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DOE OSTI2020

The use of U3Si2/Al dispersion fuel for high power research reactors

In order to investigate the irradiation performance of U3Si2/Al dispersion fuel at relatively aggressive reactor conditions, compared to how this fuel is typically used in a research or test reactor, post irradiation examination was performed on two fuel plates that were irradiated at ~270 W/cm2 average surface heat flux and to a maximum local burnup greater than 8 × 1021 fissions/cm3 in the Advanced Test Reactor as part of the RERTR-8 experiment. As part of the non-destructive examinations that were performed on both fuel plates, detailed thickness measurements using a high-fidelity measurement bench were performed on one fuel plate and a segment of the second fuel plate. This paper provides the first reported results of such high-resolution thickness measurements for U3Si2/Al dispersion fuel plates, containing primarily the U3Si2 fuel phase, irradiated at such power levels to high burnup. For destructive examination using optical metallography, samples were generated from both irradiated plates. Localized regions of high swelling (characteristic of internal blistering) were observed on the surface of both fuel plates, suggesting that the performance limits had been reached for each plate. Destructive examinations showed that the fuel particles that are primarily U3Si2, which become amorphous during irradiation, in both plates contained relatively large fission gas bubbles with evidence of fission gas bubble interconnection.

Wachs, Daniel M.↗

DOE OSTI2023

A hybrid machine-learning approach for analysis of methane hydrate formation dynamics in porous media with synchrotron CT imaging

Fast multi-phase processes in methane hydrate bearing samples pose a challenge for quantitative micro-computed tomography study and experiment steering due to complex tomographic data analysis involving time-consuming segmentation procedures. This is because of the sample's multi-scale structure, which changes over time, low contrast between solid and fluid materials, and the large amount of data acquired during dynamic processes. Here, a hybrid approach is proposed for the automatic segmentation of tomographic data from time-resolved imaging of methane gas-hydrate formation in sandy granular media, which includes a deep-learning 3D U-Net model. To prepare a training dataset for the 3D U-Net, a technique to automate data labeling based on sample-specific information about the mineral matrix immobility and occasional fluid movement in pores is proposed. Automatic segmentation allowed for studying properties of the hydrate growth in pores, as well as dynamic processes such as incremental flow and redistribution of pore brine. Results of the quantitative analysis showed that for typical gas-hydrate stability parameters (100 bar methane pressure, 7°C temperature) the rate of formation is slow (less than 1% per hour), after which the surface area of contact between brine and gas increases, resulting in faster formation (2.5% per hour). Hydrate growth reaches the saturation point after 11 h of the experiment. Finally, the efficacy of the proposed segmentation scheme in on-the-fly automatic data analysis and experiment steering with zooming to regions of interest is demonstrated.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Design and construction of the CMS Outer Tracker for the Phase-2 Upgrade

he High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) is expected to deliver an integrated luminosity of $3000-4000$~fb$^{-1}$ after 10 years of operation with peak instantaneous luminosity reaching about $5-7.5\times10^{34}$cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$. During Long Shutdown 3, several components of the CMS detector will undergo major changes, called Phase-2 upgrade, to be able to operate in the challenging environment of the HL-LHC. The current CMS silicon strip tracker has to be replaced with a new detector. The Phase-2 Outer Tracker (OT) will have higher radiation tolerance, higher granularity, and the capability to handle higher data rates compared to the current system. Another key feature of the OT will be to provide tracking information to the Level-1 (L1) trigger, allowing trigger rates to be kept at a sustainable level without sacrificing physics potential. For this, the OT will be made out of modules with two closely spaced sensors read out by front-end ASICs, which can correlate hits in the two sensors creating short track segments called stubs. The stubs will be used for tracking in the L1 track finder. The modules come in two flavors: strip-strip (2S) and pixel-strip (PS), which contain different sensor configurations and multiple ASICs. In this contribution, the design of the CMS Phase-2 OT, the technological choices, and the quality assurance (QA) procedures used to ensure the functionality of the modules will be reported. The contribution will cover the first results with pre-production devices and the different aspects taken into account during the QA: from fulfilling the precision specification of the module assembly procedure to ensuring the proper communication between the different ASICs on the module. The module noise performance is also checked and the full module functionality is verified at different temperatures.

Zoi, Irene↗

DOE OSTI2021

Seasonal Seismicity in the Lake Biwa Region of Central Japan Moderately Modulated by Lake Water Storage Changes

Seasonal seismicity in Japan has been observed and attributed to variations induced by hydrological loading, as well as atmospheric and pore-fluid pressure. We examine the seasonal variations of crustal (<15 km depth) and low magnitude (M < 4.5) earthquakes in central Japan near the Biwako-Seigan Fault Zone (BSFZ), and analyze their correlation with the annual hydrological cycle of nearby Lake Biwa, the largest freshwater lake in Japan. The 2002–2018 lake water storage is estimated using water-level gauge and satellite altimetry data. Regional surface mass loading from soil moisture and snow predicted by the Global Land Data Assimilation System is used to augment the lake mass variation. We compute the stress and stressing-rate changes induced by the surface mass loading from lake storage, snow, and soil moisture at seismogenic depth (10 km) along the BSFZ using a finite element model incorporating a 3D Earth structure. The results show that seasonal surface mass loading generates 1–5 kPa peak-to-peak Coulomb stress change and 2.5–15 kPa/year stressing-rate variations on the fault segments along the BSFZ. Two of the four fault segments present significant correlation between local seismicity rate and loading-derived stress and/or stressing rate changes. Among the hydrological load components, lake water, snow, and soil moisture exhibit different annual phases, and the lake water storage dominates the total annual stress changes. Our analysis indicates that seasonal surface hydrological loads, especially lake water variations, modulate the seismicity rate along the BSFZ in central Japan.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2025

In-Situ Process Monitoring Evaluation and Demonstration using Advanced Characterization with Laser Powder Bed Systems

Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s (ORNL) Manufacturing Demonstration Facility (MDF) worked with EOS Group to evaluate the current in-situ sensor capabilities of an EOS M290 Laser Powder Bed Fusion machine. The M290 was fitted with a 1 Mega-Pixel (MP) grayscale visible-light camera and a 5 MP temporally integrated (TI) near-infrared (NIR) camera. One print from stainless steel (SS) 316 and two from Inconel 625 (IN625) were performed where data including in-situ imaging and a machine log file were captured. These data were subsequently analyzed using a Dynamic Multi-Scale Segmentation Convolutional Neural Network (DMSCNN) trained on user defined classes and correlated to as-printed flaws, in the form of porosity, discovered in X-Ray Computed Tomography (XCT). In Phase I, two indications were detected in-situ and spatially correlated to stochastic lack-of-fusion flaws discovered using XCT. In Phase II, using these links from in-situ signatures to XCT flaw populations, a second neural network (NN) was trained to create a Voxelized Property Prediction Model (VPPM) to predict porosity percentages within the part using only features garnered from the in-situ data from two IN625 complex geometries. The VPPM was able to accurately predict porosity values for IN625 parts with an R 2 value of 0.764.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2021

Data Processing Package for Cyclic Integrated Reversible Bending Fatigue Testing

A data processing software package has been introduced. The package was developed using MATLAB with the aid of the Curve Fitting Toolbox. The package is made up of four modules: pre-processing, data processing for static testing, data processing for monitoring, and data processing for measurements. CIRFT data are structured with multiple levels of architecture involving group, specimen, session, and scan/block. The degree of complexity of the data structure depends on whether a test is static or cyclic.The test results are presented in figures, scatter plots, and tables. For static testing, the output in tables provides bending mechanical properties and characteristic points of moment–curvature relation: flexural rigidities in linear segments of loading and unloading stages, intersection points between characteristic segments of the curve, and equivalent stress and strain quantities. For cyclic testing, the table output lists control and fatigue life and responsive/dependent quantities including moment, curvature, flexural rigidity, flexural hysteresis, rigidity phase angle, and equivalent stresses and strains. In addition, derivatives such as half-gage length and sensor spacing correction are included. The output also provides standard deviations of the reported quantities when they are applicable or available. The data processing package can serve as a fundamental characterization tool in mechanical study of materials. The package is intended primarily for data processing for the CIRFT process and can also be used in applications for which similar testing requirements exist.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2026

Maintenance strategy, structural design, and site layout of the ST-E1 fusion power plant

An effective fusion reactor maintenance scheme enables safe operations and short downtimes. This in turn leads to high availability, which is critical to the commercial viability of a power-producing plant. In tokamak-based fusion power plants, the chosen maintenance approach has a significant impact on the spatial design of the tokamak, as well as the surrounding infrastructure, and therefore needs to be considered from the outset. Tokamak Energy has developed a pre-concept design of a fusion power plant, ST-E1. This work describes the major drivers and constraints that have been considered, presents the tokamak architecture and chosen maintenance regime, and discusses how this enables the plant’s two-phased approach to demonstrating commercial operations. It also shows the implications for the design of other systems areas, in particular the machine structural arrangement and bioshield and hot cell layout. The reactor core segmentation and removal scheme replaces entire toroidal segments radially through a large vacuum port, along a single axis only. The result is a change-tolerant machine and plant layout that can accommodate the evolving designs of the tokamak.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2026

A High Power Density and High Efficiency Traction Drive Based on a Segmented Inverter and an Axial and Radial Flux Hybrid Machine

Eaton Corporation and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) collaborated to develop a high performance traction drive system aimed at increasing power density and overall efficiency. The system integrates Eaton’s hybrid flux motor—combining radial and axial flux paths to convert end-winding and structural elements into torque-producing components—with ORNL’s high-power-density segmented inverter. This motor design achieves higher torque density within the same footprint as traditional radial flux machines by effectively utilizing end turns. ORNL’s segmented inverter reduces the DC bus capacitor requirement by over 50% compared to standard voltage source inverters (VSIs), achieving power densities exceeding 100 kVA/L. The dual-module architecture also enables six-phase operation, aligning with Eaton’s motor design. Together, the motor and inverter offer a compact, efficient traction drive system with the potential for significant reductions in system weight and improvements in powertrain efficiency.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

Enhanced Ion Transport and Molecular Packing Stability in Asymmetric 2D Nanostructured π‐Conjugated Thieno[3,2‐b]Thiophene‐Based Liquid Crystal

Organic semiconductors based on liquid crystal (LC) molecules have attracted increasing interest. Here, in this work, two linear LCs based on 2,5‐bis(thien‐2‐yl)thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene (BTTT) mesogen are designed and synthesized, including BTTT/dEO3 with two symmetrically attached tri(ethylene oxide) groups and BTTT/mEO6 with one asymmetrically attached hexa(ethylene oxide) group. These two molecules have comparable functional‐group compositions but different molecular geometries, leading to their moderately different material performances. Both LCs show smectic mesophases with relatively low transition temperatures as confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy. A combination of experimental grazing incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations reveals a herringbone packing motif of BTTT segments in both LCs while a smaller molecular tilt angle in BTTT/mEO6. Ionic conductivities are measured by doping LCs with different amounts of ionic dopants, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI). BTTT/mEO6 shows better smectic phase stability to higher LiTFSI doping ratios. Both LCs exhibit similar ionic conductivities in the smectic phases, but BTTT/mEO6 outperforms BTTT/dEO3 by a factor of three in the amorphous phase at higher temperatures. MD simulations, performed to examine the ion solvation environment, reveal that BTTT/mEO6 is more efficient in coordinating Li‐ions and screening their interactions with TFSI‐ions which further promote ionic transport.

grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering↗

DOE OSTI2023

The Variable Continuous Bimaterial Interface in the San Jacinto Fault Zone Revealed by Dense Seismic Array Analysis of Fault Zone Head Waves

Key factors controlling earthquake ruptures include fault geometry, continuity, and seismic velocity structure around the fault. We present a novel tool that better informs deep bimaterial fault geometry embedded in distributed damage and seismicity, associated velocity contrasts across the fault, and their correlations with surface complexities. The method employs fault zone head and direct body waves and is applied to recordings from five spatiotemporally different seismic arrays along the complex San Jacinto fault zone (SJFZ) in southern California. We detect and distinguish these signals based on instantaneous phase coherence and relative energy in a cascading manner from one scale array to another. The analysis reveals a >70-km long continuous bimaterial interface within the SJFZ with several deep northeast dipping fault segments. The northern SJFZ, for instance, locates ~7 km northeast of its surface expression at 18-km depth. P-wave velocity contrasts range from near 0% to >15%, consistent with other bimaterial faults, and differ by a few % depending on fault-array azimuth, implying directional-dependent velocity contrasts. S-wave head waves and velocity contrasts are also imaged for the first time at the southern SJFZ, averaging to 2.9% in agreement with tomography results. The imaged geometry and continuity suggest the SJFZ initiated along remnant tectonic structures and translates to a rupture potential of M > 7.2, i.e., the sizes of its largest paleo-earthquakes. The P and S contrasts, and their ratios, have important implications for earthquake rupture speed, mode, directivity, and frictional heating along the SJFZ and other major faults globally.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

An open-endcap blade trap for radial-2D ion crystals

We present the design and experimental demonstration of an open-endcap radio frequency trap to confine ion crystals in the radial-two dimensional (2D) structural phase. The central axis of the trap is kept free of obstructions to allow for site-resolved imaging of ions in the 2D crystal plane, and the confining potentials are provided by four segmented blade electrodes. We discuss the design challenges, fabrication techniques, and voltage requirements for implementing this open-endcap trap. Finally, we validate its operation by confining up to 29 ions in a 2D triangular lattice, oriented such that both in-plane principal axes of the 2D crystal lie in the radial direction.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Interface instabilities in hafnium hydride entrained iron metal matrix composites

The chemical interactions in Fe–HfH 2 metal matrix composites (MMCs) are studied across multiple length scales to elucidate the decomposition of the parent phases and corresponding reaction zone physics during direct current sintering. Fe–HfH 2 composites were synthesized with increasing as-mixed hydride contents of Fe–25% HfH 2 , Fe–40% HfH 2 , Fe–55% HfH 2 , and Fe–70% HfH 2 (all in vol. %) to demonstrate the ability to achieve sintered MMCs with target hydride contents. Samples were probed across multiple length scales through a multi-modal workflow employing x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and segmentation analysis, and synchrotron techniques including hard x-ray fluorescence mapping and nanoprobe x-ray absorption near-edge structure measurements. Under the selected sintering temperature and pressure conditions, hydrogen evolution is seen to evolve through parallel paths: thermal decomposition from during the transformation of HfH 2 to HfH x<2 and through subsequent reaction with the Fe matrix leading to intermetallic phase formation. Specifically, HfFe and HfFe 2 intermetallic formation accelerates the release of hydrogen with a subsequent HfO 2 phase forming at grain boundaries. For this MMC, the consumption or loss of hydrogen can be considerable in compacts with initial hydride loading of 25%–40% HfH 2 approaching 83% hydrogen loss for the lower volume fraction composites. Increasing the volume fraction of HfH 2 to 70% enhanced the retained hydrogen content to 53% and attributed to the reduced interfacial area intrinsic to the increased HfH 2 loading in this MMC.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2021

Structural and magnetic properties of hard magnetic system Ce(Co 1 -Fe ) 4.4 Cu 0.6 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.19)

The Ce(Co 1 -Fe ) 4.4 Cu 0.6 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.19) is a composite, hard magnetic system that is based on the CaCu 5 -type structure (1:5). It shows both, unique magnetic and microstructural features that are essential for permanent magnets, e.g., exceptional squareness of the 2nd. quadrant of the magnetization loops and microstructural features typically needed for pinning. Samples solidified in alumina crucibles are coarse-grained and often clearly faceted and readily align in a magnetic field. X-ray, SEM, and TEM analyses show a 1:5-type single-phase material when quenched from high temperature, which, after heat treatment, transforms into a laminar coherent nanostructure through the formation of a dense array of extended intercalated regions. Furthermore, these extended intercalated regions are comprised of segments of the Ce 2 Ni 7 –type structure (2:7) which segregate into various closely related precipitates forming a nanostructure similar to the SmCo 5 - Sm 2 Co 17 composites seen in Sm-Co permanent magnets. Based on TEM and Lorentz microscopy of well-aligned single grain particles, the magnetic domains’ reversal mechanism is regulated by anisotropy fluctuations occurring along the easy direction of magnetization and strong exchange interactions between the matrix and defects (e.g.: stacking faults). Lorentz microscopy suggests the domain wall is not physically pinned by the defect, but rather is offset/deflected when it interacts with the defect. The Lorentz and magnetization data suggest that defects cause a bending of the moment away from the c axis inside the grains.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2021

Elastic interaction-induced anisotropic growth of dislocation loop arrays

The elastic interactions and reactions of dislocations lead to the formation of complex dislocation substructures, which is critical to the strain hardening and fatigue failure. Phase field dislocation dynamics simulations are conducted as a first step to understand the elastic interactions between dislocation loops. When the interloop spacing is small, the elastic interactions with neighboring loops become strong, rendering the edge segments strongly pinned, while allowing for the screw segments to propagate more easily. The interactions are found to result in an anisotropic stress distribution around the dislocation loops, leading to the formation of arrays of long, straight edge dislocations that could act as barriers to subsequent slip. Furthermore, the effect of initial loop size and applied strain rate on the elastic interaction-induced anisotropic pinning effect is investigated and discussed. Furthermore, the results are important for coarse-graining dislocation substructures formation into continuum level models of deformation in crystalline solids.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2024

Road to PROSPECT-II

The Precision Reactor Oscillation and SPECTrum (PROSPECT) experiment is based in a segmented liquid scintillator antineutrino detector situated approximately 7 meters from the highly enriched High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Its main goal is to investigate short-baseline antineutrino oscillations. The first phase of data collection, known as PROSPECT-I, was held from 2018 to 2019 and was used for several high-precision analyses, including multiple measurements of the $^{235}U$ antineutrino spectrum and searches for $eV$-scale sterile antineutrino oscillations. The collaboration is now preparing for the second phase, PROSPECT-II, which features an upgraded detector design. This advancement will enhance sensitivity and statistical power, allowing for a broader range of analyses beyond those achieved in PROSPECT-I. As we transition into this new phase, new questions have arisen concerning background simulation and its potential differences from those conducted during the initial phase of the experiment. Moreover, it is essential to ascertain, through simulations, the positive effects that an improved detector could have on the study of oscillations. This information is crucial for justifying the proposed enhancements, and I will cover all of this in the talk.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Road to PROSPECT-II

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Play Fairway Analysis: Structurally Controlled Geothermal Systems in the Eastern Great Basin Extensional Regime, Utah

A research team with membership from the University of Utah/Energy & Geoscience Institute, the University of Utah/Dept. of Geology & Geophysics, and the Utah Geological Survey, undertook a play fairway analysis (PFA) for geothermal resources in the Eastern Great Basin (EGB) extensional tectonic regime of western Utah. This is a high-priority region for geothermal exploration because active Basin and Range (B&R) extension with volcanism having a N-S strike is superimposed upon pre-existing E-W belts of plutonic rocks and large-scale structural lineaments. Cumulative heat flow along the N-S strike of the state totals approximately 5 GWt above background stable interior. Three electricity producing power plants currently exist with substantial potential for increase. Succinctly, our PFA approach aims to resolve potential sources of heat and permeability in the region, which are the two principal criteria for establishing a geothermal resource. An initial Phase 1 was carried out using only existing geoscientific data in the area. Criteria selected for focusing heat potential include direct heat flow measurements in boreholes, magnetotelluric (MT) low resistivity anomalies, fluid/gas geochemistry, and proximity to recent volcanic eruptions. Permeability is established through geological structures (fault density, critically stressed areas, seismicity, gravity), and MT low resistivity anomalies. In Phase II of this PFA project, additional geological, geophysical and geochemical data were acquired and analysis carried out primarily over promising composite common risk (CCR) areas initially identified in Phase I in order to focus prospectivity and prepare for drilling recommendations. These prospects are near the Twin Peaks rhyolite field, high heat flow areas north of the producing Cove Fort system, and geophysical structure beneath the Crater Knoll area off the northeast flank of the Mineral Mountains. Additional data included MT site fill-in, structural mapping and analysis using high-resolution imagery, gravity and on-ground mapping, Nodal 3C passive seismic collection, and passive 3He surveying. Heat source and permeability potential are again expressed in terms of their individual common risk segment (CRS) maps, with a color scheme using green for most favorable (low risk) and red for least favorable (high risk). Diverse data types are united through the technique of probability kriging, which establishes prospectivity thresholds for each data type and then computes probability of exceeding that threshold over the PFA area. Modified CRS and CCRS maps are compared to those of Phase I to highlight tighter prospectivity focus. In doing so, the prospectivity threshold for heat was increased significantly to narrow the targeting. In the final Phase III of this project where a recommended deep thermal gradient hole was sited, additional geophysical, geochemical and geological field collection and analysis was carried out to refine drill hole targeting. This includes prospect-scale MT, gravity, structure, passive seismic deployment (Cove Fort area), and detailed 3He isotope profiling. It was the recommendation of the DOE Technical Monitoring Team (TMT) that one or more holes be sited in the north-ern Cove Fort area where legacy TG gradient holes showed high cumulative heat flow. These were to be of moderate depth, 2000-3000 feet, to reach the geothermal fluid table expected to start in excess of 1000 feet depth. The drilling organization stipulated by the DOE/GTO was that of the USGS Research Drilling Program (RDP) centered in Las Vegas, NV. A detailed well plan, appended to this report, was developed principally by Dr. Ben Barker consulting to University of Utah, Dr. Steve Pye on the DOE TMT, Mr. Steven Crawford of the USGS-RDP, and the project PI Phil Wannamaker. However, temperature and possible H 2 S at the systems lead to cancellation of the drilling last-minute as this appeared outside the experience base of the USGS-RDP. We hope to have the opportunity to revisit the test drilling and expand the Play Fairway Analysis of this region at some point in the future.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2024

Heterogeneous flexibility can contribute to chromatin segregation in the cell nucleus

The highly and slightly condensed forms of chromatin, heterochromatin and euchromatin, respectively, segregate in the cell nucleus. Heterochromatin is more abundant in the nucleus periphery. Here, in this work, we study the mechanism of heterochromatin segregation by modeling interphase chromosomes as diblock ring copolymers confined in a rigid spherical shell using molecular dynamics simulations. In our model, heterochromatin and euchromatin are distinguished by their bending stiffnesses only, while an interaction potential between the spherical shell and chromatin is used to model lamin-associated proteins. Our simulations indicate that in the absence of attractive interactions between the nuclear shell and the chromatin, most heterochromatin segregates towards the nuclear interior due to the depletion of less flexible heterochromatin segments from the nuclear periphery. This inverted chromatin distribution, which is opposite to the conventional case with heterochromatin dominating at the periphery, is in accord with experimental observations in rod cells. This “inversion” is also found to be independent of the heterochromatin concentration and chromosome number. The chromatin distribution at the periphery found in vivo can be recovered by further increasing the bending stiffness of heterochromatin segments or by turning on attractive interactions between the nuclear shell and heterochromatin. Our results indicate that the bending stiffness of chromatin could be a contributor to chromosome organization along with differential effects of HP ⁢1⁢𝛼-driven phase segregation and of loop extruders and interactions with the nuclear envelope and topological constraints.

biomolecular & subcellular processes↗