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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 199 records · Page 11
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2013

Turbine Thermal Management (Annual Report)

The FY13 NETL-RUA Turbine Thermal Management effort supported the Department of Energy’s (DOE) Hydrogen Turbine Program through conduct of novel, fundamental, basic, and applied research in the areas of aerothermal heat transfer, coatings development, and secondary flow control. This research project utilized the extensive expertise and facilities readily available at NETL and the participating universities. The research approach included explorative studies based on scaled models and prototype coupon tests conducted under realistic high-temperature, pressurized, turbine operating conditions.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
NASA NTRS1972

Status of shuttle fuel cell technology program.

The hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell has been proved as an efficient and reliable electrical power supply for NASA manned-space-flight vehicles. It has thus ensured a role in the Space Shuttle Program as the primary electrical power supply for the Orbiter vehicle. The advanced fuel cell technology programs conducted under the management of the NASA Manned Spacecraft Center over the past two years have resulted in a high level of technical readiness in fuel cell power generation to support shuttle mission requirements. These programs have taken advantage of technological developments that have occurred since the designs were completed for the Gemini and Apollo fuel cells.

Rice, W. E.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Enhanced stability of Fe-modified CuO-ZnO-ZrO 2 -Al 2 O 3 /HZSM-5 bifunctional catalysts for dimethyl ether synthesis from CO 2 hydrogenation

In this report a series of iron (Fe) modified CuO-ZnO-ZrO 2 -Al 2 O 3 (CZZA) catalysts, with various Fe loadings, were prepared using a co-precipitation method. A bifunctional catalyst, consisting of Fe-modified CZZA and HZSM-5, was studied for dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis via CO 2 hydrogenation. The effects of Fe loading, reaction temperature, reaction pressure, space velocity, and concentrations of precursor for the synthesis of the Fe-modified CZZA catalyst on the catalytic activity of DME synthesis were investigated. Long-term stability tests showed that Fe modification of the CZZA catalyst improved the catalyst stability for DME synthesis via CO 2 hydrogenation. The activity loss, in terms of DME yield, was significantly reduced from 4.2% to 1.4% in a 100 h run of reaction, when the Fe loading amount was 0.5 (molar ratio of Fe to Cu). An analysis of hydrogen temperature programmed reduction revealed that the introduction of Fe improved the reducibility of the catalysts, due to assisted adsorption of H 2 on iron oxide. The good stability of Fe-modified CZZA catalysts in the DME formation was most likely attributed to oxygen spillover that was introduced by the addition of iron oxide. This could have inhibited the oxidation of the Cu surface and enhanced the thermal stability of copper during long-term reactions.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2013

One-step hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of V–Cr–O nanospheres and their excellent performance in the ammoxidation of 3,4- and 2,6-DCT

Graphical abstract: - Highlights: • V–Cr–O composite was synthesized by a facile one pot hydrothermal route. • The V–Cr–O composite has sphere-like morphology. • The as-obtained V–Cr–O composite has large specific surface area: 117 m{sup 2} g{sup −1}. • V–Cr–O complex was explored as the catalyst for the ammoxidation. - Abstract: Sphere-like V–Cr–O catalyst was successfully synthesized using V{sub 2}O{sub 5}, CrO{sub 3} and H{sub 2}C{sub 2}O{sub 4} solution as the starting materials by a facile one pot hydrothermal approach for the first time. The as-obtained samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer, hydrogen temperature programmed reduction, scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller. The results indicated that V–Cr–O spheres with the diameter about 4 μm, consisted of lots of nanoparticles, were formed. The as-obtained V–Cr–O catalyst had large specific surface area: 117 m{sup 2} g{sup −1}. Furthermore, V–Cr–O complex was explored as the unsupported catalyst for the synthesis of 3,4- and 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile by the ammoxidation of 3,4- and 2,6-dichlorotoluene. It was found that it had excellent performance in the ammoxidation reactions, specially, the catalytic temperature was decreased to about 320 °C, which was much lower than the previous reports (380–420 °C)

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Elucidating the Effect of Ion Exchange Protocol on the Copper Exchange Efficacy, Copper Siting, and SCR activity in Cu-SSZ-13

The influence of the copper ion exchange protocol on SCR activity of SSZ-13 is quantified. Using the same parent SSZ-13 zeolite, four exchange protocols are used to assess how exchange protocol impacts metal uptake and SCR activity. Large differences in the SCR activity, nearly 30 percentage points at 160 °C at constant copper content, are observed for different exchange protocols implying that different exchange protocols lead to different copper species. Hydrogen temperature programmed reduction on selected samples and infrared spectroscopy of CO binding corroborates this conclusion as the reactivity at 160 °C correlates with the intensity of the IR band at 2162 cm -1 . DFT-based calculations show that such an IR assignment is consistent with CO adsorbed on a Cu(I) cation within an eight-membered ring. This work shows that SCR activity can be influenced by the ion exchange process even when different protocols lead to the same metal loading. Perhaps most interesting, a protocol used to generate Cu-MOR for methane to methanol studies led to the most active catalyst both on a unit mass or unit mole copper basis. This points to a yet not recognized means to tailor catalyst activity as the open literature is silent on this issue.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Tuning transition metal nanoparticles on a non-traditional support via experimental design

The ability to control metal nanoparticle size and morphology on supported catalysts is crucial for optimizing catalytic performance in targeted applications. Here, this work presents a systematic approach for tuning Ni particle and crystallite size on an unconventional, low-porosity silica fume support through select thermal treatments. The catalyst was synthesized via the deposition of nickelocene onto silica fume, resulting in well-dispersed Ni nanoparticles. A face-centered central composite design was employed to systematically assess the effects of time, temperature, and sintering gas environment on metal particle growth. The results demonstrate that the sintering gas environment is the primary factor governing particle and crystallite evolution, with temperature as the next most significant influence. Nickel nanoparticles sintered at temperatures of 650 °C and above under inert conditions exhibited substantial growth and polycrystalline structures, whereas samples treated in oxidative environments formed NiO, restricting particle mobility. Minimally oxidative (500 ppm O₂) environments facilitated rapid sintering while effectively removing residual ligands from the one-step nickelocene deposition process. Extensive structural characterization via a combination of scanning transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, hydrogen temperature programmed reduction, and small-angle X-ray scattering revealed that oxidative treatments enhanced metal-support interactions, as evidenced by increased reduction temperatures and narrower particle size distributions. These findings establish quantitative relationships between sintering parameters and Ni nanoparticle characteristics, providing a framework for rational catalyst design through controlled thermal treatments. This methodology is broadly applicable to other catalytic systems and provides a quantitative foundation for catalyst design.

CVD↗
DOE OSTI2025

Enhancement of oxidative dehydrogenation over cerium-doped nickel niobium catalysts and analysis of batch-to-batch variability

Nickel based catalysts are inexpensive and efficient for use in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane. NiO doped with niobium and cerium shows increased ethylene production. Small amounts of Ce doped onto a NiNb catalyst led to increased Ni activity. The catalyst that had the highest ethylene production rate per g of catalyst had 1 atom% Ce, 86 at% Ni, and 13 at% Nb (1CeNiNb) while, if surface area is incorporated into the calculation, the catalyst that had the highest ethylene production rate per m 2 was the 0.5CeNiNb catalyst. The ethylene production rates of these Ce-containing catalysts are 27 %-127 % higher than those with NiNb alone previously reported in the literature. Here, to fully understand how cerium affects the NiNb catalyst, the Ce content and effect on active sites has been fully characterized over multiple batches. In doing this, light has been shed on batch-to-batch variability. Characterization techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction, hydrogen temperature programmed reduction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and methanol adsorption were used.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms of Acetic Acid Hydrodeoxygenation over Pt and Pt–Mo Catalysts

In this work, kinetic measurements for silica-supported Pt and Pt-Mo catalysts were collected in vapor-phase acetic acid hydrodeoxygenation by varying the hydrogen partial pressure between 18 and 72 kPa and acetic acid partial pressure between 7 and 18 kPa at 423-473 K. At all testing conditions, the Pt-Mo catalyst was more active and selective. In addition, the apparent activation energy for Pt-Mo of 76±3 kJ/mol was lower than that of 84±4 kJ/mol for Pt. The apparent reaction orders were also different. The order in hydrogen of 0.8±0.1 for Pt-Mo changed to zero at higher hydrogen partial pressures while that for Pt remained constant at 0.6±0.1. A near-zero order in acetic acid for Pt-Mo changed to -2.1 at higher acetic acid pressures while that for Pt remained constant at -2.9±0.3. These differences in reaction kinetics as well as in selectivity trends with changes in temperature and feed composition indicated a change in the reaction mechanism for Pt-Mo. The catalysts were characterized with hydrogen temperature programmed desorption, oxygen temperature programmed oxidation and transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersed X-ray spectroscopy elemental mapping. Mo was present in the form of subnanometer-size clusters on the surface of Pt nanoparticles. Both Pt and Pt-Mo catalysts were stable under the reaction conditions for 10 h, and the size and structure of Pt and Pt-Mo particles remained mostly unchanged, without coke accumulation. Density functional theory calculations show that surface acetate is not a major reaction intermediate on both Pt and Pt-Mo and, instead, C-OH bond splitting with the formation of acetyl is the first reaction step in hydrodeoxygenation. The activation energy for this step is dramatically lower on Pt-Mo. Furthermore, the activity of acetyl on Pt-Mo is different. Unlike on pure Pt, the reaction of C-O bond splitting becomes exothermic with a lower activation energy on Pt-Mo, and the reaction of C-C bond splitting, in contrast, becomes endothermic with a higher activation energy, explaining the experimentally observed higher activities and selectivities of Pt-Mo. In addition, the calculations demonstrate that a pair of Pt-Mo surface atoms acts as a single active site where Mo serves as a preferential binding anchor for O atoms. The presence of Mo atoms changes the structure and energy of adsorbed and reacting surface species.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2011

Purdue Hydrogen Systems Laboratory

This project spanned two distinct areas of importance to the hydrogen (H 2 ) energy program. The first involved hydrogen storage and the second involved hydrogen production.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2016

Engineering Design of Advanced H 2 – CO 2 Pd and Pd/Alloy Composite Membrane Separations and Process Intensification

The integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) process is a way to co-produce synthesis gas, electricity, hydrogen, fuels and chemicals from coal and coal/biomass-mix in an environmentally responsible manner. The production of hydrogen via the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction is a key part of this process. Pd and Pd/Alloy-based catalytic membrane reactors used in the WGS process could significantly improve the efficiency of the IGCC process with a great potential for process intensification. Membrane reactors enable reaction, separation and product concentration to take place in a single unit operation, leading to conversion levels beyond thermodynamic equilibrium due to the continuous removal of H 2 . Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) has developed composite Pd and Pd/alloy composite hydrogen separation membranes with high H 2 flux, excellent selectivity and long-term durability for this membrane reactor process. WPI membranes used in a natural gas reforming operation were stable for over 6,000 hours (>8 months) at 500°C and 40 bar. Under the DOE Hydrogen Pathway Program (DE-FC-26-07NT43058) Pd membranes prepared by WPI exceed the DOE 2015 targets for H 2 flux, selectivity and stability. Furthermore, the scalability of the WPI technology has been shown to be relatively easy, and composite Pd/Cu and Pd/Au alloy membranes have been shown to be sulfur resistant and permeance recoverable.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS1973

Key technology for airbreathing hypersonic aircraft.

This paper reviews recent progress in the key hypersonic technologies, which has been good despite a relatively low priority. Successful hypersonic research engine tests have been made. Active cooling system analyses have shown potential for weight savings, alleviation of structural design problems, and long airframe life. Maturing computerized flow field theories permit optimizing engine-airframe performance. Adequate progress in the future requires an expanded technology program emphasizing hydrogen usage. A hydrogen fueled hypersonic research airplane is essential, providing critical flight data and operational experience.

Nagel, A. L.↗
NASA NTRS1979

The depletion of interstellar gaseous iron

The Copernicus UV telescope was used to measure equivalent widths of interstellar Fe II resonance lines toward 55 early-type stars; the measurements permit the determination of Fe II column densities. The depletion of interstellar gaseous iron was obtained by combining these measurements with the results from a previous atomic and molecular hydrogen survey program; the derived depletions refer mostly to matter in H I regions. As an example, the nearly normal gaseous iron abundance in the distant high-latitude intermediate-velocity cloud toward HD 93521 is consistent with the idea that these clouds are produced by galactic supernova explosions.

Savage, B. D.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Hydrogen in the U.S. energy picture

A study of hydrogen in the U.S. program performed by the Hydrogen Energy Systems Technology (HEST) investigation is reported. Historic production and use of hydrogen, hydrogen use projections, hydrogen supply, economics of hydrogen production and supply, and future research and development needs are discussed. The study found current U.S. hydrogen utilization to be dominated by chemical and petroleum industries, and to represent 3% of total energy consumption. Hydrogen uses are projected to grow by a factor of 5 to 20 during the remainder of this century, and new applications in synthetic fuel from coal manufacture and directly as energy storage or fuel are expected to develop. The study concluded that development of new methods of supplying hydrogen replacing natural gas and petroleum feedstocks with alternate sources such as coal and heavy oils, and electrolysis techniques is imperative.

Kelley, J. H.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Intelsat-V: Nickel-hydrogen battery

A design program for the development of a nickel hydrogen battery is described. The design and design advantages of the battery are discussed. The general characteristics of the battery such as the strain gage cell pressure monitoring and the automatic low temperature heater control are reported along with the performance characteristics.

Vanommering, G.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Cooling of High Pressure Rocket Thrust Chambers with Liquid Oxygen

An experimental program using hydrogen and oxygen as the propellants and supercritical liquid oxygen (LOX) as the coolant was conducted at 4.14 and 8.274 MN/square meters (600 and 1200 psia) chamber pressure. Data on the following are presented: the effect of LOX leaking into the combustion region through small cracks in the chamber wall; and verification of the supercritical oxygen heat transfer correlation developed from heated tube experiments; A total of four thrust chambers with throat diameters of 0.066 m were tested. Of these, three were cyclically tested to 4.14 MN/square meters (600 psia) chamber pressure until a crack developed. One had 23 additional hot cycles accumulated with no apparent metal burning or distress. The fourth chamber was operated at 8.274 MN/square meters (1200 psia) pressure to obtain steady state heat transfer data. Wall temperature measurements confirmed the heat transfer correlation.

Price, H. G.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Cooling of high pressure rocket thrust chambers with liquid oxygen

An experimental program using hydrogen and oxygen as the propellants and supercritical liquid oxygen (LOX) as the coolant was conducted at 4.14 and 8.274 MN/sq m chamber pressure. It was aimed to demonstrate the effect of LOX leaking into the combustion region through small cracks in the chamber wall, and to verify the supercritical oxygen heat transfer correlation developed from heated tube experiments. Four thrust chambers with throat diameters of 0.066 m were tested; three of these were cyclically tested to 4.14 MM/sq m chamber pressure until a crack developed; the fourth chamber was operated at 8.274 MM/sq m pressure to obtain steady state heat transfer data. Wall temperature measurements confirmed the heat transfer correlation.

Price, H. G.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Hostile environmental conditions facing candidate alloys for the automotive Stirling engine

The materials research program in support of the Automotive Stirling Engine Project focuses on the hot heater head of the engine including the heater head tubes, cylinders, and regenerator housings, which are considered to be the most critical components from a materials viewpoint. The specific areas of investigation in the program involve hydrogen permeability testing, doping of the hydrogen working fluid to reduce permeability rates, oxidation/corrosion studies, creep-rupture evaluation, and assessing effects of hydrogen environment on mechanical properties. Emphasis is placed on the materials challenges that result from the use of hydrogen as the working fluid. Previously announced in STAR as N81-26236

Stephens, J. R.↗