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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 199 records · Page 11
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DOE OSTI2024

Enhancing Power Grid Resilience with Causal Loops Diagram and Bayesian Networks

Enhancing power grid resilience through improved analysis and planning of Distributed Energy Resources is a key for power system planner. This paper explores the integration of Causal Loop Diagrams (CLDs) and Bayesian Networks (BNs) for enhancing resilience in power systems, focusing on Distributed Energy Resources (DER) planning. By automating CLD analysis in Python's matplotlib, we present a tool for rapid model validation and structural accuracy, crucial for power system planners. This hybrid approach utilizes BNs for inferential depth and CLDs for dynamic system modeling, offering a comprehensive framework for policy formulation and collaborative strategy development against disruptions. Here, we highlight the tool's capability to identify and analyze interconnected feedback loops, facilitating a deeper understanding of DER integration's impact on network resilience. This work aims to bridge quantitative analysis and qualitative insights, addressing the limitations of each method while providing a robust model for power system resilience assessment.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Mesoscale Convective Systems Dominate the Energetics of the South Asian Summer Monsoon Onset

The onset of the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) is featured as an abrupt increase of precipitation and atmospheric column-integrated moist static energy (MSE). Using convection permitting simulations, a novel cloud tracking technique, and an MSE budget, the relative roles of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) and non-MCS isolated deep convection in the SASM onset are studied. The analysis shows MCSs play a crucial role in the sudden increases of rainfall, diabatic MSE sources, and the subsequent enhanced export of column-integrated MSE during the onset. A “diabatic sources-energy export” plane analysis delineates the different roles of MCSs and non-MCS deep convection in the SASM onset. Although deep convection always leads to a net energy export, mesoscale organization of deep convection dominates the convection associated positive feedbacks that accelerate the energy cycle of the SASM onset. Sensitivity experiment shows that the results are insensitive to the model resolutions.

Chen, Xingchao↗
DOE OSTI2023

Demonstration of ACCERT Software for Nuclear Power Plant Techno-Economics

In the past few years, there has been a renewed interest in the deployment of nuclear power for decarbonizing the electricity grid as well as a range of industrial applications. As the demonstrations of advanced nuclear power plants start to begin, there will likely be a further increase in this interest. As nuclear is being considered as a part of the energy mix, understanding the cost of nuclear energy becomes increasingly important for all stakeholders including advanced reactor vendors (for making design decisions and marketing their designs), users of nuclear energy (e.g., to estimate the cost of decarbonization of other industries using nuclear), and government (e.g., in capacity expansion models that are used in framing policy). In this summary, we demonstrate a software tool called ACCERT that is currently being developed with funding from the Systems Analysis and Integration (SA&I) program under the Department of Energy’s Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE NE). ACCERT is a cost estimation and techno-economics tool for nuclear power plant applications that includes a database of (a) cost estimates of various ‘reference’ nuclear power plant designs gathered from existing literature, and (b) algorithms developed from these costs that can be used extrapolate the existing costs and perform a bottom-up cost estimation of other designs. A companion summary describes the software and its design in more detail and this summary presents a demonstration for four different nuclear power plant designs: a pressurized water reactor (PWR), high-temperature gas reactor (HTGR), sodium fast reactor (SFR), and a heat-pipe microreactor. The demonstrations include the reference cost estimates and the cost estimates of a modified design for each reference case.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Grid Integration of Renewable Energy and Energy Storage

Grid integration of renewable energy and energy storage requires forward-looking planning process, and increased emphasizes on reliability, resilience, and equity. Power-electronics based energy generation including solar, wind, distributed energy resources (DERs), and various types of grid-tied energy storage and emerging loads, are reshaping grid operator's understanding on interconnection level performance and responses. This paper will present the ongoing work at PNNL related to power electronics R&D, energy modeling and analysis, and a wide spectrum of grid stability studies and technologies in support of grid integration of renewable energy and energy storage.

Power Electronics, grid integration of renewable e↗
DOE OSTI2020

GIS Visualization of Transportation Energy Consumption

Transportation is witnessing unprecedented transformation, where emerging technologies are disrupting the way we travel. Be it sharing economy, or micro-mobility, the landscape of urban transportation is undergoing a much-needed paradigm shift. In order to capture and model these shifts, researchers need to be agile in their studies of the current and future transportation landscape. The need for agility in turn calls for sophisticated, intuitive, and reliable means to visualize and share transportation data. Travel is inherently spatial, so methods of visualizing transportation information should also be rooted in spatial analysis. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are the premier technological framework to analyze and display spatial data. GIS tools have been used in the past to depict flow of vehicles, and display of network conditions (speed, congestion, etc.). However, in an ever-changing technological landscape, spanning advancements in vehicle as well as information systems, depicting vehicle flows falls short of providing a comprehensive picture of the impact these advancements have on travel related energy consumption. To address this issue, this research effort presents a web-based mapping application to visualize how travel related energy flows across a city. The application is being developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory researchers to integrate various transportation energy consumption models within a GIS schema. This has the goal of enabling rapid analysis of energy impacts of the dramatically evolving transportation environment. The application is being developed using a Python framework for ArcGIS Online. Using road network data from the City of Columbus, Ohio and traffic data from CATT Laboratory's Regional Integrated Transportation Information System, transportation energy consumption will be modeled at a macro level. The application aims to provide highly accurate data while still maintaining the flexibility needed to adapt the model when new technologies arise. The methodology presented through this effort is expected to provide insights into how light-duty vehicles use energy on a large scale based on the road network they use. The application will also provide data exports to enable sharing and collaboration. " need for agility in turn calls for sophisticated, intuitive, and reliable means to visualize and share transportation data. Travel is inherently spatial, so methods of visualizing transportation information should also be rooted in spatial analysis. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are the premier technological framework to analyze and display spatial data. GIS tools have been used in the past to depict flow of vehicles, and display of network conditions (speed, congestion, etc.). However, in an ever-changing technological landscape, spanning advancements in vehicle as well as information systems, depicting vehicle flows falls short of providing a comprehensive picture of the impact these advancements have on travel related energy consumption. To address this issue, this research effort presents a web-based mapping application to visualize how travel related energy flows across a city. The application is being developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory researchers to integrate various transportation energy consumption models within a GIS schema. This has the goal of enabling rapid analysis of energy impacts of the dramatically evolving transportation environment. The application is being developed using a Python framework for ArcGIS Online. Using road network data from the City of Columbus, Ohio and traffic data from CATT Laboratory's Regional Integrated Transportation Information System, transportation energy consumption will be modeled at a macro level. The application aims to provide highly accurate data while still maintaining the flexibility needed to adapt the model when new technologies arise. The methodology presented through this effort is expected to provide insights into how light-duty vehicles use energy on a large scale based on the road network they use. The application will also provide data exports to enable sharing and collaboration.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Model-based Co-Simulation of Heat Pump Water Heater with Phase Change Materials Thermal Energy Storage

The study analysis the behavior of a new developed heat pump water heater technology which integrates a phase change materials storage with a standard heat pump water heater to maximize the performance parameters of the Unified Energy Factor (UEF) and First Hour Rating (FHR). A model-based control development co-simulation platform is developed to include equipment models, such as heat pump, standard water tank, phase change materials storage tank, and integrate them with control model to support controls design, analysis, verification, and validation. Simulation results are compared with lab test results to validate the accuracy of developed co-simulation platform

Sun, Jian↗
DOE OSTI2024

Numerical Investigation of Butterfly Valve Performance in Variable Valve Sizes, Positions and Flow Regimes

Reliability and efficiency of valves are necessary for precise control and sufficient heat-flow to heat application plants for the integrated energy systems of nuclear power plants (NPPs). Strategic Management Analysis Requirement and Technology (SMART) valves’ ability to control flow and assess environmental parameters stands out for these requirements. Their ability to sustain the downstream flow rate, prevent reverse flow, and maintain pressure in the heat transport loop is much more efficient with the integration of sensors and intelligent algorithms. For assessing valve performance and monitoring, mechanical design and operating conditions are two important parameters. In this study, the butterfly valves of three different sizes are simulated with water and steam using STAR-CCM+ in various flow regimes and positions to analyze performance parameters to strategize an automated control system for efficiently balancing the heat–transport network. Also, flow behavior is studied using velocity and pressure fields for valve–body geometry optimization. It can be observed, through performance parameters, that the valves are suitable for operation between 30° and 90° positions with significantly low loss coefficients and high flow coefficients, and the performance parameters follow a certain pattern in both water and steam flow in each scenario.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Integration Study of Converter-Interfaced Combined Heat and Power Plants

Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems, as a proven technology, provide numerous benefits to the plant owner by saving electricity bill, reducing carbon dioxide emissions, and improving electricity service reliability. However, their integration into the distribution grid faces many barriers including the complexity of grid code requirements and the lack of technical expertise in commercial and small industrial plants to interface with the utility and accelerate the interconnection process. To solve these issues, this study proposes a converter-interfaced solution for CHP integration. Simulations including various fault scenarios and load flow under different grid conditions are carried out to compare technical performances of the proposed solution with directly-coupled CHP. Results show that the generator size of converter-interfaced CHP can be reduced by approximately 25% and it also provides advantageous features such as reduced stress level under fault conditions and a better dynamic stability margin. In addition, a power factor controller is designed and reactive power from CHP is dispatched in such a way that the CHP plant is compliant with power factor requirements from utilities under all operating conditions.

Converter, Combined heat and power, Distributed en↗
DOE OSTI2022

FORCE Development Status Update: Vertical Integration and Benchmarking of System Dynamics

Recent efforts to establish effective models for grid energy analysis, especially given the increase in variable renewable energy (VRE) sources and the economic challenges faced by traditional nuclear energy, have generated new technological considerations. One effort to improve the economic viability of nuclear power involves investigating integrated energy systems (IES) which include secondary energy systems that introduce flexibility and secondary market possibilities to existing and perceived future nuclear energy generation technologies. To analyze the technical and economic potential of IES, the Framework for Optimization of Resources and Economics (FORCE) tool suite was developed through a collaboration among national laboratories. Within the FORCE tool suite, the Holistic Energy Resource Optimization Network (HERON) provides algorithms for analyzing the long-term viability of potential IES technologies, while HYBRID provides algorithms and models to achieve high-resolution analysis of coupling physics over a short time period. Continued maturing of the FORCE tool suite requires further interconnections between the various tools in the suite in order to ensure consistent analysis. Analyses performed by applying HYBRID to transient process modeling should be easily harvestable as inputs to HERON analyses. The first item in this status update is a demonstration of an automated data pipeline for loading data from HYBRID into HERON analyses. Application of HYBRID results to HERON, as part of using the FORCE tool suite, relies on robust modeling assumptions for the various models included in HYBRID. The second result of this status update is the benchmarking and validation of cost and operational data, with a particular focus on natural gas energy generators. These generators are benchmarked with a focus on contrasting them with proposed thermal energy storage (TES) technologies.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2022

DSO+T: Integrated System Simulation (DSO+T Study: Volume 2)

This report summarizes an integrated co-simulation model used by the Distribution System Operator with Transactive (DSO+T) study to represent an electrical generation, delivery, and end-load systems for the purposes of assessing the viability and value proposition of transactive energy coordination of flexible assets versus a business-as-usual case. The integrated co-simulation model includes the bulk generation and transmission system, including the day-ahead and real-time scheduling and dispatch of thermal generators. Forty distribution system operators were modelled in detail, including tens of thousands of residential and commercial buildings and their flexible end-loads. These included HVAC systems, residential water heaters, electric vehicles, and stationary, behind-the-meter, batteries. Both wholesale market and end-load results for the business-as-usual case are presented and compared to actual ERCOT system data to assess the accuracy and representativeness of the resulting model.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Economic Analysis of Integrated Solar Power, Hydrogen Production, and Electricity Markets

Hydrogen is a versatile energy carrier that is used in a wide variety of chemical and industrial processes. Producing hydrogen using electrolysis can enable integration of multiple sectors including electricity, heating, and industrial sectors; however, the cost of producing hydrogen from electrolysis remains a challenge for encouraging greater adoption. To help improve the economics for both solar PV and hydrogen production using electrolyzers, we explore the benefit of combining PV and electrolysis systems. Using the Revenue Operation and Device Optimization Model (RODeO) model, the optimal breakeven hydrogen production cost for six unique market participation configurations is calculated at six candidate locations in California where PV is already installed. Costs include production, storage, and compression in preparation for gaseous delivery trucks. Revenue streams included in the optimization are the sale of hydrogen, Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) credits, renewable electricity sold to the grid, and Renewable Energy Credits (REC). The costs included are the electricity costs, capital and fixed operation and maintenance cost (FOM) for the electrolyzer, PV, and storage and compression systems as well as taxes and financing costs. In addition, cost reductions are achieved through retail and wholesale electricity use optimization, by which electricity is purchased at the lowest price and sold, if possible, at the highest price. For all locations analyzed, the breakeven hydrogen production cost results show that, in order of decreasing cost, the system configurations are islanded (highest), separated, NEM, retail, hybrid retail/wholesale, and wholesale (lowest). This report also explores other aspects of hydrogen systems including optimal renewable sizing and resulting energy mixture to the electrolyzer, value of renewable premiums, competition with incumbent technologies, cost sensitivity to a variety of parameters.

decarbonized economy↗
DOE OSTI2021

Security assessment and impact analysis of cyberattacks in integrated T&D power systems

In this paper, we examine the impact of cyberattacks in an integrated transmission and distribution (T&D) power grid model with distributed energy resource (DER) integration. We adopt the OCTAVE Allegro methodology to identify critical system assets, enumerate potential threats, analyze and prioritize risks for threat scenarios. Based on the analysis, attack strategies and exploitation scenarios are identified which could lead to system compromise. Specifically, we investigate the impact of data integrity attacks in inverted-based solar PV controllers, control signal blocking attacks in protective switches and breakers, and coordinated monitoring and switching time-delay attacks. Index Terms—Cyberattacks, security assessment, impact analysis, case studies, integrated power systems.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Techno-Economic Analysis of Dynamic Building Envelopes Comprising Phase Change Materials and Switchable Insulations: Preprint

Integrating phase change materials (PCMs) in building envelopes is a recognized technique to reduce the space heating/cooling loads and provide load shedding and shifting capacity. However, PCM benefits have been found to reduce dramatically with increase in the insulation requirements. Dynamic building envelopes that can alter their thermal resistance based on the indoor and outdoor conditions can effectively harness free ambient heating/cooling, thereby greatly enhancing the benefits of the PCM-integrated envelope in managing thermal loads. In this study, we examine various combinations of PCMs and switchable insulations and compare their combined impact on heat flow through the building envelope. Using numerical analysis, we investigate the PCM- and switchable insulation-integrated building walls, calculate the potential energy saving benefits compared to the conventional static walls, and finally perform technoeconomic analysis to estimate the acceptable cost of the technology under various payback period scenarios.

dynamic building envelopes↗
DOE OSTI2021

Renewable energy analysis in indigenous communities using bottom-up demand prediction

This paper provides a methodology for the holistic analysis of hybrid renewable energy systems in rural communities. Electric demand is an important component for modeling and analysis of renewable energy systems. Typically, electric demand data is not available due to the internal privacy policies of utility providers. Therefore, this study proposes the use of bottom-up approaches for the development of the electric demand profile, considering the general homogeneity of residential and commercial buildings in rural communities. As a test case, this study develops the electric demand profile and investigates the technical and environmental feasibility of a hybrid renewable energy system for the New Town community on the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation (FBIR) in North Dakota. This study conducts the hybrid renewable energy system’s analysis by developing scripts in the LK scripting language and integrating System Advisor Model software’s open-source modules for modeling of renewable energy systems. Here, the results for the validation testbed of this study show that hybrid renewable resources have higher ratios of energy used for self-consumption to the total energy generated compared to stand-alone wind and PV farms.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2025

A Modelica Implementation of an Organic Rankine Cycle

Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems generate power from low-grade heat sources, such as geothermal sources and industrial waste heat. A key feature is that a working fluid is selected to match the temperature of the source. With the vast pool of candidate working fluids comes the challenge of developing a large number of robust thermodynamic media models. We implemented a subcritical ORC model in Modelica that uses working fluid data records and interpolation schemes in lieu of thermodynamic medium evaluation for energy recovery estimation. This is a component model that can be integrated into a larger energy system model. It does not require detailed thermodynamic, heat transfer, or machine analysis. Our ORC model fills a gap where working fluids are ready to choose or easy to add, and at the same time can be integrated into an energy system.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2020

New Technologies for Power System Operation and Analysis, 1st Edition

New Technologies for Power System Operation and Analysis considers the very latest developments in renewable energy integration and system operation, including electricity markets and wide-area monitoring systems and forecasting. Helping readers quickly grasp the essential information needed to address renewable energy integration challenges, this new book looks at basic power system mathematical models, advanced renewable integration and system optimizations from transmission and distribution system sides. Sections cover wind, solar, gas and petroleum, making this a useful reference for all engineers interested in power system operation.

electricity markets↗
DOE OSTI2023

Advanced Structured Adsorbent Architectures for Transformative Carbon Dioxide Capture Performance (Final Report)

Svante is a world leader at using solid sorbents for low-cost Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) capture, a technology which is recognized as critical in meeting the dual mandates of energy security/reliability and the mitigation of man-made CO 2 emissions. Svante has been developing proprietary adsorbent material compositions, forming them into structured laminates, developing and optimizing process cycles, and system design for efficient capture of CO 2 from post-combustion flue gases of thermal power plants and industrial facilities. The deployment of first-generation CO 2 capture technology has been significantly hampered by high costs and energy penalties, among other barriers. Second generation CO 2 capture technologies (including the Mark I variant of Svante’s Veloxotherm™ adsorption-based technology), utilizing single adsorbent architecture, show promise for reducing the barriers to deploying CO 2 capture plants in commercially meaningful numbers. The objective of this project was to evaluate the Recipient’s transformational (Mark-II) VeloxoTherm™ Technology via the development and bench-scale testing of an advanced structured adsorbent, including novel Bi-layer, laminated adsorbent structures and segmented beds. Svante selected, synthesized, and characterized tailored solid adsorbents for computational modeling, advanced structured adsorbent development, process simulations, and dynamic bench scale (~1-10 kg/day CO 2 captured) testing using an existing single-bed VeloxoTherm™ Station (VTS) coupled with a natural gas-fired boiler. Segmented beds used the in-house, multi-bed Process Demonstration Unit (PDU) to demonstrate key performance indicators (KPIs), such as recovery, product purity, regeneration energy, and the integrated system's productivity in lifetime analysis. Segmented beds were used at a 1 tonne per day (TPD) unit at an industrial site to provide bench-scale validation of performance in an industrial setting. Svante was developing and optimizing the post-combustion CO 2 adsorption technology architectures, including the Bi-layer and segmented laminated adsorbent structure design, integrated rapid cycle temperature swing adsorption (RC-TSA) cycle, flow path architecture, and adsorbent bed construction and packaging (including gas porting) to progress towards achievement of DOE’s Transformational CO 2 Capture goals of 95% CO 2 purity and a cost of electricity at least 30% lower than a supercritical Pulverized Coal (PC) power plant with CO 2 capture, or approximately $30 per tonne of CO 2 captured ready for demonstration by 2030. The main requirements to reach the DOE target cost of carbon capture below $30/MT using Rapid-Cycling Temperature Swing Adsorption (RC-TSA) are as follows: (1) Increased capacity at different CO 2 concentrations, (2) Increased sorbents cycle life, (3) Increased O 2 resistance, and (4) Decreased steam requirement to extract 1 kg of CO 2 .

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗