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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 199 records · Page 11
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Argonaut - A Robotic System for Cryogenic Environments

Fermilab and the HEP community invest significant resources into liquid argon detectors. The largest and most expensive of these detectors will be located in the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). However, recent experiences have shown that there are limited avenues of monitoring, intervention, and interaction in the internal liquid environment. This proposal shows a technological path that could provide a valuable tool to ensure or at least improve the management of these HEP detectors. The development of a robotic system named Argonaut will demonstrate several technologies including 1) demonstration of suitable mobility of a small robotic device at liquid argon temperatures, 2) demonstration of wireless communication, 3) demonstration of improved diagnostics capabilities - such as tunable optics with motion control, 4) demonstration of interconnectivity of a robotic system with hardware residing within the detector. This initial research will be a seed for extended development in cold robotics and associated technologies. This work will allow FNAL to contribute a significant technology capability to recent efforts to cryogenic detector operations.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
NASA NTRS1991

Analysis of cryogenic propellant behavior in microgravity and low thrust environments

Predictions of a CFD program calculating a fluid-free surface shape and motion as a function of imposed acceleration are validated against the drop-tower test data collected to support design and performance assessments of the Saturn S-IVB stage liquid-hydrogen tank. The drop-tower facility, experimental package, and experiment procedures are outlined, and the program is described. It is noted that the validation analysis confirms the program's suitability for predicting low-g fluid slosh behavior, and that a similar analysis could examine the effect of incorporating baffles and screens to impede initiation of any unwanted side loads due to slosh. It is concluded that in actual vehicle applications, the engine thrust tailoff profile should be included in computer simulations if the precise interface versus time definition is needed.

Fisher, Mark F.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Conduction-Cooled Operation of an SRF Multi-Cell Cavity

The development of compact, SRF-based accelerators for applications beyond research is experiencing notable advancements due to the use of cryocoolers for conduction-cooling instead of traditional liquid cryogens. Following the successful demonstration of a single-cell cavity operated through conduction cooling with three two-stage cryocoolers, Jefferson Lab (JLab) has made strides in the operation of a multi-cell resonator. This milestone paves the way for high-energy applications of compact, conduction-cooled SRF machines. The demonstration, carried out in collaboration with General Atomics, will take place in a dedicated horizontal test cryostat (HTC) at their San Diego facility. This presentation will highlight the technological developments, the latest results, and valuable lessons learned.

Vennekate, J. [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerat↗
DOE OSTI2025

Conduction-Cooled Operation of an SRF Multi-Cell Cavity

The development of compact, SRF-based accelerators for applications beyond research is experiencing notable advancements due to the use of cryocoolers for conduction-cooling instead of traditional liquid cryogens. Following the successful demonstration of a single-cell cavity operated through conduction cooling with three two-stage cryocoolers, Jefferson Lab (JLab) has made strides in the operation of a multi-cell resonator. This milestone paves the way for high-energy applications of compact, conduction-cooled SRF machines. The demonstration, carried out in collaboration with General Atomics, will take place in a dedicated horizontal test cryostat (HTC) at their San Diego facility. This presentation will highlight the technological developments, the latest results, and valuable lessons learned.

Vennekate, J. [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerat↗
DOE OSTI2021

Towards High-Repetition-Rate Fast Neutron Sources Using Novel Enabling Technologies

High-flux, high-repetition-rate neutron sources are of interest in studying neutron-induced damage processes in materials relevant to fusion, ultimately guiding designs for future fusion reactors. Existing and upcoming petawatt laser systems show great potential to fulfill this need. Here, we present a platform for producing laser-driven neutron beams based on a high-repetition-rate cryogenic liquid jet target and an adaptable stacked lithium and beryllium converter. Selected ion and neutron diagnostics enable monitoring of the key parameters of both beams. A first single-shot proof-of-principle experiment successfully implemented the presented platform at the Texas Petawatt Laser facility, achieving efficient generation of a forward-directed neutron beam. This work lays the foundation for future high-repetition-rate experiments towards pulsed, high-flux, fast neutron sources for radiation-induced effect studies relevant for fusion science and applications that require neutron beams with short pulse duration.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Characterization of Candidate Insulation Resins for Training Reduction in High Energy Physics Magnets

Superconducting magnets are critical components in particle accelerators and are used to generate and sustain the large magnetic fields needed for High Energy Physics programs. One significant issue with current epoxy insulated Nb$_{3}$Sn magnets is the long training process required before stable magnet performance can be realized. It is believed that training can be significantly reduced by addressing magnet quenching through improvements in the epoxy electrical insulation. In this work, two approaches for insulation modification have been undertaken: (1) addition of thermally conductive fillers to help with quench management and (2) development of insulation resins with high strain capability at cryogenic temperatures. This paper will discuss the characterization of these insulation systems to verify their performance prior to evaluation in subscale Nb$_{3}$Sn canted cosine theta accelerator dipole magnets.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Design and structural basis of selective 1,4-dihydropyridine inhibitors of the calcium-activated potassium channel K Ca 3.1

The 1,4-dihydropyridines, drugs with well-established bioavailability and toxicity profiles, have proven efficacy in treating human hypertension, peripheral vascular disorders, and coronary artery disease. Every 1,4-dihydropyridine in clinical use blocks L-type voltage-gated calcium channels. We now report our development, using selective optimization of a side activity (SOSA), of a class of 1,4-dihydropyridines that selectively and potently inhibit the intermediate-conductance calcium-activated K + channel K Ca 3.1, a validated therapeutic target for diseases affecting many organ systems. One of these 1,4-dihydropyridines, DHP-103, blocked K Ca 3.1 with an IC 50 of 6 nM and exhibited exquisite selectivity over calcium channels and a panel of >100 additional molecular targets. Using high-resolution structure determination by cryogenic electron microscopy together with mutagenesis and electrophysiology, we delineated the drug binding pocket for DHP-103 within the water-filled central cavity of the K Ca 3.1 channel pore, where bound drug directly impedes ion permeation. DHP-103 inhibited gain-of-function mutant K Ca 3.1 channels that cause hereditary xerocytosis, suggesting its potential use as a therapeutic for this hemolytic anemia. In a rat model of acute ischemic stroke, the second leading cause of death worldwide, DHP-103 administered 12 h postischemic insult in proof-of-concept studies reduced infarct volume, improved balance beam performance (measure of proprioception) and decreased numbers of activated microglia in infarcted areas. K Ca 3.1-selective 1,4-dihydropyridines hold promise for the many diseases for which K Ca 3.1 has been experimentally confirmed as a therapeutic target.

Ong, Seow Theng [Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine↗
NASA NTRS1976

Low-G fluid transfer technology study

Technology gaps and system characteristics critical to cryogenic and noncryogenic in-orbit fluid transfer were identified. Four different supply systems were conceptually designed as space shuttle payloads. These were; (1) space tug supply - LH2, LO2, N2H4, He - linear acceleration for liquid acquisition with supply module and tug separated from shuttle, (2) tug supply using orbiter drag, (3) orbiter supply - N2O4,MMH,He, H2,O2 - surface tension screens, (4) multiple receivers supply 0 solar electric propulsion stage, Hg, diaphragm - HEAO B, HEe, paddle fluid rotation-satellite control section, N2H4, screens. It was found that screens had the best overall potential for low weight and simplicity, however, thermal problems with cryogenics still need final resolution.

Stark, J. A.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Cryogenic electron tomography by the numbers: Charting underexplored lineages in structural cell biology

Imaging cells and their interactions across the whole biosphere with molecular-scale resolution is key for understanding structure–function relations. Cryogenic electron tomography (cryo-ET) is a powerful method for obtaining this critical information. However, cryo-ET studies are challenging and often limited to a small number of cell types per study. Here, we collate cryo-ET data from hundreds of cells and tissues across the biosphere to i) identify emerging methodological trends, ii) pinpoint strategies to reduce imaging time and costs, iii) quantitatively compare methods for cell freezing and sectioning, and iv) census cryo-ET species coverage across all domains of life. Comparing the fraction of cellular material within a single lamella across all domains of life reveals an order of magnitude difference between eukaryotes (1%) compared to bacteria (9%) and archaea (14%). We calculate the fraction of cellular material which can be imaged using distinct sectioning methods on multicellular communities and tissues—identifying serial lift-out as a powerful approach for obtaining more complete cellular depictions. Finally, we show that the biodiversity of current cryo-ET studies is 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower than in sequence libraries and 4 to 5 lower than the total predicted on Earth. Our analyses reveal major evolutionary lineages which remain critically understudied and highlight where future cryo-ET research would be most impactful.

HPF↗
DOE OSTI2024

Cryogenic and safety design of the future high field cable test facility at Fermilab

The HFVMTF (High Field Vertical Magnet Test Facility) is a new experimental facility under development at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) to test large superconducting magnets (up to 20 tons weight and 1.3 m diameter) in a double bath superfluid helium cryostat (1.9 K and 1.2 bar). Coupled with a superconducting dipole magnet fabricated by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), this facility will be able to test future high-temperature superconductor (HTS) cables under a background magnetic field of 15 T for fusion magnets. This paper describes the design of the cryostat and its 1.4-meter diameter lambda plate, as well as the different components for a safe operation of the facility, even during critical events such a magnet quench or a vacuum breaking situation. The project is funded by US DOE Offices of Science, High Energy Physics (HEP), and Fusion Energy Sciences (FES).

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Optical Interference for the Guidance of Cryogenic Focused Ion Beam Milling Beyond the Axial Diffraction Limit

Using a tri-coincident cryogenic FIB-SEM-LM system, we identify an interferometric optical response that can be used for targeting lamella production to fluorescently labelled structures with accuracy beyond the diffraction limit. We demonstrate the approach using synthetic samples of fluorescent beads embedded in micron-scale droplets of water. Here, we then apply the approach to capture virions inside host cells. Successful targeting is confirmed by cryogenic electron tomography revealing clusters of virions in intracellular vesicles.

Sica, Anthony V. [SLAC National Accelerator Labora↗
DOE OSTI2024

Installation, commissioning, and testing of the HB650 CM at PIP2IT

The Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II) is a major upgrade to the Fermilab accelerator complex, featuring a new 800-MeV Superconducting Radio-Frequency (SRF) linear accelerator (LINAC) powering the accelerator complex to provide the world’s most intense high-energy neutrino beam. This paper describes the conversion of the PIP-II Injector Test Facility (PIP2IT) cryogenic system into a test stand for PIP-II High-Beta 650 MHz (HB650) cryomodules at Fermilab’s Cryomodule Test Facility (CMTF). A description of the associated mechanical, electrical, and controls modifications necessary for testing HB650 cryomodules are provided. The cooldown and warmup requirements, procedures and associated controls logic is described.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

LCLS-II Helium Refrigeration System : A comprehensive overview of the project

SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has upgraded to LCLS-II, featuring a 4 GeV superconducting accelerator composed of 37 cryomodules and two large helium refrigeration systems with a total cooling capacity of 8 kW at 2.0 K. The cryogenic system at SLAC is the successful outcome of a nine-year partnership between SLAC, Fermilab, and Jefferson Lab. This paper highlights the joint efforts between Jefferson Lab and SLAC in the development and implementation of the LCLS-II Cryogenic Plants. It details the project organization, schedule, budget, staffing profile and procurement strategy.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS1986

Thermal Control Working Group report

The Thermal Control Working Group limited its evaluation to issues associated with Earth orbiting and planetary spacecraft with power levels up to 50 kW. It was concluded that the space station technology is a necessary precursor but does not meet S/C 2000 needs (life, high heat flux, long term cryogenics, and survivability). Additional basic and applied research are required (fluid/materials compatibility and two phase system modeling). Scaling, the key issue, must define accelerated life test criteria. The two phase systems require 0g to 1 g correlation. Additional ground test beds are required and combined space environment tests of materials.

Haslett, Robert↗
DOE OSTI2020

Thermal / structural analysis of the HB 650 thermal shield

Fermilab’s PIP-II project’s superconducting linear accelerator will drive the next generation of particle accelerators through a revolution in beam intensity. Key to beam intensification are the high efficiencies of niobium-tin superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities operating at cryogenic temperatures near 5 Kelvin. A multifaceted approach is employed to achieve and maintain the extreme temperature. Vacuum provides the first barrier to thermal convection. Physical thermal intercept zones further isolate the exterior shell vacuum vessel at 300 Kelvin from the supercooled beamline. The first thermal intercept lies just inside the exterior vacuum vessel forming the 40 Kelvin zone. This 40K thermal shield is the focus of this investigation. In preparation for operation, the thermal shield is cooled from 300K to 40K in a slow process over 2-1/2 days. The factors limiting the cooling rate are a high thermal gradient which produces thermal strain and high mechanical stress. D ecreasing the time required to reach operational temperatures is the desired research goal. Physical testing data and finite element method (FEM) computer models from the Single Spoke Resonator – 1 (SSR1) and Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS-II) cryomodules will be evaluated to determine needed design changes. The thermal shield design for the High Beta 650 MHz (HB650) will be modified and analyzed using FEM computer models to determine maximum cooling rate with a target of 50 thermal cycles of life. Maximum allowable stress will be determined through low cycle fatigue calculations.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Low Temperature Oxygen Activation on the NiAg(100) Single-Atom Alloy Surface

Silver-catalyzed ethylene epoxidation remains the only industrially viable route for ethylene oxide (EO) production. However, this process requires chlorine and other promoters to achieve a high EO selectivity while still generating substantial CO 2 emissions. A recent theory-guided approach identified Ni, in single-atom alloy (SAA) form, as a new promoter of this reaction. Specifically, the addition of Ni to Ag nanoparticles supported on α-Al 2 O 3 at a highly diluted ratio (1 Ni per 200 Ag atoms) increased catalyst selectivity to EO by ∼25%, the same increase afforded by the ubiquitous industrial promoter chlorine. To better understand the effect of Ni, we investigated the interaction of O 2 with NiAg(100) SAA surfaces by using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory (DFT). While only molecular O 2 was present when pure Ag(100) was exposed to O 2 at 78 K, a distinct NiO 2 species, indicative of O 2 dissociation at Ni atom sites, was identified on the NiAg(100) SAA under the same conditions. High-resolution STM imaging backed by DFT simulations elucidated the formation of an O−Ni−O species with the oxygen atoms in 4-fold hollow sites. These findings provide direct experimental evidence that Ni atoms are very effective at O 2 activation, even at cryogenic temperatures. This suggests that, in addition to the known role of Ni in stabilizing the unselective nucleophilic oxygen on Ag, it could also accelerate O 2 dissociation, which can be rate limiting.

Catalysts↗