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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 199 records · Page 11
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1972

An occultation satellite system for determining pressure levels in the atmosphere

An operational two-satellite microwave occultation system will establish a pressure reference level to be used in fixing the temperature-pressure profile generated by the SIRS infrared sensor as a function of altitude. In the final error analysis, simulated data for the SIRS sensor were used to test the performance of the occultation system. The results of this analysis indicate that the occultation system is capable of measuring the altitude of the 300-mb level to within 24 mrms, given a maximum error of 2 K in the input temperature profile. The effects of water vapor can be corrected by suitable climatological profiles, and improvements in the accuracy of the SIRS instrument should yield additional improvements in the performance of the occultation system.

Ungar, S. G.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Automated measurement of the bit-error rate as a function of signal-to-noise ratio for microwave communications systems

The performance of microwave systems and components for digital data transmission can be characterized by a plot of the bit-error rate as a function of the signal to noise ratio (or E sub b/E sub o). Methods for the efficient automated measurement of bit-error rates and signal-to-noise ratios, developed at NASA Lewis Research Center, are described. Noise measurement considerations and time requirements for measurement accuracy, as well as computer control and data processing methods, are discussed.

Kerczewski, Robert J.↗
NASA NTRS2019

Quantitative Comparison of Proprietary and Open-Source Georeferencing Tools for Use with Astronaut Photography

The Crew Earth Observations (CEO) Facility within the Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit at NASA’s Johnson Space Center supports the acquisition, analysis, and curation of astronaut photography of Earth’s surface and atmosphere. Astronauts on the International Space Station (ISS) respond to requests from CEO to acquire imagery of scientific and education targets, to include high profile targets in response to activations from the International Charter for Space & Major Disasters (also known as the International Disaster Charter, or IDC) and NASA’s Disasters Program. CEO facilitates the acquisition of astronaut photography in response to IDC events and delivers georeferenced data products to the United States Geological Survey (USGS) for distribution to the disaster community. Using GeoRef, an internal web-based tool developed in collaboration with NASA’s Ames Research Center, CEO generates data packages of georeferenced imagery, uncertainty images for assessing control and tie point accuracy, and metadata documenting raw and processed data. Operational experience with the Georef software identified vulnerabilities to internal code and server errors that can significantly increase time of data production. As such, CEO developed a backup procedure in case the GeoRef software experiences front-end or back-end errors. A system using OSGEO’s open-source QGIS software combined with a semi-automated pipeline using the object-oriented Python language and the Geospatial Abstract Library for generating metadata is quantitatively compared to GeoRef’s data package for quality and productivity. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) provides a standard measurement of data quality as it relates to ground error. Assessing RMSE measurements generated from georeferenced astronaut photographs acquired with different obliquity and focal length offers a comprehensive accuracy assessment of the software’s transformation algorithms. This assessment will indicate the software's ability to produce data products with the least ground-error or highest data quality regarding ground accuracy. In addition, a comparison of the software’s efficiency in generating a data package that includes georeferenced images, metadata, and uncertainty images for measuring tie/ground point error was performed. Initial results, based on the comparison of three nadir-facing astronaut photographs acquired with a 95mm focal length, reveal the QGIS-based system's average RMSE is 2.36 (pixels) suggesting its georectification system produces data products that meet and perhaps improve upon Georef solution's average RMSE of 32.99 (pixels). However, the QGIS system was unable to reproduce two unique Georef data products, uncertainty images for measuring tie and control point errors and a translated unwrapped image. In addition, the Georef software is designed to accept handheld camera pose information from a hardware component (Geosens) scheduled for deployment on the ISS in late 2018; this information is intended to provide increased accuracy and auto-registration capability for astronaut photographs. Future work is expected to determine the QGIS-based georectification system’s potential as an open-source alternative (and operational backup) to Georef for georeferencing the full range of resolutions and viewing angles unique to handheld digital camera imagery in support of ISS disaster response activities.

Jagge, Amy M.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Spaceflight optical disk recorder development

Mass memory systems based on rewriteable optical disk media are expected to play an important role in meeting the data system requirements for future NASA spaceflight missions. NASA has established a program to develop a high performance (high rate, large capacity) optical disk recorder focused on use aboard unmanned Earth orbiting platforms. An expandable, adaptable system concept is proposed based on disk drive modules and a modular controller. Drive performance goals are 10 gigabyte capacity, 300 megabit/s transfer rate, 10 exp -12 corrected bit error rate, and 150 millisec access time. This performance is achieved by writing eight data tracks in parallel on both sides of a 14 in. optical disk using two independent heads. System goals are 160 gigabyte capacity, 1.2 gigabits/s data rate with concurrent I/O, 250 millisec access time, and two to five year operating life on orbit. The system can be configured to meet various applications. This versatility is provided by the controller. The controller provides command processing, multiple drive synchronization, data buffering, basic file management, error processing, and status reporting. Technology developments, design concepts, current status including a computer model of the system and a Controller breadboard, and future plans for the Drive and Controller are presented.

Jurczyk, Stephen G.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Telerobot control mode performance assessment

With the maturation of various developing robot control schemes, it is becoming extremely important that the technical community evaluate the performance of these various control technologies against an established baseline to determine which technology provides the most reliable robust, and safe on-orbit robot control. The Supervisory Telerobotics Laboratory (STELER) at JPL has developed a unique robot control capability which has been evaluated by the NASA technical community and found useful for augmenting both the operator interface and control of intended robotic systems on-board the Space Station. As part of the technology development and prototyping effort, the STELER team has been evaluating the performance of different control modes; namely, teleoperation under position, or rate, control, teleoperation with force reflection and shared control. Nine trained subjects were employed in the performance evaluation involving several high fidelity servicing tasks. Four types of operator performance data were collected; task completion time, average force, peak force, and number of operator successes and errors. This paper summarizes the results of this performance evaluation.

Zimmerman, Wayne↗
NASA NTRS1982

Analysis of space telescope data collection system

An analysis of the expected performance for the Multiple Access (MA) system is provided. The analysis covers the expected bit error rate performance, the effects of synchronization loss, the problem of self-interference, and the problem of phase ambiguity. The problem of false acceptance of a command word due to data inversion is discussed. A mathematical determination of the probability of accepting an erroneous command word due to a data inversion is presented. The problem is examined for three cases: (1) a data inversion only, (2) a data inversion and a random error within the same command word, and a block (up to 256 48-bit words) containing both a data inversion and a random error.

Ingels, F. M.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Bit error rate performance of Image Processing Facility high density tape recorders

The Image Processing Facility at the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center uses High Density Tape Recorders (HDTR's) to transfer high volume image data and ancillary information from one system to another. For ancillary information, it is required that very low bit error rates (BER's) accompany the transfers. The facility processes about 10 to the 11th bits of image data per day from many sensors, involving 15 independent processing systems requiring the use of HDTR's. When acquired, the 16 HDTR's offered state-of-the-art performance of 1 x 10 to the -6th BER as specified. The BER requirement was later upgraded in two steps: (1) incorporating data randomizing circuitry to yield a BER of 2 x 10 to the -7th and (2) further modifying to include a bit error correction capability to attain a BER of 2 x 10 to the -9th. The total improvement factor was 500 to 1. Attention is given here to the background, technical approach, and final results of these modifications. Also discussed are the format of the data recorded by the HDTR, the magnetic tape format, the magnetic tape dropout characteristics as experienced in the Image Processing Facility, the head life history, and the reliability of the HDTR's.

Heffner, P.↗
NASA NTRS1997

Neural Network Research on Tilt-Rotor Hover Performance

Results from a neural network study on XV-15 tilt-rotor hover performance are presented. Two XV-15 test data bases, acquired during separate tests conducted in the National Full-Scale Aerodynamics Complex at NASA Ames, were used in this study. The two XV-15 test data bases used were: the 1997 80- by 120-Foot Wind Tunnel test data base and the 1984 Outdoor Aerodynamic Research Facility (OARF) test data base. The objectives associated with the 80- by 120-Foot Wind Tunnel test data were to conduct data quality checks, obtain neural network representations, and demonstrate sensitivity to test conditions. The objectives associated with the OARF outdoor test data were to obtain a 'zero wind' neural network representation, and formulate and implement a neural network based wind correction procedure. An additional objective, common to both test data bases, was to conduct error comparisons. The conclusions from the present study were as follows: Compared to measured parameters (i.e., collective pitch angle), derived parameters (i.e., thrust coefficient) were found preferable as neural network inputs. For the 80- by 120-Foot Wind Tunnel test data base, the neural network based figure of merit representations did not extrapolate rotor stall. Using the OARF outdoor test database, a neural network based wind correction procedure was formulated and successfully implemented. Based on an error comparison, the present neural network based wind correction procedure was found to be more accurate compared to the existing, momentum-theory-based wind correction procedure. Also, a separate error comparison showed that the 80- by 120-Foot Wind Tunnel hover performance data were comparable to non-wind-corrected outdoor test data.

Kozapalli, S.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Evaluation of LANDSAT-4 TM and MSS ground geometry performance without ground control

LANDSAT thematic mapper P-data of Washington, D.C., Harrisburg, PA, and Salton Sea, CA were analyzed to determine magnitudes and causes of error in the geometric conformity of the data to known earth-surface geometry. Several tests of data geometry were performed. Intra-band and inter-band correlation and registration were investigated, exclusive of map-based ground truth. Specifically, the magnitudes and statistical trends of pixel offsets between a single band's mirror scans (due to processing procedures) were computed, and the inter-band integrity of registration was analyzed.

Bryant, N. A.↗
NASA NTRS2005

Faults Discovery By Using Mined Data

Fault discovery in the complex systems consist of model based reasoning, fault tree analysis, rule based inference methods, and other approaches. Model based reasoning builds models for the systems either by mathematic formulations or by experiment model. Fault Tree Analysis shows the possible causes of a system malfunction by enumerating the suspect components and their respective failure modes that may have induced the problem. The rule based inference build the model based on the expert knowledge. Those models and methods have one thing in common; they have presumed some prior-conditions. Complex systems often use fault trees to analyze the faults. Fault diagnosis, when error occurs, is performed by engineers and analysts performing extensive examination of all data gathered during the mission. International Space Station (ISS) control center operates on the data feedback from the system and decisions are made based on threshold values by using fault trees. Since those decision-making tasks are safety critical and must be done promptly, the engineers who manually analyze the data are facing time challenge. To automate this process, this paper present an approach that uses decision trees to discover fault from data in real-time and capture the contents of fault trees as the initial state of the trees.

Lee, Charles↗
NASA NTRS2000

Accelerating Time-Varying Hardware Volume Rendering Using TSP Trees and Color-Based Error Metrics

This paper describes a new hardware volume rendering algorithm for time-varying data. The algorithm uses the Time-Space Partitioning (TSP) tree data structure to identify regions within the data that have spatial or temporal coherence. By using this coherence, the rendering algorithm can improve performance when the volume data is larger than the texture memory capacity by decreasing the amount of textures required. This coherence can also allow improved speed by appropriately rendering flat-shaded polygons instead of textured polygons, and by not rendering transparent regions. To reduce the polygonization overhead caused by the use of the hierarchical data structure, we introduce an optimization method using polygon templates. The paper also introduces new color-based error metrics, which more accurately identify coherent regions compared to the earlier scalar-based metrics. By showing experimental results from runs using different data sets and error metrics, we demonstrate that the new methods give substantial improvements in volume rendering performance.

Ellsworth, David↗
NASA NTRS1993

Is Large-Scale Low-Frequency Variability Satisfying Linear Barotropic Vorticity Dynamics?

What is the dynamics governing the sea level variabilities at spatial scales larger than the mesoscale and periods longer than a few weeks? This question is investigated using the TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry data. For periods shorter than a decade, it is believed that the large-scale variabilities in the open ocean should be barotropic and can be described by the barotropic vorticity equation. To avoid the error-sensitive Laplacian operator, the above equation was integrated over a large area. Preliminary analysis was performed in the northeastern Pacific, where the eddy energy is relatively low and the bathymetry is relatively smooth. Good correlation between the two sides of the equation was obtained at periods longer than 60 days. The largest error in the data is suspected to be the ocean tides. Empirical correction for the ocean tides will be performed for further analysis. Preliminary results of a global calculation will be presented.

Fu, Lee-Lueng↗
NASA NTRS1971

The experimental determination of atmospheric absorption from aircraft acoustic flight tests

A method for determining atmospheric absorption coefficients from acoustic flight test data is presented. Measurements from five series of acoustic flight tests were included in the study. The number of individual flights totaled 24: six Boeing 707 flights performed in May 1969 in connection with the turbofan nacelle modification program, eight flights from Boeing tests conducted during the same period, and 10 flights of the Boeing 747 airplane. The effects of errors in acoustic, meteorological, and aircraft performance and position measurements are discussed. Tabular data of the estimated sample variance of the data for each test are given for source directivity angles from 75 deg to 120 deg and each 1/3-octave frequency band. Graphic comparisons are made of absorption coefficients derived from ARP 866, using atmospheric profile data, with absorption coefficients determined by the experimental method described in the report.

Miller, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1962

An Experimental Investigation of the Performance of the Nitrogen Tetroxide-Hydrazine System in the Oxidizer-Rich and Fuel-Rich Regions

The results of an experimental program directed toward determining some of the operational characteristics of the nitrogen tetroxide-hydrazine propellant system under oxidizer-rich and fuel-rich conditions are reported. Data are presented for the mixture-ratio ranges of 0 to 0.55 at a nominal chamber pressure of 300 psia and characteristic chamber length of 250 in., and at mixture ratios of 5.9 to 13.0 at nominal chamber pressures of 400 and 500 psia and characteristic chamber lengths of 100 and 3900 in. The relationship of the actual performance data obtained in each region with those predicted from thermochemical performance calculations is presented. From this comparison, it is concluded that in neither region are equilibrium conditions obtained and that utilization of performance data obtained from assumptions of equilibrium will lead to serious errors. In the oxidizer-rich region investigated, temperatures considerably below those predicted occur throughout the range of mixture ratios investigated because of the lack of exothermic dissociation of the nitrogen oxides. In the fuel-rich region, below a mixture ratio of 0.3, temperatures considerably higher than those predicted occur because of the lack of endothermic dissociation of ammonia.

Chilenski, J. J.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Application of microelectronic technology to general aviation flight control

This paper presents several different methods that can be used to determine the aircraft orientation (attitude) without direct measurement. The methods combine state estimation techniques with measurements from solid state pressure sensors, accelerometers, and magnetometers to determine the aircraft state. The paper demonstrates how the estimation algorithms were validated and compared using flight test data, and it presents results of performance sensitivity analyses of sensor error, modeling inaccuracies, and wind disturbance effects on the attitude estimation errors. If implemented, the methods presented could make it possible to eliminate directional and vertical gyros and to change from many isolated sensors to an integrated, small, reliable sensing package for determining the aircraft state.

Sorensen, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1984

A low noise synthesizer for autotuning and performance testing of hydrogen masers

A low noise synthesizer has been developed for use in hydrogen maser autotuning and performance evaluation. This synthesizer replaces the frequency offset maser normally used for this purpose and allows the user to maintain all masers in the ensemble at the same frequency. The synthesizer design utilizes a quartz oscillator with a BVA resonator. The oscillator has a frequency offset of 5 X 10 to the minus 8 power. The BVA oscillator is phase-locked to a hydrogen maser by means of a high gain, high stability phase-locked loop, employing low noise multipliers as phase error amplifiers. A functional block diagram of the synthesizer and performance data will be presented.

Cloeren, J. M.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Predictions of silicon avalanche photodiode detector performance in water vapor differential absorption lidar

Performance analyses are presented which establish that over most of the range of signals expected for a down-looking differential absorption lidar (DIAL) operated at 16 km the silicon avalanche photodiode (APD) is the preferred detector for DIAL measurements of atmospheric water vapor in the 730 nm spectral region. The higher quantum efficiency of the APD's, (0.8-0.9) compared to a photomultiplier's (0.04-0.18) more than offsets the higher noise of an APD receiver. In addition to offering lower noise and hence lower random error the APD's excellent linearity and impulse recovery minimize DIAL systematic errors attributable to the detector. Estimates of the effect of detector system parameters on overall random and systematic DIAL errors are presented, and performance predictions are supported by laboratory characterization data for an APD receiver system.

Kenimer, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1993

The Third NASA Goddard Conference on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies

This report contains copies of nearly all of the technical papers and viewgraphs presented at the Goddard Conference on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies held in October 1993. The conference served as an informational exchange forum for topics primarily relating to the ingestion and management of massive amounts of data and the attendant problems involved. Discussion topics include the necessary use of computers in the solution of today's infinitely complex problems, the need for greatly increased storage densities in both optical and magnetic recording media, currently popular storage media and magnetic media storage risk factors, data archiving standards including a talk on the current status of the IEEE Storage Systems Reference Model (RM). Additional topics addressed System performance, data storage system concepts, communications technologies, data distribution systems, data compression, and error detection and correction.

Kobler, Benjamin↗