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At least 199 records · Page 11

Frozen orbits in the J2 + J3 problem

An analytical derivation of frozen orbit eccentricities and their location over the range of possible orbital inclinations in the J2 + J3 problem is presented. A gravitational field with only J2 and J3 terms is considered, because the equation defining frozen orbits in this field is an algebraic equation of the third order and an analytical formula for roots of this equation exists. An equation for the frozen orbit eccentricity is derived in a convenient form using only two independent parameters: the inclination and a parameter which is the product of the ratio of the radius of the central body to the orbital semimajor axis and the ratio of the J2 and J3 coefficients. The equation is solved, and, on the basis of its roots, frozen orbits in the J2 + J3 problem are classified.

Kiedron, Krystyna↗

Thin shell formation in radiative shocks. 1: Supernova remnants in low-density media

This paper explores the onset of thin-shell formation in interstellar shocks associated with supernova explosions. We outline a simple but useful scheme that indicates the time at which thin shell formation begins for supernova remnants (SNRs) evolving in a range of interstellar environments, extending the previous analytical models to arbitrary power-law density media. The result depends on the gas cooling properties and the shock velocity and radius. This is then applied to the specific case of SNRs in low-density media. The procedure for defining the time for the onset of shell formation, t(sub sf), equates the value of the adiabat, kappa = p/rho(exp gamma), to zero using the known time dependence of the shock radius and velocity. For the case of a power-law density ambient medium of the form rho(r) = Br(exp -omega), it is found that shell formation can be prevented when the ambient density drops faster than a critical rate. For a cooling function of the form Lambda = Lambda(sub 0) tau(exp beta), with beta = -0.5 (appropriate for line cooling), shell formation never occurs for omega greater than or equal to 9/5. The shell formation time is then computed for spherical shocks in a power-law density medium. For omega = 0, the onset of shell formation is found to be at t(sub sf) approx. equal to 2.87 x 10(exp 4) E51(exp 3/14) n(sub 0 exp -4.7) yr, which agrees well with previous estimates derived by other means. We compare the analytical shell formation time with the results of detailed numerical models for omega = 0 and three different ambient densities and find good agreement. The extension of the criterion for the onset of thin shell formation using the ratio of cooling to swept-up column density is also described. This method provides a useful approximation for cases when the exact solution is not known.

Franco, Jose↗

Impact ejecta on the moon

The response of a lunar-sized object to the impact of meteoroids no more than about 100 km in radius is studied by means of a numerical model. The partitioning of impact energy into the kinetic and internal energy of the ejecta is obtained by using the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations in finite-difference form within an Eulerian framework with approximate equations of state. The calculations are performed for a 15 km/sec impact of an iron object 5 cm in radius on a gabbroic anorthosite surface. Ejecta ballistic analysis is then performed. Most of the material lost escaping the moon is lunar crust material. Only 0.2% of the meteoroid escapes, all in the vapor phase.

Okeefe, J. D.↗

Optimum constrained image restoration filters

The research described centered on development of an optimum image restoration filter (IRF) minimizing the radius of gyration of the corrected or composite system point-spread function (P-SF) subject to contraints, and reducing 2-dimensional spatial smearing or blurring of an image. The constraints are imposed on the radius of gyration of the IRF P-SF, the total restored image noise power, and the shape of the composite system frequency spectrum. The image degradation corresponds to mapping many points from the original image into a single resolution element. The P-SF is obtained as solution to a set of simultaneous differential equations obeying nonlinear integral constraints. Truncation errors due to edge effects are controlled by constraining the radius of gyration of the IRF P-SF. An iterative technique suppresses sidelobes of the composite system P-SF.

Riemer, T. E.↗

Vortex ring bubbles

Toroidal bubbles with circulation are studied numerically and by means of a physically motivated model equation. Two series of computations are performed by a boundary-integral method. One set shows the starting motion of an initially spherical bubble as a gravitationally driven liquid jet penetrates through the bubble from below causing a toroidal geometry to develop. The jet becomes broader as surface tension increases and fails to penetrate if surface tension is too large. The dimensionless circulation that develops is not very dependent on the surface tension. The second series of computations starts from a toroidal geometry, with circulation determined from the earlier series, and follows the motion of the rising and spreading vortex ring. Some modifications to the boundary-integral formulation were devised to handle the multiply connected geometry. The computations uncovered some unexpected rapid oscillations of the ring radius. These oscillations and the spreading of the ring are explained by the model equation which provides a more general description of vortex ring bubbles than previously available.

Lundgren, T. S.↗

The earth's radius and the G variation

It has long been assumed that if the gravitational constant G was larger in the past, the earth's radius had to be smaller. The assertion holds provided the input from microphysics (in particular the equation of state) is independent of G. While this is true for some theories of gravity with variable G it is not so in the scale covariant theory, where the pressure can be affected by a variable G in a way that, for a constant mass of the earth, a larger G in the past implies a larger earth's radius. Comparison with recent palaeomagnetic data is presented.

Canuto, V. M.↗

The dissolution or growth of a sphere

The problem of the dissolution or growth of an isolated stationary sphere in a large fluid body is analyzed. The motion of the boundary as well as the the resulting motion in the liquid are properly taken into account. The governing equations are solved using a recently developed technique (Subramanian and Weinberg, 1981) which employs an asymptotic expansion in time. Results for the radius of the sphere as a function of time are calculated. The range of utility of the present solution is established by comparison with a numerical solution of the governing equations obtained by the method of finite differences.

Shankar, N.↗

A theory for creep crack growth

The paper derives an analytical expression for creep crack growth rate based on a model in which the higher and concentrated stresses ahead of the crack tip enhance creep deformation, thus progressively causing stress rupture and continuous crack advance. The equation derived for creep crack growth rate is expressed in terms of a geometrical factor in the stress intensity expression and in terms of the crack tip radius whose lower limit estimate is the fracture mechanics crack-tip opening displacement. The functional features of the derived creep crack growth rate equation can be compared with those of a pertinent empirical equation. The analytical expression provides some guidelines for alloy and microstructure design.

Purushothaman, S.↗

The behavior of surface tension on steady-state rotating fluids in the low gravity environments

The effect of surface tension on steady-state rotating fluids in a low gravity environment is studied. All the values of the physical parameters used in these calculations, except in the low gravity environments, are based on the measurements carried out by Leslie (1985) in the low gravity environment of a free-falling aircraft. The profile of the interface of two fluids is derived from Laplace's equation relating the pressure drop across an interface to the radii of curvature which has been applied to a low gravity rotating bubble that contacts the container boundary. The interface shape depends on the ratio of gravity to surface tension forces, the ratio of centrifugal to surface tension forces, the contact radius of the interface to the boundary, and the contact angle. The shape of the bubble is symmetric about its equator in a zero-gravity environment. This symmetry disappears and gradually shifts to parabolic profiles as the gravity environment becomes non-zero. The location of the maximum radius of the bubble moves upward from the center of the depth toward the top boundary of the cylinder as gravity increases. The contact radius of interface to the boundary r0 at the top side of cylinder increases and r0 at the bottom side of the cylinder decreases as the gravity environment increases from zero to 1 g.

Hung, R. J.↗

Properties of dust in the Martian atmosphere and its effect on temperature structure

Data from the Viking lander imaging experiment and the IRIS experiment on board the Mariner 9 Orbiter are used to develop a one-dimensional radiative-convective model to describe the Mars temperature profile. Photography was employed to determine the optical depth, mean size, shape, visible absorption coefficient, and vertical distribution of aerosols in the Mars atmosphere. The calculation procedures are outlined, particularly for the particle size distribution function, which indicated a cross-sectional average particle radius of 2.5 microns. Dust-free conditions in the atmosphere near the equator and at lower altitudes permit full surface absorption of sunlight and subsequent adiabatic lapse rates. Difficulties were encountered in accurately modeling temperature profiles to fit Viking lander data, and resultant variations are attributed to effects of both suspended dust particles and large scale circulation.

Pollack, J. B.↗

The Radius of PSR J0740+6620 from NICER and XMM-Newton Data

PSR J0740+6620 has a gravitational mass of 2.08±0.07Me, which is the highest reliably determined mass of any neutron star. As a result, a measurement of its radius will provide unique insight into the properties of neutron star core matter at high densities. Here we report a radius measurement based on fits of rotating hot spot patterns to Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer(NICER)and X-ray Multi-Mirror(XMM-Newton)X-ray observations. We find that the equatorial circumferential radius of PSR J0740+6620 is-+13.71.52.6km(68%).We apply our measurement, combined with the previous NICER mass and radius measurement of PSR J0030+0451,the masses of two other∼2Mepulsars, and the tidal deformability constraints from two gravitational wave events, to three different frameworks for equation-of-state modeling, and find consistent results at∼1.5–5 times nuclear saturation density. For a given framework, when all measurements are included, the radius of a 1.4Meneutron star is known to±4%(68% credibility)and the radius of a 2.08Meneutron star is known to±5%. The full radius range that spans the±1σcredible intervals of all the radius estimates in the three frameworks is 12.45±0.65 km for a 1.4Meneutron star and 12.35±0.75 km for a 2.08Me neutron star.

M C Miller↗

The Radius of PSR J0740+6620 from NICER and XMM-Newton Data

PSR J0740+6620 has a gravitational mass of 2.08 ± 0.07 M ⊙ , which is the highest reliably determined mass of any neutron star. As a result, a measurement of its radius will provide unique insight into the properties of neutron star core matter at high densities. Here we report a radius measurement based on fits of rotating hot spot patterns to Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) and X-ray Multi-Mirror (XMM-Newton) X-ray observations. We find that the equatorial circumferential radius of PSR J0740+6620 is 13.7$^{+2.6}_{–1.5}$ km (68%). We apply our measurement, combined with the previous NICER mass and radius measurement of PSR J0030+0451, the masses of two other ~2 M ⊙ pulsars, and the tidal deformability constraints from two gravitational wave events, to three different frameworks for equation-of-state modeling, and find consistent results at ~1.5-5 times nuclear saturation density. For a given framework, when all measurements are included, the radius of a 1.4 M ⊙ neutron star is known to ±4% (68% credibility) and the radius of a 2.08 M ⊙ neutron star is known to ±5%. The full radius range that spans the ±1σ credible intervals of all the radius estimates in the three frameworks is 12.45 ± 0.65 km for a 1.4 M ⊙ neutron star and 12.35 ± 0.75 km for a 2.08 M ⊙ neutron star.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Energy balance of stellar coronae. III - Effect of stellar mass and radius

A homologous transformation is derived which permits the application of the numerical coronal models of Hammer from a star with solar mass and radius to other stars. This scaling requires a few approximations concerning the lower boundary conditions and the temperature dependence of the conductivity and emissivity. These approximations are discussed and found to be surprisingly mild. Therefore, the scaling of the coronal models to other stars is rather accurate; it is found to be particularly accurate for main-sequence stars. The transformation is used to derive an equation that gives the maximum temperature of open coronal regions as a function of stellar mass and radius, the coronal heating flux, and the characteristic damping length over which the corona is heated.

Hammer, R.↗

Beam Envelope Variation due to Space-Charge Neutralization

Our non-invasive, time-resolved diamagnetic loop measurements of beam size during the electron current-pulse flattop at the exit of our 20-MeV linear induction accelerator revealed that the beam size varied by about 13% during the current flattop. This was an unexpected result, since both current and energy were constant during the interval of radius variation. One possible cause, poor vacuum, was investigated using a time resolved envelope equation. It was found that sufficiently high residual-gas pressure in the downstream transport region could result in the observed variation.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Investigation of the Damping of Liquids in Right-Circular Cylindrical Tanks, Including the Effects of a Time-Variant Liquid Depth

An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the effects of several basic variables upon the damping of the fundamental antisymmetric mode of liquids in right-circular cylindrical tanks without baffles. The variables examined include liquid depth, efflux rate, liquid amplitude, kinematic viscosity, and tank size. The data are presented in dimensionless form and compared with available theory. For the range of variables examined, variations of efflux rate and liquid amplitude were found to have no significant effects on the liquid damping. The following theoretical relationship was found to be adequate for the prediction of the variation of damping with liquid depth, kinematic viscosity, and tank size: [for equation see full text] where v is the kinematic viscosity, R is the cylinder radius, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is the liquid depth. However, the constant K was experimentally found in this investigation to have the value 5.23, which is 50 percent higher than the theoretically predicted value.

TANK↗

Computer program for calculating full potential transonic, quasi-three-dimensional flow through a rotating turbomachinery blade row

A fast, reliable computer code is described for calculating the flow field about a cascade of arbitrary two dimensional airfoils. The method approximates the three dimensional flow in a turbomachinery blade row by correcting for stream tube convergence and radius change in the throughflow direction. A fully conservative solution of the full potential equation is combined with the finite volume technique on a body-fitted periodic mesh, with an artificial density imposed in the transonic region to insure stability and the capture of shock waves. The instructions required to set up and use the code are included. The name of the code is QSONIC. A numerical example is also given to illustrate the output of the program.

Farrell, C. A.↗

On convexity of H-infinity Riccati solutions

The authors revealed several important eigen properties of the stabilizing solutions of the two H-infinity Riccati equations and their product. Among them, the most prominent one is that the spectral radius of the product of these two Riccati solutions is a continuous, nonincreasing, convex function of gamma in the domain of interest. Based on these properties, quadratically convergent algorithms are developed to compute the optimal H-infinity norm. Two examples are used to illustrate the algorithms.

Li, X. P.↗

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation in carbon-rich stellar envelopes

A detailed chemical kinetic scheme is applied to stellar envelope profiles of gas density and temperature profiles in order to study the formation of PAH molecules in carbon-rich stellar outflows. Chemical concentration profiles are calculated for several envelope models by integrating the coupled continuity equations that include spherically expanding flows from an inner boundary at the shock formation radius. The influence of the 'inverse greenhouse' effect experienced by small PAHs is investigated and shown to increase the PAH yield by many orders of magnitude. It is shown that the route through propargyl radicals could be an important channel to produce benzene. PAH formation yields are found to be extremely sensitive to gas density and temperature and are much smaller than values inferred from the observed dust content of late-type carbon-rich stellar envelopes. It is therefore unlikely that aromatic molecules are generated in the stellar outflow itself.

Cherchneff, Isabelle↗