Toward operational weather satellite systems.
Weather satellite system will provide local users with pictures directly from orbit of cloud patterns making possible global cloud cover data daily for worldwide analyses
WEATHER FORECASTING↗
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Results for “TIROS SATELLITE”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Tiros iii radiation measurements and some diabatic properties of the atmosphere.
Atmospheric diabatic heating and cooling assessed by Tiros III radiation measurements and conventional data
ATMOSPHERIC HEATING↗
Data compression and its application to video signals
Data compression or source encoding reduce transmission rates for television pictures - study based on T
SIGNAL ENCODING↗
Design study of a cloud pattern recognition system Final report, 15 Jun. 1964 - 15 Sep. 1965
Design technique for cloud pattern recognition applied to Tiros photographs
CLOUD PHOTOGRAPH↗
Results of adaptive predictor studies, part 1
Adaptative predictor studies based on Tiros cloud picture video data, and relative merits of linear and Markov prediction data compression techniques
TIROS SATELLITE↗
Results of adaptive predictor studies, II
Conditional expectation predictor applied to data compression, and computer simulation of Tiros cloud cover picture data
TIROS SATELLITE↗
A quasi-global analysis of tropospheric water vapor content from Tiros IV radiation data.
Tropospheric water vapor analysis via Tiros IV SATELLITE, determining spatial and temporal temperature, humidity and mass variations
METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE↗
Comparison of 15-mu Tiros VII data with radiosonde temperatures.
Temperatures from 15 micron carbon dioxide channel of Tiros 7 satellite radiometer compared with Northern Hemisphere radiosonde temperatures
Belmont, A. D.↗
Tiros-M - Press kit
Tiros operational satellite system including weather forecasting, cloud photography, and solar activities
Source record↗
TIROS-N spacecraft jitter calculations
The TIROS-N television infrared observatory system is discussed. The characteristics of the primary payload sensor are presented. The attitude control system jitter specification for satisfactory performance of the sensor is analyzed. The primary sensor is the advanced very high resolution radiometer. The TIROS-N satellite is an orbital platform carrying a number of earth observation sensors. The requirements for three axis attitude control for proper positioning of the sensors are reported.
Fleisher, G. M.↗
Future monitoring of charged particle energy deposition into the upper atmosphere and comments on possible relationships between atmospheric phenomena and solar and/or geomagnetic activity
The charged particle observations proposed for the new low altitude weather satellites, TIROS-N, are described that will provide the capability of routine monitoring of the instantaneous total energy deposition into the upper atmosphere by the precipitation of charged particles from higher altitudes. Estimates are given to assess the potential importance of this type of energy deposition. Discussion and examples are presented illustrating the importance in distinguishing between solar and geomagnetic activity as possible causative sources.
Williams, D. J.↗
The Screwworm Eradication Data System (SEDS)
One of the objectives of the SEDS was to build a versatile, yet economical, interactive system on the existing digital PDP 11/45 computers used in the Skylab production processing system. Previous experience on various interactive systems gave some background in the best methods of handling image data, registering and correcting the data, and extracting useful information from the images. The screwworm was eliminated in many parts of the United States by air-dropping sterile screwworms in areas where screwworms breed. The reproduction of the screwworm can be more or less predicted based on weather conditions -- cold weather slows the breeding, warm weather fosters it, and some moisture appears to enhance breeding conditions which, in turn, improves the chances of screwworm population growth. To obtain temperature and moisture conditions from remote areas, the NOAA improved TIROS operational satellite was selected to give data from the very high resolution radiometer (VHRR). The VHRR is a two-channel scanning instrument sensitive to energy in the visible spectrum from 0.6 to 0.7 micrometers and the infrared spectrum from 10.5 to 12.5 micrometers.
Quinn, M. J.↗
TIROS-N Cosmic Ray study
An experimental and analytical study was performed on the impact of galactic cosmic rays on the TIROS-N satellite memory in orbit. Comparisons were made of systems equipped with the Harris HMI-6508 1 x 1024 CMOS/bulk RAM and the RCA CDP-1821 1 x 1024 bit CMOS/SOS RAM. Based upon the experimental results, estimated bit error rates were determined. These were at least 8.0 bit errors/day for a 300 kilobit memory with the HMI-6508 and .014 bit errors/day with the CDF-1821. It was also estimated that the HMI-6508 latchup rate in orbit is at least two orders of magnitude less than the bit error rates; the CDP-1821 will not latchup.
Blandford, J. T., Jr.↗
Computations of transmittance and radiance in infrared water vapor sounding channels
The wing-scaling approximation/k-distribution method, previously developed for computing solar heating rates (Chou and Arking, 1981) was applied to the computation of the transmittance and outgoing radiance in infrared water vapor sounding channels. Functions necessary for the transmittance and radiance computations were computed from molecular line parameters using line-by-line methods. The method was applied to the three HIRS/2 water vapor sounding channels on the TIROS-N satellite, and its accuracy was tested using 11 widely separated atmospheres which ranged from hot-wet tropical atmospheres to cold-dry subarctic atmospheres. Compared to line-by-line calculations, maximum errors were shown to be less than 0.017 in transmittance and 0.4 K in brightness temperature for all cases. The rms errors are less than 0.009 in transmittance and 0.2 K in brightness temperature, the brightness temperature rms error being much smaller than the instrument noise.
Chou, M.-D.↗
The TOPEX satellite option study
The applicability of an existing spacecraft bus and subsystems to the requirements of ocean circulation measurements are assessed. The operational meteorological satellite family TIROS and DMSP are recommended. These programs utilize a common bus to satisfy their Earth observation missions. Note that although the instrument complements were different, the pointing accuracies were different, and, initially, the boosters were different, a high degree of commonality was achieved.
Source record↗
Passive microwave remote sensing for meteorology
The use of passive microwave techniques for the systematic geophysical monitoring of earth from aircraft and space is briefly reviewed. These techniques employ frequencies from approximately 1-300 GHz and have yielded information about atmospheric temperature, composition, and wind profiles. In particular, the application of passive microwave technology to temperature profile determination using the Nimbus 5 and 6 satellites, as well as the Tiros-N operational satellites and the Block 5D satellites, is presented.
Staelin, D. H.↗
Measurement of sea surface temperature from HIRS2/MSU
The High-Resolution Infrared Sounder (HIRS), a 20-channel infrared sounder, and the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU), a 4-channel microwave sounder, were first launched on the TIROS-N Satellite in November 1978 as an upgraded operational temperature sounding system. Essentially identical instruments have flown on NOAA-6 and NOAA-7 and are scheduled to fly on future operational satellites through the eighties. While HIRS2 and MSU were designed primarily for the purpose of measuring atmospheric temperature profiles, the observed radiances are also sensitive to other meteorological parameters such as sea surface temperature, ground temperature, cloud height and cloud amount, ice extent over ocean, snow cover over land, etc. A physically based processing system for analysis of HIRS2/MSU data was developed to determine the above atmospheric and surface parameters, which when substituted in the radiative transfer equation, match the satellite observations to a given noise level. All parameters are retrieved in a mutually interacting fashion.
Susskind, J.↗
Initialization of a mesoscale model for April 10, 1979, using alternative data sources
A 35 km grid limited area mesoscale model was initialized with high density SESAME radiosonde data and high density TIROS-N satellite temperature profiles for April 10, 1979. These data sources were used individually and with low level wind fields constructed from surface wind observations. The primary objective was to examine the use of satellite temperature data for initializing a mesoscale model by comparing the forecast results with similar experiments employing radiosonde data. The impact of observed low level winds on the model forecasts was also investigated with experiments varying the method of insertion. All forecasts were compared with each other and with mesoscale observations for precipitation, mass and wind structure. Several forecasts produced convective precipitation systems with characteristics satisfying criteria for a mesoscale convective complex. High density satellite temperature data and balanced winds can be used in a mesoscale model to produce forecasts which verify favorably with observations.
Kalb, M. W.↗