear DACs, 14 were found to be stable and have good catalytic performance. An ML approach was adopted to correlate key factors with the activity and stability of the DACs, including the sum of radii of metal and ligand atoms (d M–M' , d M–C , and d M'–C ), the sum and difference of electronegativity of two metal atoms (P M + P M' , P M – P M '), the sum and difference of first ionization energy of two metal atoms (I M + I M' , I M – I M '), the sum and difference of electron affinity of two metal atoms (A M + A M' , A M – A M '), and the number of d-electrons of the two metal atoms (Nd). The obtained ML models were further used to predict 154 potential electrocatalysts out of 784 possible DACs featuring the same inverse sandwich configuration. Overall, this work not only identified promising CO 2 RR DACs featuring the reported inverse sandwich structure but also provided insights into key atomic characteristics associated with high CO 2 RR activity.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Directing reaction pathways via in situ control of active site geometries in PdAu single-atom alloy catalysts

Abstract The atomic scale structure of the active sites in heterogeneous catalysts is central to their reactivity and selectivity. Therefore, understanding active site stability and evolution under different reaction conditions is key to the design of efficient and robust catalysts. Herein we describe theoretical calculations which predict that carbon monoxide can be used to stabilize different active site geometries in bimetallic alloys and then demonstrate experimentally that the same PdAu bimetallic catalyst can be transitioned between a single-atom alloy and a Pd cluster phase. Each state of the catalyst exhibits distinct selectivity for the dehydrogenation of ethanol reaction with the single-atom alloy phase exhibiting high selectivity to acetaldehyde and hydrogen versus a range of products from Pd clusters. First-principles based Monte Carlo calculations explain the origin of this active site ensemble size tuning effect, and this work serves as a demonstration of what should be a general phenomenon that enables in situ control over catalyst selectivity.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Interfacial Unit-Dependent Catalytic Activity for CO Oxidation over Cerium Oxysulfate Cluster Assemblies

Atomically precise cerium oxo clusters offer a platform to investigate structure–property relationships that are much more complex in the ill-defined bulk material cerium dioxide. We investigated the activity of the MCe 70 torus family (M = Cd, Ce, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn), a family of discrete oxysulfate-based Ce 70 rings linked by monomeric cation units, for CO oxidation. CuCe 70 emerged as the best performing MCe 70 catalyst among those tested, prompting our exploration of the role of the interfacial unit on catalytic activity. Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) studies of the catalysts indicated a lower temperature reduction in CuCe 70 as compared to CeCe 70 . In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) indicated that CuCe 70 exhibited a faster formation of Ce 3+ and contained CO bridging sites absent in CeCe 70 . Isothermal CO adsorption measurements demonstrated a greater uptake of CO by CuCe 70 as compared to CeCe 70 . The calculated energies for the formation of a single oxygen defect in the structure significantly decreased with the presence of Cu at the linkage site as opposed to Ce. Furthermore, this study revealed that atomic-level changes in the interfacial unit can change the reducibility, CO binding/uptake, and oxygen vacancy defect formation energetics in the MCe 70 family to thus tune their catalytic activity.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Spectroscopic and Computational Studies of Spin-Orbit Coupling of Lanthanide Oxides

Spin-orbit (SO) coupling makes it possible for spin forbidden transitions or reactions within non-relativistic quantum theory feasible. Thus, quantification of such interactions has important implications in photophysics and chemical catalysis. This work aims to quantify SO interactions using lanthanide (Ln) oxides as target molecular systems. Through these systems, we examine the impact on the SO coupling by electron configurations and 4f orbital occupancies of Ln elements and sizes of the metal oxides. By examining these factors, we explore how SO coupling is affected by the number of Ln 4f electrons for a given size of molecules and if the Ln 4f orbitals remain atomic in nature in these small clusters. Ln oxides are produced in laser ablation molecular beams, identified with time-of-fight mass spectrometry, and characterized with laser spectroscopy and relativistic quantum chemical computations. Spectroscopic measurements include mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI), zero electron kinetic energy, and slow electron velocity-map imaging spectroscopies. Relativistic computations treat scalar relativistic corrections, electron correlations, and SO interactions. The main results are SO terms and energies of the neutral molecules and singly charged cations, ionization energies of the neutral species, metal-metal and metal-oxygen vibrational frequencies of the ions and, in some cases, neutrals as well, and charge effects on the bonding and structures.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Single atoms and small clusters of atoms may accompany Au and Pd dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles

Here we report the presence of small clusters of atoms (<1 nm) (SCs) and single atoms (SAs) in solutions containing 1–2 nm dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles (DENs). Au and Pd DENs were imaged using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (ac-STEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was used to identify and quantify the SAs/SCs. Two main findings have emerged from this work. First, the presence or absence of SAs/SCs depends on both the terminal functional group of the dendrimer (–NH 2 or –OH) and the elemental composition of the DENs (Au or Pd). Second, dialysis can be used to remove the majority of SAs/SCs in cases where a high density of SAs/SCs are present. The foregoing conclusions provide insights into the mechanisms for Au and Pd DEN synthesis and stability. Ultimately, these results demonstrate the need for careful characterization of systems containing nanoparticles to ensure that SAs/SCs, which may be below the detection limit of most analytical methods, are taken into consideration (especially for catalysis experiments).

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Alloying–realloying enabled high durability for Pt–Pd-3d-transition metal nanoparticle fuel cell catalysts

Abstract Alloying noble metals with non-noble metals enables high activity while reducing the cost of electrocatalysts in fuel cells. However, under fuel cell operating conditions, state-of-the-art oxygen reduction reaction alloy catalysts either feature high atomic percentages of noble metals (>70%) with limited durability or show poor durability when lower percentages of noble metals (<50%) are used. Here, we demonstrate a highly-durable alloy catalyst derived by alloying PtPd (<50%) with 3d-transition metals (Cu, Ni or Co) in ternary compositions. The origin of the high durability is probed by in-situ/operando high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction coupled with pair distribution function analysis of atomic phase structures and strains, revealing an important role of realloying in the compressively-strained single-phase alloy state despite the occurrence of dealloying. The implication of the finding, a striking departure from previous perceptions of phase-segregated noble metal skin or complete dealloying of non-noble metals, is the fulfilling of the promise of alloy catalysts for mass commercialization of fuel cells.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Modelling single atom catalysts for water splitting and fuel cells: A tutorial review

Here, in this tutorial review, we report the state-of-the-art of the modeling approaches of Single Atom Catalysts (SAC) for water splitting and fuel cells reactions. The discussion applies for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER), Oxygen Reduction Reaction (OER), Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction (HOR), and Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR). The main scope of this work is to underline the relevant aspects of SACs modelling. On the one hand, the review could help computational chemists aiming to start the study of SACs. On the other hand, experimentalists could find the critical analysis of DFT results of interest to understand better the strengths and weaknesses of simulations, and how to interpret computational results. After an introductory section of SACs, we start by briefly presenting the state-of-the-art methodologies. Then, we analyze the critical aspects for a reliable prediction of the electronic properties, and we discuss the robustness of the structural models and ways to validate them. Furthermore, we discuss the main approaches to predict catalytic activity and selectivity, which is the final goal of the computational catalysis. We conclude this review with a critical analysis of the current challenges in the field, and the main limitations of the modeling approaches that are described.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Applying Configurational Complexity to the 2D Ruddlesden–Popper Crystal Structure

The layered Ruddlesden–Popper crystal structure can host a broad range of functionally important behaviors. In this work, we establish extraordinary configurational disorder in a layered Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) structure using entropy stabilization assisted synthesis. A protype A 2 CuO 4 RP cuprate oxide with five cations on the A-site sublattice is designed and fabricated into epitaxial single crystal films using pulsed laser deposition. When grown on a near lattice matched substrate, the (La 0.2 Pr 0.2 Nd 0.2 Sm 0.2 Eu 0.2 ) 2 CuO 4 film features a T'-type RP structure with uniform A-site cation mixing and square-planar CuO4 units. These observations are made with a range of combined characterizations using X-ray diffraction, atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements. It is further found that heteroepitaxial strain plays an important role in crystal phase formation during synthesis. Compressive strain over ~1.5% results in the formation of a non-RP cubic phase consistent with a Cu X 2O 4 spinel structure. The ability to manipulate configurational complexity and move between 2D layered RP and 3D cubic crystal structures in cuprate and related materials promises to enable flexible design strategies for a range of functionalities, such as magnetoresistance, unconventional superconductivity, ferroelectricity, catalysis, and ion transport.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Modulating Chemical Environments of Metal–Organic Framework-Supported Molybdenum(VI) Catalysts for Insights into the Structure–Activity Relationship in Cyclohexene Epoxidation

Solid supports are crucial in heterogeneous catalysis due to their profound effects on catalytic activity and selectivity. However, elucidating the specific effects arising from such supports remains challenging. We selected a series of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with 8-connected Zr 6 nodes as supports to deposit molybdenum(VI) onto to study the effects of pore environment and topology on the resulting Mo-supported catalysts. As characterized by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), we modulated the chemical environments of the deposited Mo species. For Mo-NU-1000, the Mo species monodentately bound to the Zr 6 nodes were anchored in the microporous c-pore, but for Mo-NU-1008 they were bound in the mesopore of Mo-NU-1008. Both monodentate and bidentate modes were found in the mesopore of Mo-NU-1200. Cyclohexene epoxidation with H 2 O 2 was probed to evaluate the support effect on catalytic activity and to unveil the resulting structure–activity relationships. SCXRD and XAS studies demonstrated the atomically precise structural differences of the Mo binding motifs over the course of cyclohexene epoxidation. No apparent structural change was observed for Mo-NU-1000, whereas the monodentate mode of Mo species in Mo-NU-1008 and the monodentate and bidentate Mo species in Mo-NU-1200 evolved to a new bidentate mode bound between two adjacent oxygen atoms from the Zr 6 node. This work demonstrates the great advantage of using MOF supports for constructing heterogeneous catalysts with modulated chemical environments of an active species and elucidating structure–activity relationships in the resulting reactions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Mechanistic insights into nitrogen activation on atomic Ru clusters in self-pillared pentasil using operando atomistic models and experimental kinetics

Alternative catalysts to the industrial Haber Bosch process have been of significant interest in the field of heterogeneous catalysis, yet realizing ammonia synthesis under mild conditions (e.g., 300 °C and 10 bar) is challenging due to the low per-pass conversion. One strategy is to promote the associative ammonia synthesis mechanism which eschews direct N-N bond cleavage. Here, in this work, we use self-pillared pentasil, a self-pillared hierarchical zeolite built by thin MFI zeolite nanosheets, as a support for subnanometric Ru clusters to synthesize ammonia. We show that Ru remains well-dispersed during reaction and further demonstrate that ammonia synthesis rates are higher than Cs-Ru/MgO. Reaction kinetics show a positive order in H 2 providing evidence for the associative mechanism, which then becomes negative in H 2 if Ru is allowed to aggregate into nanoparticles. Operando Density Functional Theory models for Ru speciation in SPP, free energy diagrams, and microkinetic modeling were then applied to develop a reaction mechanism that involves sequential hydrogenation of N 2 from metallic Ru clusters. For this hydrogenation to occur, there are site requirements for N 2 to adopt a bridge-bound configuration that facilitates sequential hydrogenation on single sites and metal clusters. These site requirements in turn inform the design of improved zeolite-supported ammonia synthesis catalysts.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Second Coordination Sphere Effects in an Evolved Ru Complex Based on Highly Adaptable Ligand Results in Rapid Water Oxidation Catalysis

A new Ru complex containing the deprotonated 2,2':6',2"-terpyridine-6,6"-diphosphonic acid (H 4 tPa) and pyridine (py) of general formula [Ru II (H 3 tPa-κ-N 3 O)(py) 2 ] + , 2 + , has been prepared and thoroughly characterized by means of spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques, X-ray diffraction analysis, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Complex 2 + presents a dynamic behavior in the solution that involves the synchronous coordination and the decoordination of the dangling phosphonic groups of the tPa 4– ligand. Yet, at oxidation state IV, complex 2 + becomes seven coordinated with the two phosphonic groups now bonded to the metal center. Further, at this oxidation state at neutral and basic pH, the Ru complex undergoes the coordination of an exogenous OH – group from the solvent that leads to an intramolecular aromatic O atom insertion into the CH bond of one of the pyridyl groups, forming the corresponding phenoxo-phosphonate Ru complex [Ru III (tPaO-κ-N 2 O P O C )(py) 2 ] 2– , 4 2– , where tPaO 5– is the 3-(hydroxo-[2,2':6',2"-terpyridine]-6,6"-diyl)bis(phosphonate) ligand. This new in situ generated Ru complex, 4 2– , has been isolated and spectroscopically and electrochemically characterized. In addition, a crystal structure has been also obtained using single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Complex 4 2– turns out to be an exceptional water oxidation catalyst achieving record maximum turnover frequencies (TOF max ) on the order of 16 000 s –1 . A mechanistic analysis complemented with DFT calculations has further been carried out, showing the critical role of intramolecular second coordination sphere effects exerted by the phosphonate groups in lowering the activation energy at the rate-determining step.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Hydrogen Adsorption, Reactivity, and Catalysis on Colloidal Iron Carbide Nanoparticles

Supported iron carbide particles have long served as catalysts for CO hydrogenation (the Fischer Tropsch synthesis, FTS) and continue to be attractive. Despite this, little is known about their chemistry. Reported here is a colloidal Fe x C nanoparticle (NP) model system that allows direct observation of surface hydrogen and CO, as well as quantification of the surface H. Dodecylamine-capped Fe x C NPs (DDA-Fe x C NPs) were synthesized through solution-phase carburization of Fe NPs and form stable colloids in low-polarity organic solvents. Treatment of these colloids with H 2 or D 2 produced highly hydrogenated materials, and FTIR spectra of DDA-Fe x C-D n showed that most of the D binds to carbides, with at least four distinct v(C-D) modes. The surface C-H(D) bonds were all reactive, transferring hydrogen to alkenes and other reagents in solution. Titration and ICP measurements showed a 0.17:1 ratio of added H:total Fe, or roughly. 40 H per 1.8 nm DDA-Fe x C NP. Conversely, CO was preferentially bound to surface Fe sites, with FTIR spectra showing a single broad v(CO) that shifted with CO coverage or co-adsorption of H 2 . The DDA-Fe x C NPs were active catalysts for both olefin hydrogenation and the FTS, under mild conditions and without catalyst pre-treatment. The CO hydrogenation reactions yielded a broad distribution of long-chain linear paraffins and olefins. Though quantitative comparisons with typical FTS results are not possible because of our use of sealed batch reactors and other factors, the observations of high catalytic reactivity demonstrate the relevance of this model system to iron-carbide catalysis. DFT calculations on model slab surfaces with varying iron carbide stoichiometries revealed that the thermodynamically preferred surface adsorption sites are C for H ads and Fe for CO ads . A variety of binding sites and binding energies were found for each adsorbate. We are unaware of previous studies indicating that a diverse array of C-H bonds is the primary source of reactive H on iron carbides. Experimentally, the diversity of *C-H sites was evident in reactions with H-atom donors and abstractors of different strengths, from both the reaction stoichiometries and IR spectra. The different surface–H binding energies correlate with the v(C-D) stretching frequencies. Furthermore, these insights into complex iron carbide surfaces and catalysis could assist catalyst design, and they showcase the importance of stoichiometric studies of reaction intermediates.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2021

Enantioselective C–H Amination Catalyzed by Nickel Iminyl Complexes Supported by Anionic Bisoxazoline (BOX) Ligands

The trityl-substituted bisoxazoline ( TrH BOX) was prepared as a chiral analogue to a previously reported nickel dipyrrin system capable of ring-closing amination catalysis. Ligand metalation with divalent NiI 2 (py) 4 followed by potassium graphite reduction afforded the monovalent (TrH BOX)Ni(py) (4). Slow addition of 1.4 equiv of a benzene solution of 1-adamantylazide to 4 generated the tetrazido ( TrH BOX)Ni(κ 2 -N 4 Ad 2 ) (5) and terminal iminyl adduct ( TrH BOX)Ni(NAd) (6). Investigation of 6 via single-crystal X-ray crystallography, NMR and EPR spectroscopies, and computations revealed a Ni(II)-iminyl radical formulation, similar to its dipyrrinato congener. Complex 4 exhibits enantioselective intramolecular C–H bond amination to afford N-heterocyclic products from 4-aryl-2-methyl-2-azidopentanes. Catalytic C–H amination occurs under mild conditions (5 mol % catalyst, 60 °C) and provides pyrrolidine products in decent yield (29%–87%) with moderate ee (up to 73%). Substrates with a 3,5-dialkyl substitution on the 4-aryl position maximized the observed enantioselectivity. Kinetic studies to probe the reaction mechanism were conducted using 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopies. A small, intermolecular kinetic isotope effect (1.35 ± 0.03) suggests an H-atom abstraction step with an asymmetric transition state while the reaction rate is measured to be first order in catalyst and zeroth order in substrate concentrations. Enantiospecific deuterium labeling studies show that the enantioselectivity is dictated by both the H-atom abstraction and radical recombination steps due to the comparable rate between radical rotation and C–N bond formation. Furthermore, the competing elements of the two-step reaction where H-removal from the pro-R configuration is preferred while the preferential radical capture occurs with the Si face of the carboradical likely lead to the diminished ee observed, as corroborated by theoretical calculations. Furthermore, based on these enantio-determining steps, catalytic enantioselective synthesis of 2,5-bis-tertiary pyrrolidines is demonstrated with good yield (50–78%) and moderate ee (up to 79%).

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Probing atom dynamics of excited Co-Mo-S nanocrystals in 3D

Advances in electron microscopy have enabled visualizations of the three-dimensional (3D) atom arrangements in nano-scale objects. The observations are, however, prone to electron-beam-induced object alterations, so tracking of single atoms in space and time becomes key to unravel inherent structures and properties. Here, we introduce an analytical approach to quantitatively account for atom dynamics in 3D atomic-resolution imaging. The approach is showcased for a Co-Mo-S nanocrystal by analysis of time-resolved in-line holograms achieving ~1.5 Å resolution in 3D. The analysis reveals a decay of phase image contrast towards the nanocrystal edges and meta-stable edge motifs with crystallographic dependence. These findings are explained by beam-stimulated vibrations that exceed Debye-Waller factors and cause chemical transformations at catalytically relevant edges. This ability to simultaneously probe atom vibrations and displacements enables a recovery of the pristine Co-Mo-S structure and establishes, in turn, a foundation to understand heterogeneous chemical functionality of nanostructures, surfaces and molecules.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Guiding the design of oxidation-resistant Fe-based single atom alloy catalysts with insights from configurational space

The high activity and selectivity of Fe-based heterogeneous catalysts toward a variety of reactions that require the breaking of strong bonds are offset in large part by their considerable instability with respect to oxidative deactivation. While it has been shown that the stability of Fe catalysts is considerably enhanced by alloying them with precious metals (even at the single-atom limit), rational design criteria for choosing such secondary metals are still missing. Since oxidative deactivation occurs due to the strong binding of oxygen to Fe and reduction by adsorbed hydrogen mitigates the deactivation, we propose here to use the binding affinity of oxygen and hydrogen adatoms as the basis for rational design. As it would also be beneficial to use cheaper secondary metals, we have scanned over a large subset of 3d–5d mid-to late transition metal single atoms and computationally determined their effect on the oxygen and hydrogen adlayer binding as a function of chemical potential and adsorbate coverage. We further determine the underlying chemical origins that are responsible for these effects and connect them to experimentally tunable quantities. Our results reveal a reliable periodic trend wherein oxygen binding is weakened greatest as one moves right and down the periodic table. Hydrogen binding shows the same trend only at high (but relevant) coverages and otherwise tends to have its binding slightly increased in all systems. Trends with secondary metal coverage are also uncovered and connected to experimentally tunable parameters.

Hensley, Alyssa↗
DOE OSTI2025

Thermodynamically leveraged solventless aerobic deconstruction of polyethylene-terephthalate plastics over a single-site molybdenum-dioxo catalyst

Here, we describe the solventless catalytic deconstruction of polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) under an aerobic atmosphere, mediated by an earth-abundant, low-cost activated carbon (AC)-supported single-site molybdenum-dioxo catalyst (AC/MoO 2 ). Catalytic amounts of AC/MoO 2 selectively convert waste PET into its monomer, terephthalic acid (TPA), within 4 h at 265 °C with yields as high as 94% under 1 atm air. Pure crystalline TPA product sublimes from the reaction hot zone, crystallizing on the reactor cold zone, thus avoiding the need for separation and purification steps. This process does not employ any hazardous/toxic reducing agents or solvents, and the catalyst can be recycled multiple times without loss of activity, rendering this process highly atom-efficient. According to computational and experimental mechanistic studies, the AC/MoO 2 catalyst mediates a thermoneutral metal-catalyzed β-scission step, followed by an exothermic step that converts the vinyl benzoate intermediate to TPA and acetaldehyde using trace amounts of moisture in the air. The formation of gaseous acetaldehyde makes the isolation of TPA from the reaction mixture facile and industrially favorable, especially since solvents are unnecessary. The present methodology is also extended to the deconstruction of other frequently used polyester plastics, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), and polyethylene furanoate (PEF), and operates equally well with post-consumer waste products. Notably, this process is also compatible with plastic mixtures of polyesters with polyolefins, polyamides, and polycarbonates, leading to the selective conversion of each polyester to the corresponding monomer, leaving the residual polymer unchanged and polyester-free.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Mechanistic insight into the active centers of single/dual-atom Ni/Fe-based oxygen electrocatalysts

Single-atom catalysts with maximum metal utilization efficiency show great potential for sustainable catalytic applications and fundamental mechanistic studies. We here provide a convenient molecular tailoring strategy based on graphitic carbon nitride as support for the rational design of single-site and dual-site single-atom catalysts. Catalysts with single Fe sites exhibit impressive oxygen reduction reaction activity with a half-wave potential of 0.89 V vs. RHE. We find that the single Ni sites are favorable to promote the key structural reconstruction into bridging Ni-O-Fe bonds in dual-site NiFe SAC. Meanwhile, the newly formed Ni-O-Fe bonds create spin channels for electron transfer, resulting in a significant improvement of the oxygen evolution reaction activity with an overpotential of 270 mV at 10 mA cm –2 . We further reveal that the water oxidation reaction follows a dual-site pathway through the deprotonation of *OH at both Ni and Fe sites, leading to the formation of bridging O 2 atop the Ni-O-Fe sites.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Highly durable fuel cell electrocatalyst with low-loading Pt-Co nanoparticles dispersed over single-atom Pt-Co-N-Graphene nanofiber

The limited durability of Pt electrocatalysis toward cathodic oxygen reduction reaction remains challenging, yet crucial for the development of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell. Here, we present a rational design of a robust catalyst consisting of PtCo nanoparticles supported on Pt-Co-N-graphene nanofiber prepared through electrospun Cobalt-Metal-Organic-Framework. The catalyst delivers unprecedented mass activity of 2.48 A·mgPt -1 , and retains 80% of initial value after 60,000 Accelerated-Stress-Test cycles. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopies show that the electronic configurations of Pt sites in PtCo and Co sites in Co-N4 in the hybrid catalyst are modified toward high catalytic activities. Density Functional Theory unveils that the enhanced curvature of the substrate induced by the morphology engineering lowers the reaction thermodynamic barrier on Co-N4 sites, favoring the formation of H2O and suppressing that of H2O2. This result along with the strong affinity of PtCo nanoparticles to the Pt-Co-N-graphene fiber endows the catalyst an exceptional durability.

acidic electrolyte↗