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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 199 records · Page 11
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Experimental measurements of soot formation in fuel-rich homogeneous mixtures using an optical rapid compression machine

Advanced combustion strategies are necessary for the use of more environmentally sustainable fuels than traditional diesel. Alcohol fuels and alcohol/gasoline blends are of particular interest as they are readily available in the marketplace. Heavy-duty engines typically use compression ignited, conventional diesel mixing controlled combustion. Mixing controlled combustion features a non-premixed diffusion flame with a wide range of local equivalence ratios, leading to potentially high rates of soot formation. This work studies the sooting behavior of iso-octane and ethanol as a function of equivalence ratio. Measurements are carried out in a rapid compression machine (RCM) and are reported for pre-ignition conditions of 10–30 bar and temperatures of 650–800 K. Theoretical equilibrium and bulk gas temperatures are calculated for both fuels. These data are used to identify the critical equivalence ratio, the lowest equivalence ratio where soot is detected with a single-pass laser extinction diagnostic. The critical equivalence ratio for iso-octane varies between 1.82 and 1.77 for compressed pressures of 10 and 20 bar, respectively. Ethanol, sometimes considered sootless, had a critical equivalence ratio between 2.37 and 2.12 for compressed pressures of 20 and 30 bar, respectively. When characterizing soot formation by oxygenated equivalence ratio, the critical equivalence ratios for ethanol approach those of iso-octane. This suggests the oxygenated nature of alcohol fuels reduces sooting tendency, but other factors such as fuel molecular structure and morphology may play a role. It was observed that ethanol will form soot at equivalence ratios only slightly higher than iso-octane, which could have implications in mixing controlled combustion. It was seen for both fuels that soot formation is pressure sensitive, with the critical equivalence ratio being inversely proportional to compressed pressure and the rate of soot formation. Future work will investigate the sooting behavior of gasoline/ethanol blends.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2021

SunLine Transit Agency Fuel Cell Electric Bus Progress Report (Data Period Focus Jan-Jun 2020) [Slides]

This report presents early results from a deployment of fuel cell electric buses (FCEBs) operated by SunLine Transit Agency in the Coachella Valley area of California. The five FCEBs, produced by New Flyer, feature an electric drive propulsion system powered by a Ballard fuel cell system. The project team is collaborating with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and DOE's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to evaluate the buses in revenue service. The goal of this evaluation is to compare the FCEB performance to that of conventional technology and to track progress over time toward meeting the technical targets set by DOE and the Department of Transportation (DOT). The FCEBs were delivered beginning in mid-2019. The data period covers January 2020 through July 2020. NREL collects data on five 2019 model year compressed natural gas (CNG) buses as a baseline comparison at SunLine. These new CNG buses were phased into service beginning in April 2020.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

A labeled dataset for building HVAC systems operating in faulted and fault-free states

Abstract Open data is fueling innovation across many fields. In the domain of building science, datasets that can be used to inform the development of operational applications - for example new control algorithms and performance analysis methods - are extremely difficult to come by. This article summarizes the development and content of the largest known public dataset of building system operations in faulted and fault free states. It covers the most common HVAC systems and configurations in commercial buildings, across a range of climates, fault types, and fault severities. The time series points that are contained in the dataset include measurements that are commonly encountered in existing buildings as well as some that are less typical. Simulation tools, experimental test facilities, and in-situ field operation were used to generate the data. To inform more data-hungry algorithms, most of the simulated data cover a year of operation for each fault-severity combination. The data set is a significant expansion of that first published by the lead authors in 2020.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2021

Cladding Profilometry Analysis of Experimental Breeder Reactor-II Metallic Fuel Pins with HT9, D9, and SS316 Cladding

BISON finite element method fuel performance simulations were conducted using an existing automated process that couples the Fuels Irradiation & Physics Database (FIPD) and the Integral Fast Reactor Materials Information System database by writing input files and comparing the BISON output to post-irradiation fuel pin profilometry measurements contained within the databases. The importance of this work is to demonstrate the ability to benchmark fuel performance metallic fuel models within BISON using Experimental Breeder Reactor-II fuel pin data for a number of similar pins, while building off previous modeling efforts. Changes to the generic BISON input file include implementing pin specific axial power and flux profiles, pin specific fluences, frictional contact, and irradiation-induced volumetric swelling models for cladding. A statistical analysis of irradiation-induced volumetric swelling models for HT9, D9, and SS316 was performed for experiments X421/X421A, X441/X441A, and X486. Between these three experiments, there were 174 post-irradiation examination (PIE) profilometries used for validating the swelling models presented using a standard error of the estimate (SEE) method. Implementation of the volumetric swelling models for D9 and SS316 claddings was found to have a significant impact on the BISON profilometry simulated, where HT9 clad pins had an insignificant change due to low fluence values. BISON profilometry simulated for HT9, D9, and SS316 fuel pins agreed with PIE profilometry measurements, with assembly SEE values being 4.4 × 10−3 for X421A, 2.0 × 10−3 for X441A, and 2.8 × 10−3 for X486. D9 clad pins in X421/X421A had the highest SEE values, which is due to the BISON simulated profilometry being shifted axially. While this work accomplished its purpose to demonstrate the modeling of multiple fuel pins from the databases to help validate models, the results suggest that the continued development of metallic fuel models is necessary for qualifying new metallic fuel systems to better capture some physical performance phenomena, such as the hot pressing of U-Pu-Zr and the fuel cladding chemical interaction.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Orange County Transportation Authority Fuel Cell Electric Bus Progress Report - Data Period Focus: Feb. 2020 through Jul. 2021 [Slides]

This report presents early results from a deployment of fuel cell electric buses (FCEBs) operated by Orange County Transportation Authority (OCTA) in Southern California. The ten FCEBs, produced by New Flyer, feature an electric drive propulsion system powered by a Ballard fuel cell system. The project team is collaborating with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and DOE's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to evaluate the buses in revenue service. The goal of this evaluation is to compare the FCEB performance to that of conventional technology and to track progress over time toward meeting the technical targets set by DOE and the Department of Transportation (DOT). The FCEBs were delivered beginning in late-2019, and were placed in service on February 9, 2020. The data period covers February 2020 through July 2021. NREL collects data on ten 2016 model year compressed natural gas (CNG) buses as a baseline comparison at OCTA.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
DOE OSTI2021

AC Transit Fuel Cell Electric Bus Progress Report (Data Period Focus: Jan. 2020 through Dec. 2020) [Slides]

This report presents early results from a deployment of fuel cell electric buses (FCEBs) operated by Alameda Contra-Costa Transit (AC Transit) in the east bay area of California. The ten FCEBs, produced by New Flyer, feature an electric drive propulsion system powered by a Ballard fuel cell system. The project team is collaborating with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and DOE's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to evaluate the buses in revenue service. The goal of this evaluation is to compare the FCEB performance to that of conventional technology and to track progress over time toward meeting the technical targets set by DOE and the Department of Transportation (DOT). The FCEBs were delivered beginning in late-2019. The data period covers January 2020 through July 2020. NREL collects data on two different baseline bus fleets for comparison: five 2017 model year diesel buses and five 2016 model year diesel hybrid buses.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Burst characteristics of advanced accident-tolerant FeCrAl cladding under temperature transient testing

Here assessment of burst characteristics of accident-tolerant fuel (ATF) claddings is essential to evaluate the safety margins of nuclear reactors, and better understanding can enable accelerated licensing for reactor concepts that include the new materials. Therefore, this study investigated the burst behavior of an ATF candidate of C26M, which is an iron–chromium–aluminum alloy (FeCrAl) under transient testing like the simulated loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) conditions, except the water-quenching phase, in light-water reactors (LWRs). The effect of LOCA specimen length was assessed in terms of post-burst tube parameters. No critical length effect was determined on the burst pressure, burst location, and burst size measurements. Burst temperature showed larger variation likely due to its measurement approach used in this study. The post-test diametral strain was identified as the critical parameter to reduce the specimen length as compared to tube burst length or width. Postmortem optical metrology and digital image correlation were employed to determine the local strain-state during the simulated LOCA, which showed the loading path was close to equibiaxial conditions in regions away from the burst location, rather than internally pressurized conditions (or “plane-strain” tension). Pst-test microstructural characterizations of the FeCrAl revealed that ductile damage was present at the edge of the outer radial surface while the rest of the material was ruptured via cleavage at LOCA burst temperatures. Furthermore, internal grain boundary cracks were observed at locations away from the tube burst region. This behavior was considered to occur during the cooling down period of the simulated LOCA test. Overall, this study aimed to provide essential data for fuel performance code development by considering micromechanics of the deformation and failure.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

SunLine Transit Agency Fuel Cell Electric Bus Progress Report - Data Period Focus: Jan. 2020 through Dec. 2021 [Slides]

This report presents early results from a deployment of fuel cell electric buses (FCEBs) operated by SunLine Transit Agency in the Coachella Valley area of California. The five FCEBs, produced by New Flyer, feature an electric drive propulsion system powered by a Ballard fuel cell system. The project team is collaborating with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and DOE's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to evaluate the buses in revenue service. The goal of this evaluation is to compare the FCEB performance to that of conventional technology and to track progress over time toward meeting the technical targets set by DOE and the Department of Transportation (DOT). The FCEBs were delivered beginning in mid-2019. The data period covers January 2020 through December 2021. NREL collects data on five 2019 model year compressed natural gas (CNG) buses as a baseline comparison at SunLine. These new CNG buses were phased into service beginning in April 2020.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2026

Computational Thermal Hydraulics of a High-Performance Low-Enriched-Uranium Annular Target for HFIR Irradiation

Molybdenum-99 has historically been generated via isolation from fissioned highly enriched uranium (HEU) targets. Here, this isotope is in high demand due to its daily use across the world in radiopharmaceutical medical procedures. The primary objective of this work was to design and analyze an experimental target assembly containing one low-enriched-uranium (LEU) annular target for irradiation at the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR). Efforts included incorporating spatially dependent energy sources from neutron and gamma interactions, quantifying thermal contact conductance at material interfaces, performing grid-independent studies, comparing turbulence models, and simulating various steady-state and transient scenarios relevant for irradiation qualification and eventual insertion. These models provide velocity, pressure, and temperature distributions in both space and time. Such results enable the selection of an appropriate irradiation location, fission rate density, and flow-limiting orifice size and demonstrate compliance with HFIR safety requirements such that insertion into the reactor can be approved. This analysis shows that across all scenarios, wetted surface temperatures remain below the coolant saturation temperature with no net vapor formation in the coolant. In every scenario, all components stay below 30% of the aluminum 6061 melting temperature. Computational fluid dynamics and system-level models predict peak target temperatures that agree within 4%, though the predicted axial location of the peak differs by about 10% of the heated length due to differences in flow development length. These results de-risk the irradiation of LEU (annular targets) and strengthen a domestic, HEU-independent 99 Mo supply by providing important fuel performance data to form the foundation for a robust licensing basis.

Molybdenum-99↗
DOE OSTI2022

Modeling, Performance Assessment, and Nodal Data Analysis of TRISO-Fueled Systems with Shift

This technical report documents several enhancements to the Shift Monte Carlo (MC) code under the US Department of Energy (DOE) Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation (NEAMS) program in fiscal year (FY) 2022. Performance enhancements were added to Shift specifically for tristructural isotropic (TRISO)–fueled reactor systems and guided based on performance analysis in FY 2021. For the pebble performance model developed in previous studies, the runtime improved by ~ 91× compared to the original model and ~ 2× compared to the user-optimized model. Compared to Serpent, Shift is ~ 3× slower if Serpent delta-tracking is enabled but ~ 2× faster when delta-tracking is disabled. The multigroup cross section generation was improved through simplifying tally input definitions, porting several post-processing tally operations from Python scripts into the Shift code base, and accounting for production reactions in the scattering multiplicity. Progress was also made on two emerging capabilities: (1) the development of Titan (a Shift reactor physics user interface) and (2) initial investigation into path-length tallies for computing multigroup scattering matrices.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2026

HFIR Steady State Heat Transfer Code (HSSHTC) Statistical Uncertainty Analysis

HSSHTC, the safety basis steady state TH code for HFIR, uses a highly conservative approach in which all input and calculation uncertainties are resolved simultaneously at their most limiting setting. This results in excessive conservatism which does not account for the high unlikelihood of such simultaneous worst-case conditions. The present study explores an alternative approach, BEPU, in which reasonable working assumptions for the probability distribution of each input uncertainty are used to determine a relationship between burnout power margin and core fuel failure probability. This was performed under a philosophy of perturbing uncertainty parameters already defined within the HSSHTC methodology while preserving the HSSHTC calculation approach and solution methodology itself. Based on the assumptions employed in this study, the BEPU approach resulted in a 0.29 increase in burnout power ratio (25 MW increase in burnout power) compared to the latest HSSHTC calculations of C-HFIR-2026-004. The study can be refined in the future by employing fuel fabrication data to provide more realistic input distributions. Future changes to the HSSHTC methodology would potentially allow a more comprehensive treatment of uncertainties which may further increase the burnout power ratio.

Wysocki, Aaron [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000222043779)↗
DOE OSTI2021

City Decision Analysis Resources and Tools

The City Decision Analysis at Any Scale Workshop was held February 17-18, 2021. This brochure was created to provide participants with a collection of tools and resources that support planning and implementation of clean energy goals for communities and businesses.

ACES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Understanding TRISO Coated Particle Neutron Irradiation Behavior:Evolution of Advanced Micro Analysis and Electron Microscopy Approaches

Objectives and motivation• Provide data for fuel qualification in support of reactor licensing• Establish a domestic commercial TRISO fuel fabrication capability Approach • Focus is on developing and testing UCO TRISO fuel –Develop fuel fabrication and QC measurement methods, first at lab scale and then at industrial scale –Perform irradiation testingover a range of conditions (burnup, temperature, fast neutron fluence) –Perform post-irradiation examination and safety testingto demonstrate and understand performance during irradiation and during accident conditions –Develop fuel performance modelsto better predict fuel behavior –Perform fission product transport experiments to improve understanding and refine models of fission product transport

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2023

HERA Modeling and Simulation Exercise: BISON Results

A Modeling and Simulation (M&S) exercise is being performed for the High burnup Experiments for Reactivity initiated Accident (HERA) project under the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) Framework for Irradiation Experiments (FIDES) program. The goal of the M&S exercise is to improve M&S and experiment integration, facilitate community involvement in experiment design and interpretation, facilitate community collaboration, and aid in ensuring program data meet fuel performance code needs. The M&S exercise will compile and compare results from over 20 international organizations using 14 different fuel performance codes. This paper presents the results from the BISON fuel performance code generated by the Idaho National Laboratory participants.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Nuclear data uncertainty quantification for the nuclide inventory of a Calvert Cliffs spent fuel sample

The impact of nuclear data cross section uncertainties and covariance matrices on the nuclide vector of spent nuclear fuel was investigated; This exercise was carried out for the Calvert Cliffs fuel assembly D047 benchmark available in the SFCOMPO database. Sample P irradiated in rod MKP109 for 4 cycles up to a burnup of approximately 44 GWd/MTU was selected for the analysis. Nuclear data uncertainties were taken from the most recent libraries released by evaluation projects JEFF, ENDF/B and JENDL, and were propagated using the SANDY code via a stochastic sampling approach. This paper provides a quantification of the uncertainty on the concentration of several actinides and fission products relevant for spent fuel management. Uncertainties generally below 5 % were predicted for the concentrations of most of the uranium, neptunium and plutonium isotopes relevant for SNF applications. Curium isotopes carry larger uncertainties that might exceed 10 %. The contribution of cross section uncertainties on the concentrations of fission products was found to be marginal with the exception of a few nuclides. These results can be significantly affected by the lack of evaluated covariance matrices for the capture cross section of several fission products. Burnup tracers such as {sup 148}Nd and {sup 137}Cs have negligible uncertainties because of the power normalisation imposed in every stochastic calculation.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Fuel Cell Inverter Dataset

This data set contains the three phase AC voltage, three phase AC current, DC voltage and DC current. These data sets were captured during fuel cell inverter operation in grid-connected dispatch, islanded load changes, transition from grid-connected mode to islanded mode and vice-versa.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Geospatial characterization of low-temperature heating and cooling demand in residential, commercial, manufacturing, agricultural, and data center sectors for potential geothermal applications in the United States

Thermal demand for heating and cooling has been predominantly supplied by fossil fuel combustion in the United States, although low-carbon alternatives are extensively available including geothermal, solar thermal, and waste heat. Here, this study analyzed end-use energy consumption, fuel expenditure, and data center commissioned power data to geospatially characterize the U.S. low-temperature heating and cooling demand at the county level in residential, commercial, manufacturing, agricultural, and data center sectors and understand potential opportunities for geothermal applications. In the analysis, the regional-scale energy consumption data was incorporated with system efficiencies to address actual demand and was then disaggregated with weighting factors to the county level. The results indicated that total low-temperature heating and cooling demand is 16.7 EJ, combining heating demand of 10.8 EJ and cooling demand of 5.9 EJ. Overall, 59.9 % (10 EJ) of the low-temperature heating and cooling demand occurred in the residential sector. The heating and cooling demand visualized in maps represented that the geospatial distribution of heating and cooling demand in the residential and commercial sectors is governed by the number of housing units and climate zone designations, while heating and cooling demand in the manufacturing, agricultural, and data center sectors is dependent on the number and location of facilities. The results also demonstrated that geothermal heat pumps are broadly used in the residential and commercial sectors for heating and cooling in the U.S. Midwest, South, and Northeast regions but are limited in the West, implying great decarbonization potential in the future.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗