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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 199 records · Page 11
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Photon-recoil and laser-focusing limits to Rydberg gate fidelity

Limits to Rydberg gate fidelity that arise from the entanglement of internal states of neutral atoms with the motional degrees of freedom due to the momentum kick from photon absorption and re-emission is quantified. This occurs when the atom is in a superposition of internal states but only one of these states is manipulated by visible or UV photons. The Schrödinger equation that describes this situation is presented and two cases are explored. In the first case, the entanglement arises because the spatial wave function shifts due to the separation in time between excitation and stimulated emission. For neutral atoms in a harmonic trap, the decoherence can be expressed within a sudden approximation when the duration of the laser pulses are shorter than the harmonic oscillator period. In this limit, the decoherence is given by simple analytic formulas that account for the momentum of the photon, the temperature of the atoms, the harmonic oscillator frequency, and atomic mass. In the second case, there is a reduction in gate fidelity because the photons causing absorption and stimulated emission are in focused beam modes. This leads to a dependence of the optically induced changes in the internal states on the center of mass atomic position. In the limit where the time between pulses is short, the decoherence can be expressed as a simple analytic formula involving the laser waist, temperature of the atoms, the trap frequency, and the atomic mass. These limits on gate fidelity are studied for the standard π-2π-π Rydberg gate and a protocol based on a single adiabatic pulse with a Gaussian envelope.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1975

Solutions to Kuessner's integral equation in unsteady flow using local basis functions

The computational procedure and numerical results are presented for a new method to solve Kuessner's integral equation in the case of subsonic compressible flow about harmonically oscillating planar surfaces with controls. Kuessner's equation is a linear transformation from pressure to normalwash. The unknown pressure is expanded in terms of prescribed basis functions and the unknown basis function coefficients are determined in the usual manner by satisfying the given normalwash distribution either collocationally or in the complex least squares sense. The present method of solution differs from previous ones in that the basis functions are defined in a continuous fashion over a relatively small portion of the aerodynamic surface and are zero elsewhere. This method, termed the local basis function method, combines the smoothness and accuracy of distribution methods with the simplicity and versatility of panel methods. Predictions by the local basis function method for unsteady flow are shown to be in excellent agreement with other methods. Also, potential improvements to the present method and extensions to more general classes of solutions are discussed.

Fromme, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Numeric calculation of unsteady forces over thin pointed wings in sonic flow

A fast and reasonably accurate numerical procedure is proposed for the solution of a simplified unsteady transonic equation. The approach described takes into account many of the effects of the steady flow field. The resulting accuracy is within a few per cent and can be carried out on a computer in less than one minute per case (one frequency and one mode of oscillation). The problem concerns a rigid pointed wing which performs harmonic pitching oscillations of small amplitude in a steady uniform transonic flow. Wake influence is ignored and shocks must be weak. It is shown that the method is more flexible than the transonic box method proposed by Rodemich and Andrew (1965) in that it can easily account for variable local Mach number and rather arbitrary planform so long as the basic assumptions are fulfilled.

Kimble, K. R.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Space applications of superconductivity - Microwave and infrared detectors

This is the fifth of a seven part series on the potential applications of superconductivity in space. The potential of superconducting microwave and infrared detectors for space applications is reviewed. The devices considered include bolometers, super-Schottky diodes and Josephson junctions operating as oscillators, mixers, and parametric amplifiers. In each case the description includes the physical mechanism, theoretical limits and the current state of the art for the superconducting device as well as its nonsuperconducting competitors.

Hamilton, C. A.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Pumping potential wells

Nonmonotonic plasma potential structures are a common feature of many double layers and sheaths. Steady state plasma potential wells separating regions having different plasma potentials are often found in laboratory experiments. In order to exist, all such structures must find a solution to a common problem. Ions created by charge exchange or ionization in the region of the potential well are electrostatically confined and tend to accumulate and fill up the potential well. The increase in positive charge should eliminate the well. Nevertheless, steady state structures are found in which the wells do not fill up. This means that it is important to take into account processes which pump ions from the well. As examples of ion pumping of plasma wells, potential dips in front of a positively biased electron collecting anode in a relatively cold, low density, multidipole plasma are considered. Pumping is provided by ion leaks from the edges of the potential dip or by oscillating the applied potential. In the former case the two-dimensional character of the problem is shown to be important.

Hershkowitz, N.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Pumping potential wells

Nonmonotonic plasma potential structures are a common feature of many double layers and sheaths. Steady state plasma potential wells separating regions having different plasma potentials are often found in laboratory experiments. In order to exist, such structures all must find a solution to a common problem. Ions created by charge exchange or ionization in the region of the potential well are electrostatically confined and tend to accumulate and fill up the potential well. The increase in positive charge should eliminate the well. Nevertheless, steady state structures are found in which the wells do not fill up. This means that it is important to take into account processes which 'pump' ions from the well. As examples of ion pumping of plasma wells, potential dips in front of a positively biased electro collecting anode in a relatively cold, low density multidipole plasma is considered. Pumping is provided by ion leaks from the edges of the potential dip or by oscillating the applied potential. In the former case the two dimensional character of the problem is shown to be important.

Hershkowitz, N.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Description of a subset of single events from the BATSE gamma ray burst data

About 15 percent of the gamma ray bursts in the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) data exhibit a simple light curve consisting mainly of a single pulse without fine substructures. In 12 of the burst profiles, the pulse shapes show a linear rise and decay. Three events have a distinct sharp rise followed by a long, almost exponential decay. Searches based on only a sharp rise selection criterion resulted in five more grbs with different profile complexities. In one case, we identify an envelope of fast oscillations with a long, softer tail lasting about 100 seconds. The majority of events were detectable at energies above 300 keV, with tentative estimates for fluences that vary between 4.0 x 10(exp -8) and 5.4 x 10(exp -6) ergs/sq cm. We describe here their general characteristics (durations, rise-decay times) and their hardness ratios.

Kouveliotou, Chryssa↗
NASA NTRS1993

Dynamic stall of an oscillating wing. Part 1: Evaluation of turbulence models

Unsteady flowfields of a two-dimensional oscillating wing are calculated using an implicit, finite-difference, Navier-Stokes numerical scheme using five widely used turbulence models. The objective of this study is to identify an appropriate turbulence model for accurate simulation of three-dimensional dynamic stall. Three unsteady flow conditions corresponding to attached flow, light-stall, and deep-stall of an oscillating wing experiment were chosen as test cases for computations. Results of unsteady airload hysteresis curves, harmonics of unsteady pressures, and instantaneous flow pictures are presented. Comparison of unsteady airloads with experiment show that all models are deficient in some sense and not a single model predicts all airloads consistently and in agreement with experiment for all flow conditions. For the attached flow condition, the Renormalization Group Theory (RNG), the Johnoson-King (J-K), and the Spalart-Allmaras (S-A) models have better performance. The Baldwin-Lomax (B-L) and the Baldwin-Barth (B-B) models fair poorly. At the light-stall condition, the results for the RNG, the J-K, and S-A models are in agreement with experiment for the upstroke but they all over predict the separation shown by the experiment and therefore have bigger hysteresis loops than experimental results. The B-B model results are also in good agreement for upstroke but have poor lift hysteresis for downstroke. It has superior drag and pitching-moment predictions. For deep-stall conditions, the airloads for the RNG, the B -B, and the S-A models have fair agreement with experiment, but the B-B model performed better at the extreme deep-stall condition. Overall, the RNG model provides significant improvement over the B-L model in all flow regimes with no additional computational cost. The Baldwin-Barth model is the most expensive of the models considered here, costing about 2.5 times that of the Baldwin-Lomax model. Finally, a brief discussion of the effects of grid density, time-step size, and numerical dissipation on the unsteady solutions are also presented.

Srinivasan, G. R.↗
NASA NTRS1997

Documentation of Atmospheric Conditions During Observed Rising Aircraft Wakes

Flight tests were conducted in the fall of 1995 off the coast of Wallops Island, Virginia in order to determine characteristics of wake vortices at flight altitudes. A NASA Wallops Flight Facility C130 aircraft equipped with smoke generators produced visible wakes at altitudes ranging from 775 to 2225 m in a variety of atmospheric conditions, orientations (head wind, cross wind), and airspeeds. Meteorological and aircraft parameters were collected continuously from a Langley Research Center OV-10A aircraft as it flew alongside and through the wake vortices at varying distances behind the C130. Meteorological data were also obtained from special balloon observations made at Wallops. Differential GPS capabilities were on each aircraft from which accurate altitude profiles were obtained. Vortices were observed to rise at distances beyond a mile behind the C130. The maximum altitude was 150 m above the C130 in a near neutral atmosphere with significant turbulence. This occurred from large vertical oscillations in the wakes. There were several cases when vortices did not descend after a very short initial period and remained near generation altitude in a variety of moderately stable atmospheres and wind shears.

Zak, J. Allen↗
NASA NTRS2000

Laminar Premixed and Diffusion Flames (Ground-Based Study)

Ground-based studies of soot processes in laminar flames proceeded in two phases, considering laminar premixed flames and laminar diffusion flames, in turn. The test arrangement for laminar premixed flames involved round flat flame burners directed vertically upward at atmospheric pressure. The test arrangement for laminar jet diffusion flames involved a round fuel port directed vertically upward with various hydrocarbon fuels burning at atmospheric pressure in air. In both cases, coflow was used to prevent flame oscillations and measurements were limited to the flame axes. The measurements were sufficient to resolve soot nucleation, growth and oxidation rates, as well as the properties of the environment needed to evaluate mechanisms of these processes. The experimental methods used were also designed to maintain capabilities for experimental methods used in corresponding space-based experiments. This section of the report will be limited to consideration of flame structure for both premixed and diffusion flames.

Dai, Z.↗
NASA NTRS2012

The Effects of Solar Variability on Earth's Climate: A Workshop Report

Solar irradiance, the flux of the Sun s output directed toward Earth, is Earth s main energy source.1 The Sun itself varies on several timescales over billions of years its luminosity increases as it evolves on the main sequence toward becoming a red giant; about every 11 years its sunspot activity cycles; and within just minutes flares can erupt and release massive amounts of energy. Most of the fluctuations from tens to thousands of years are associated with changes in the solar magnetic field. The focus of the National Research Council's September 2011 workshop on solar variability and Earth's climate, and of this summary report, is mainly magnetically driven variability and its possible connection with Earth's climate variations in the past 10,000 years. Even small variations in the amount or distribution of energy received at Earth can have a major influence on Earth's climate when they persist for decades. However, no satellite measurements have indicated that solar output and variability have contributed in a significant way to the increase in global mean temperature in the last 50 years. Locally, however, correlations between solar activity and variations in average weather may stand out beyond the global trend; such has been argued to be the case for the El Nino-Southern Oscillation, even in the present day. A key area of inquiry deals with establishing a unified record of the solar output and solar-modified particles that extends from the present to the prescientific past. The workshop focused attention on the need for a better understanding of the links between indices of solar activity such as cosmogenic isotopes and solar irradiance. A number of presentations focused on the timescale of the solar cycle and of the satellite record, and on the problem of extending this record back in time. Highlights included a report of progress on pyroheliometer calibration, leading to greater confidence in the time history and future stability of total solar irradiance (TSI), and surprising results on changes in spectral irradiance over the last solar cycle, which elicited spirited discussion. New perspectives on connections between features of the quiet and active areas of the photosphere and variations in TSI were also presented, emphasizing the importance of developing better understanding in order to extrapolate back in time using activity indices. Workshop participants reviews highlighted difficulties as well as causes for optimism in current understanding of the cosmogenic isotope record and the use of observed variability in Sun-like stars in reconstructing variations in TSI occurring on lower frequencies than the sunspot cycle. The workshop succeeded in bringing together informed, focused presentations on major drivers of the Sun-climate connection. The importance of the solar cycle as a unique quasi-periodic probe of climate responses on a timescale between the seasonal and Milankovitch cycles was recognized in several presentations. The signal need only be detectable, not dominant, for it to play this role of a useful probe. Some workshop participants also found encouraging progress in the top-down perspective, according to which solar variability affects surface climate by first perturbing the stratosphere, which then forces the troposphere and surface. This work is now informing and being informed by research on tropospheric responses to the Antarctic ozone hole and volcanic aerosols. In contrast to the top-down perspective is the bottom-up view that the interaction of solar energy with the ocean and surface leads to changes in dynamics and temperature. During the discussion of how dynamical air-sea coupling in the tropical Pacific and solar variability interact from a bottom-up perspective, several participants remarked on the wealth of open research questions in the dynamics of the climatic response to TSI and spectral variability. The discussion of the paleoclimate record emphasized that the link between solar varbility and Earth s climate is multifaceted and that some components are understood better than others. According to two presenters on paleoclimate, there is a need to study the idiosyncrasies of each key proxy record. Yet they also emphasized that there may be an emerging pattern of paleoclimate change coincident with periods of solar activity and inactivity, but only on long timescales of multiple decades to millennia. Several speakers discussed the effects of particle events and cosmic-ray variability. These are all areas of exciting fundamental research; however, they have not yet led to conclusive evidence for significant related climate effects. The key problem of attribution of climate variability on the timescales of the Little Ice Age and the Maunder Minimum were directly addressed in several presentations. Several workshop participants remarked that the combination of solar, paleoclimatic, and climate modeling research has the potential to dramatically improve the credibility of these attribution studies.

Source record↗
DOE OSTI2024

On forced RF generation of CW magnetrons for accelerators

CW magnetrons, initially developed for industrial RF heaters, were suggested to power RF cavities of superconducting accelerators due to their higher efficiency and lower cost than traditionally used klystrons, IOTs or solid-state amplifiers. RF amplifiers driven by a master oscillator serve as coherent RF sources. CW magnetrons are regenerative RF generators with a huge regenerative gain. This causes regenerative instability with a quite large noise when a magnetron operates with the anode voltage above the threshold of self-excitation. Traditionally, an injection locking by a small signal is used for stabilization of magnetrons. In this case CW magnetrons with the injection-locked oscillations generate a high level of noise. This may preclude use of standard CW magnetrons in this operating mode in the Superconducting RF (SRF) accelerators. In this article we described a method developed for forced RF generation of CW magnetrons when the magnetron startup is provided by the injected forcing signal and the regenerative noise is suppressed. The method is most suitable for powering high Q-factor cavities.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
NASA NTRS1985

Single step optimization strategies for constrained retargeting maneuvers

The present consideration of recent advancements in the nonlinear guidance of spacecraft, using feedback linearization and decoupling to generate exact nominal commands, gives attention to the correction of saturation effects and oscillation prevention in saturated operating regimes. In the case of spacecraft maneuvered by momentum-transfer devices, real time command generation is possible by means of pointwise minimization of the sum of the squares of the norms of the 'next state error' for the equivalent system and the linear system input. It is also possible to track a nominal trajectory, such as a critically damped harmonic oscillator response, by minimizing the square of the norm of the error between the actual and the tracked states.

Dwyer, T. A. W., III↗
NASA NTRS2002

Stability and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Condensing Films

The overall objective of this research is to investigate the fundamental physics of film condensation in reduced gravity. The condensation of vapor on a cool surface is important in many engineering problems,including spacecraft thermal control and also the behavior of condensate films that may form on the interior surfaces of spacecraft. To examine the effects of body force on condensing films, two different geometries have been tested in the laboratory: (1) a stabilizing gravitational body force (+1g, or condensing surface facing 'upwards') and (2) de-stabilizing gravitational body force (-1g, or 'downwards'). For each geometry, different fluid configurations are employed to help isolate the fluid mechanical and thermal mechanisms operative in condensing films. The fluid configurations are (a) a condensing film, and (b) a non-condensing film with film growth by mass addition by through the plate surface. Condensation experiments are conducted in a test cell containing a cooled copper or brass plate with an exposed diameter of 12.7 cm. The metal surface is polished to allow for double-pass shadowgraph imaging, and the test surface is instrumented with imbedded heat transfer gauges and thermocouples. Representative shadowgraph images of a condensing, unstable (-1g) n-pentane film are shown. The interfacial disturbances associated with the de-stabilizing body force leading to droplet formation and break-off can be clearly seen. The heat transfer coefficient associated with the condensing film is shown. The heat transfer coefficient is seen to initially decrease, consistent with the increased thermal resistance due to layer growth. For sufficiently long time, a steady value of heat transfer is observed, accompanied by continuous droplet formation and break-off. The non-condensing cell consists of a stack of thin stainless steel disks 10 cm in diameter mounted in a brass enclosure. The disks are perforated with a regular pattern of 361 holes each 0.25 mm in diameter. Non-condensing experiments in -1g have employed 50 cSt and 125 cSt silicone oil pumped through the perforated disks at a specified rate by a syringe micropump. The time to droplet break-off and the disturbance wavelengths appear to decrease with increasing pumping rate. The ability to reliably perform multi-point, ultrasonic measurements of the film thickness has been demonstrated. A linear array of eight transducers of 6 mm diameter (with a beam footprint of comparable size) are pulsed with a square-wave signal at a frequency of 5 MHz and a pulse duration of approximately 0.3 s. For thin films (60 m to 2-3 mm in thickness) the layer thickness is determined by frequency analysis, where the received ultrasound pulse is Fourier transformed and the spacing between the peaks in the frequency spectrum is analyzed. For thicker layers (up to at least 1 cm in thickness), time-domain analysis is performed of the received ultrasound pulses to generate directly the layer thickness. A time-trace of the film thickness at a point using a single transducer in the linear array is shown for the case of an unstable (-1g) n-pentane film. The oscillations in film thickness are evidently due to the passage and/or shedding of droplets from the cooled plate surface. The entire transducer array was used to measure the changes in film thickness resulting from the passage of gravity waves generated either by an oscillating wall or the impact of a single droplet on the free surface of a film. The enclosure in both cases was 14 cm square and the transducer spacing was 12 mm. Best results were obtained using as test fluid a mixture of 50% glycerol and 50% water with a fluid layer thickness of 3-5 mm. In both cases the measured wavelengths and wave propagation speeds using the ultrasound technique compared reasonably well with those observed by optical imaging. Additional information can be found in the original extended abstract.

Hermanson, J. C.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Dynamics of the solar transition zone

Time-resolved profiles of the 1548-A C IV line arising from the solar transition region are analyzed in order to determine whether the 300-sec oscillations characteristic of the photosphere and chromosphere penetrate into the transition zone and to measure the rms amplitude of transition-zone disturbances as well as their dependence on solar activity. The rms velocity amplitude is used to set limits on the mechanical energy flux available for solar heating. A power-spectrum analysis indicates that acoustic waves appear to have been detected in the transition zone, that at least one case of a strong 200- to 300-sec oscillation was observed, but that strong periodicities are not found on the average in either the intensity or the velocity field. It is suggested that the rms velocity that may be attributed to directly observable wave motion is between 3 and 7 km/s, depending on whether the individual emission elements seen in rocket spectra are coherent or independent in phase.

Bruner, E. C., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1980

The role of upper tropospheric jet streaks and lee-side cyclogenesis in the development of low level jets in the great plains

A review of 15 cases of low level jets (LLJ) which developed in the Great Plains is presented. For 12 out of the 15 cases, a systematic upper level flow pattern was isolated which includes the existence of a trough over the southwest United States and the propagation of upper level jet streaks from the Rocky Mountains toward the Great Plains. This flow pattern is responsible for lee side cyclogenesis or lee side troughing that produces the pressure gradients needed for the development of the LLJ. For the other three cases, a blocking ridge existed over the Great Plains and the upper level flow is relatively weak. It is during these situations that the classic, diurnal oscillating LLJ was observed. A more detailed review of four cases indicates that the subsynoptic scale adjustments associated with the upper level jet streak's forcing of lee side cyclogenesis could be an important factor in the development of LLJ's in the Great Plains.

Uccellini, L. W.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Resonant amplification of enzymatic chemical oscillations by oscillating flow

Using theory and simulation, we analyzed the resonant amplification of chemical oscillations that occur due to externally imposed oscillatory fluid flows. The chemical reactions are promoted by two enzyme-coated patches located sequentially on the inner surface of a pipe that transports the enclosed chemical solution. In the case of diffusion-limited systems, the period of oscillations in chemical reaction networks is determined by the rate of the chemical transport, which is diffusive in nature and, therefore, can be effectively accelerated by the imposed fluid flows. In this work, we first identify the natural frequencies of the chemical oscillations in the unperturbed reaction–diffusion system and, then, use the frequencies as a forcing input to drive the system to resonance. We demonstrate that flow-induced resonance can be used to amplify the amplitude of the chemical oscillations and to synchronize their frequency to the external forcing. In particular, we show that even 10% perturbations in the flow velocities can double the amplitude of the resulting chemical oscillations. Particularly, effective control can be achieved for the two-step chemical reactions where during the first half-period, the fluid flow accelerates the chemical flux toward the second catalytic patch, while during the second half-period, the flow amplifies the flux to the first patch. The results can provide design rules for regulating the dynamics of coupled reaction–diffusion processes and can facilitate the development of chemical reaction networks that act as chemical clocks.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗