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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 199 records · Page 11
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1974

Friction behavior of 304 stainless steel of varying hardness lubricated with benzene and some benzyl structures

The lubricating properties of some benzyl and benzene structures were determined by using 304 stainless steel surfaces strained to various hardness. Friction coefficients and wear track widths were measured with a Bowden-Leben type friction apparatus by using a pin-on-disk specimen configuration. Results obtained indicate that benzyl monosulfide, dibenzyl disulfide, and benzyl alcohol resulted in the lowest friction coefficients for 304 stainless steel, while benzyl ether provided the least surface protection and gave the highest friction. Strainhardening of the 304 stainless steel prior to sliding resulted in reduced friction in dry sliding. With benzyl monosulfide, dibenzyl disulfide, and benzyl alcohol changes in 304 stainless steel hardness had no effect upon friction behavior.

Buckley, D. H.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Dichromated-gelatin hologram process for improved optical quality

Optical distortions are eliminated by use of wetting agency followed by sequential immersion in several alcohol-water baths of increasing alcohol concentration. Dehydration proceeds uniformly over surface of gelatin. Dried plate is free of optically-distorting thickness variations.

Stewart, W. C.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Organic matter in eolian dusts over the Atlantic Ocean

The elemental and mineralogical composition and the microfossil and detritus content of particulate fallout from the lower troposphere over the Atlantic Ocean have been extensively documented in earlier work, and it was possible to ascribe terrigenous source areas to such fallout. A brief review of the organic geochemistry of eolian dusts is also presented here. The lipids of eolian dusts sampled from the air mass over the eastern Atlantic from about 35 deg N to 30 deg S were analyzed here. These lipids consisted mainly of normal alkanes, carboxylic acids and alcohols. The n-alkanes were found to range from n-C23 to n-C35 with high CPI values and maximizing at n-C27 in the North Atlantic, at n-C29 in the equatorial Atlantic and at n-C31 in the South Atlantic. The n-fatty acids had mostly bimodal distributions, ranging from n-C12 to n-C30 (high CPI), with maxima at n-C16 and in the northern samples at n-C24 and in the southern samples at n-C26. The n-alcohols ranged from n-C12 to n-C32, with high CPI values and maxima mainly at n-C28. The compositions of these lipids indicated that their terrigenous sources were comprised mainly of higher plant vegetation and desiccated lacustrine mud flats on the African continent.

Simoneit, B. R. T.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Measurements at 13.9 GHz of the radar backscattering cross section of the North Sea covered with an artificial surface film

The reduction of the Ku-band (13.9 GHz) normalized radar cross section (NRCS) by an artificial monomolecular surface film (oleyl alcohol) on the sea surface was measured in the North Sea during the 1975 Joint North Sea Wave Project, JONSWAP 75 experiment. The aim of the surface film experiment was to simulate natural surface films which often occur on the ocean surface and are produced by plankton or fish. NRCS measurements were obtained from an aircraft at incidence angles of 41 deg and 47 deg at vertical and horizontal polarizations. For winds between 3.5 and 4.4 m/sec the maximum measured reduction was 7.3 plus or minus 3.5 dB relative to the mean. In-situ measurements showed that the oleyl alcohol film reduced the surface tension from 74 to 43 dyne/cm.

Huehnerfuss, H.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Neutralizing Amine-Cured Epoxy Surfaces

New surface treatment is a rapid, convenient, and effective method for converting unused amines and amine functional groups into neutral, noncorrosive substituted urea. Reaction proceeds at room temperature, takes only a few minutes, and leaves no corrosive residue. Surface should first be washed with alcohol to remove as much as possible of unreacted amine. Then it should be dried, since residual moisture or alcohol may consume some of treatment reagent and neutralization may then be incomplete.

Lee, S. Y.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Method of neutralizing the corrosive surface of amine-cured epoxy resins

The corrosive alkaline surface layer of an epoxy resin product formed by the curing of the epoxy with an aliphatic amine is eliminated by first applying a non-solvent to remove most or all of the free unreacted amine and then applying a layer of a chemical reagent to neutralize the unused amine or amine functional groups by forming a substituted urea. The surface then may be rinsed with acetone and then with alcohol. The non-solvent may be an alcohol. The neutralizing chemical reagent is a mono-isocyanate or a mono-isothiocyanate. Preferred is an aromatic mono-isocyanate such as phenyl isocyanate, nitrophenyl isocyanate and naplthyl isocyanate.

Lee, S. Y.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Microwave remote sensing measurements of oil pollution on the ocean

Microwave and optical remote sensors were flown over fresh and weathered crude oil released from a surface research vessel and also over a slick formed on the sea by frozen oleyl alcohol cubes released from a helicopter. For the crude oil experiments, microwave radiometric measurements at 1.43, 2.65, 22, and 31 GHz are reported, along with the variable incidence angle scattering measurements at 13.9 GHz. For these experiments, unusual depressions in the L-band brightness temperature were observed, possibly related to dispersants applied to the crude oil. Similar depressions, but with much larger values, were observed over the oleyl alcohol monomolecular slicks. Images obtained at 31 and 22 GHz were used to infer oil volume, yielding values which bound the known amounts spilled. Ku band measurements obtained in repeated passes over crude oil slicks are also discussed.

Croswell, W. F.↗
NASA NTRS1982

The effect of monomolecular surface films on the microwave brightness temperature of the sea surface

It is pointed out that monomolecular surface films of biological origin are often encountered on the ocean surface, especially in coastal regions. The thicknesses of the monomolecular films are of the order of 3 x 10 to the -9th m. Huehnerfuss et al. (1978, 1981) have shown that monomolecular surface films damp surface waves quite strongly in the centimeter to decimeter wavelength regime. Other effects caused by films are related to the reduction of the gas exchange at the air-sea interface and the decrease of the wind stress. The present investigation is concerned with experiments which reveal an unexpectedly large response of the microwave brightness temperature to a monomolecular oleyl alcohol slick at 1.43 GHz. Brightness temperature is a function of the complex dielectric constant of thy upper layer of the ocean. During six overflights over an ocean area covered with an artificial monomolecular alcohol film, a large decrease of the brightness temperature at the L-band was measured, while at the S-band almost no decrease was observed.

Alpers, W.↗
NASA NTRS1983

The function and response of an improved stratospheric condensation nucleus counter

An improved condensation nucleus counter (CNC) for use in the stratosphere is described. The University of Minnesota CNC (UMCNC) has a sequential saturator and condenser and uses n-butyl alcohol as the working fluid. The use of a coaxial saturator flow, with aerosol in the center and filtered, alcohol-laden air around it, speeds the response of this instrument and improves its stability as pressure changes. The counting efficiency has been studied as a function of particle size and pressure. The UMCNC provides an accurate measure of submicron aerosol concentration as long as the number distribution is not dominated by sub-0.02 micron diameter aerosol. The response of the UMCNC is compared with that of other stratospheric condensation nucleus counters, and the results of a (near) comparison with a balloon-borne condensation nucleus counter are presented. The UMCNC has operated 14 times on a NASA U-2 aircraft at altitudes from 8 to 21.5 km.

Wilson, J. C.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Topological reaction rate measurements related to scoffing

A ball-on-plate (both consisting of hardened M-50 steel) sliding elastohydrodynamic contact was run with trimethylolpropane triheptanoate (TMPTH) with and without tricresyl phosphate (TCP). The contact area of the plate was optically profiled with a phase-locked interference microscope (PLIM) both before and after exposure to alcoholic hydrochloric acid. As scuffing was approached, the profile within the contact region changed more rapidly after the acid treatment; after scuffing, it assumed a constant high value. A metallurgical phase found in the scuff mark was apparently responsible for the high reactivity. The microscopic profile changes (sensitivity, + or - 3 nm (+ or - A) in depth) involved primarily the small asperities (radius, 3 microns); the larger ones were unaffected. Soaking the steel in TCP smoothed the fine structure of the surface profile but increased its reactivity toward alcoholic hydrochloric acid before sliding was started. Thus it would appear that PLIM examination could be used for screening potentially scuff-resistant materials.

Lauer, J. L.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Utilization of alternative fuels in diesel engines

Performance and emission data are collected for various candidate alternate fuels and compare these data to that for a certified petroleum based number two Diesel fuel oil. Results for methanol, ethanol, four vegetable oils, two shale derived oils, and two coal derived oils are reported. Alcohol fumigation does not appear to be a practical method for utilizing low combustion quality fuels in a Diesel engine. Alcohol fumigation enhances the bioactivity of the emitted exhaust particles. While it is possible to inject many synthetic fuels using the engine stock injection system, wholly acceptable performance is only obtained from a fuel whose specifications closely approach those of a finished petroleum based Diesel oil. This is illustrated by the contrast between the poor performance of the unupgraded coal derived fuel blends and the very good performance of the fully refined shale derived fuel.

Lestz, S. A.↗
NASA NTRS1983

The modification of X and L band radar signals by monomolecular sea slicks

One methyl oleate and two oleyl alcohol surface films were produced on the surface of the North Sea under comparable oceanographic and meteorological conditions in order to investigate their influence on X and L band radar backscatter. Signals are backscattered in these bands primarily by surface waves with lengths of about 2 and 12 cm, respectively, and backscattered power levels in both bands were reduced by the slicks. The reduction was larger at X band than at L band, however, indicating that shorter waves are more intensely damped by the surface films. The oleyl alcohol film caused greater attenuation of short gravity waves than the film of methyl oleate, thus demonstrating the importance of the physicochemical properties of films on the damping of wind-generated gravity capillary waves. Finally, these experiments indicate a distinct dependence of the degree of damping on the angle between wind and waves. Wind-generated waves traveling in the wind direction are more intensely damped by surface films than are waves traveling at large angles to the wind.

Huehnerfuss, H.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Recharging Batteries Chemically

Iron/air batteries recharged chemically by solution of strong base in alcohol or by basic alcohol solution of reducing agent. Although method still experimental, it has potential for batteries in electric automobiles or as energy system in remote applications. Also used in quiet operations where noise or infrared signature of diesel engine is not desired.

Williams, R. M.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Diffusely Reflecting Paints Containing TFE

Highly reflective, diffused coatings developed by incorporating polytetrafluoroethylene (TFE) pigment with alcohol-soluble binders. Alcohol and binder mixed together in blender before adding TFE. TFE preferably outgassed in mechanical-pump vacuum for typical interval of 4 hours before adding to liquid. Like wetting agent, vacuum treatment helps to prevent clumping of TFE and eases dispersion throughout mixture. Mixture blended for 3 to 5 minutes before used. Coatings useful on reflectance-standard surfaces for calibrating radiometric instruments in both laboratory and field. Paints washable and usable as optical reference surfaces.

Shai, M. C.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Topological reaction rate measurements related to scuffing

A ball-on-plate (both consisting of hardened M-50 steel) sliding elastohydrodynamic contact was run with trimethylolpropane triheptanoate (TMPTH) with and without tricresyl phosphate (TCP). The contact area of the plate was optically profiled with a phase-locked interference microscope (PLIM) both before and after exposure to alcoholic hydrochloric acid. As scuffing was approached, the profile within the contact region changed more rapidly after the acid treatment; after scuffing, it assumed a constant high value. A metallurgical phase found in the scuff mark was apparently responsible for the high reactivity. The microscopic profile changes (sensitivity, + or - 3 nm (+ or - A) in depth) involved primarily the small asperities (radius, 3 microns); the larger ones were unaffected. Soaking the steel in TCP smoothed the fine structure of the surface profile but increased its reactivity toward alcoholic hydrochloric acid before sliding was started. Thus it would appear that PLIM examination could be used for screening potentially scuff-resistant materials.

Lauer, J. L.↗
NASA NTRS1988

On copper peroxide

The action of hydrogen superoxide on copper salts in alcoholic solutions is studied. The action of hydrogen peroxide on copper hydroxide in alcoholic suspensions, and the action of ethereal hydrogen peroxide on copper hydroxide are discussed. It is concluded that using the procedure proposed excludes almost entirely the harmful effect of hydrolysis.

Moser, L.↗
NASA NTRS1989

An Investigation of Flame Spread over Shallow Liquid Pools in Microgravity and Nonair Environments

Experiments of interest to combustion fundamentals and spacecraft fire safety investigated flame spread of alcohol fuels over shallow, 15 cm diameter pools in a 5.2 sec free-fall, microgravity facility. Results showed that, independent O2 concentration, alcohol fuel, and diluent types, microgravity flame spread rates were nearly identical to those corresponding normal-gravity flames for conditions where the normal gravity flames spread uniformly. This similarity indicated buoyancy-related convection in either phase does not affect flame spread, at least for the physical scale of the experiments. However, microgravity extinction coincided with the onset conditions for pulsating spread in normal gravity, implicating gas phase, buoyant flow as a requirement for pulsating spread. When the atmospheric nitrogen was replaced with argon, the conditions for the onset of normal-gravity pulsating flame spread and microgravity flame extinction were changed, in agreement with the expected lowering of the flash point through the thermal properties of the diluent. Helium-diluted flames, however, showed unexpected results with a shift to apparently higher flash-point temperatures and high normal gravity pulsation amplitudes.

Ross, Howard D.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Options for Martian propellant production

A quantitative evaluation methodology for utilizing in-situ resources on Mars for the production of useful substances. The emphasis is on the chemical processes. Various options considering different feedstock (mostly, carbon dioxide, water, and iron oxides) are carefully examined for the product mix and the energy needs. Oxygen, carbon monoxide, alcohols, and other chemicals are the end products. The chemical processes involve electrolysis, methanation, and variations. It is shown that maximizing the product utility is more important than the production of oxygen, methane, or alcohols. An important factor is the storage of the chemicals produced. The product utility is dependent, to some extent, upon the mission. A combination of the stability, the enthalpy of formation, and the mass fraction of the products is seen to yield a fairly good quantitative feel for the overall utility and maximum mission impact.

Dowler, Warren↗