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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 199 records · Page 11

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NASA NTRS2002

Characterizing the Oxidizing Properties of Mars' Polar Regions

This project had two primary goals. The first was to restore and archive the Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS) data from the 1971 Mariner 9 (MM71) mission to Mars. The second was to use this revised data set to analyze data of Mars' polar regions to look for and map out the ozone (03) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2,) features. Data restoration and archiving activities for this project have resulted in the restoration of 100% of the original Mariner 9 raw data set as well as many of the secondary analysis data sets. These data sets have been submitted to the Planetary Data System (PDS) Atmospheric Node, long with their PDS labels and descriptive metadata.

Hendrix, Amanda↗

NASA NTRS2024

Single Drop Cytometry Onboard the International Space Station

Real-time lab analysis is needed to support clinical decision making and research on human missions to the Moon and Mars. Powerful laboratory instruments, such as flow cytometers, are generally too cumbersome for spaceflight. Here, we show that scant test samples can be measured in microgravity, by a trained astronaut, using a miniature cytometry-based analyzer, the rHEALTH ONE, modified specifically for spaceflight. The base device addresses critical spaceflight requirements including minimal resource utilization and alignment-free optics for surviving rocket launch. To fully enable reduced gravity operation onboard the space station, we incorporated bubble-free fluidics, electromagnetic shielding, and gravity-independent sample introduction. We show microvolume flow cytometry from 10 μL sample drops, with data from five simultaneous channels using 10 μs bin intervals during each sample run, yielding an average of 72 million raw data points in approximately 2 minutes. We demonstrate the device measures each test sample repeatably, including correct identification of a sample that degraded in transit to the International Space Station. This approach can be utilized to further our understanding of spaceflight biology and provide immediate, actionable diagnostic information for management of astronaut health without the need for Earth-dependent analysis.

Daniel J. Rea↗

NASA NTRS1984

Utilization of spaceborne SAR data for mapping

Recent developments in automated processing of digital SEASAT SAR imagery have made feasible the generation of large-scale high-resolution maps. Standard preprocessing of raw data into digital images results in geometrically distorted imagery. Computer algorithms have been developed for unsupervised pixel location, geometric rectification, and mosaicking of multiple-image frames without ground control points. These algorithms utilize knowledge of the spacecraft trajectory data, the imaging geometry, and the coherent properties of the sensor to generate the required processing parameters. This paper discusses the advantages as well as the inherent limitations of this technique, analyzes the associated errors, and presents results using SEASAT SAR imagery. Also discussed are the results of the recent shuttle imaging radar (SIR-A) experiment as well as a follow-on experiment (SIR-B) planned for 1984.

Curlander, J. C.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Space Research Data Management in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Space related scientific research has passed through a natural evolutionary process. The task of extracting the meaningful information from the raw data is highly involved and will require data processing capabilities that do not exist today. The results are presented of a three year examination of this subject, using an earlier report as a starting point. The general conclusion is that there are areas in which NASA's data management practices can be improved and recommends specific actions. These actions will enhance NASA's ability to extract more of the potential data and to capitalize on future opportunities.

Ludwig, G. H.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Effect of ice contamination of liquid-nitrogen drops in film boiling

Previously reported vaporization time data of liquid nitrogen drops in film boiling on a flat plate are about 30 percent shorter than predicted from standard laminar film boiling theory. This theory, however, had been found to successfully correlate the data for conventional fluids such as water, ethanol, benzene, or carbon tetrachloride. Experimental evidence that some of the discrepancy for cryogenic fluids results from ice contamination due to condensation is presented. The data indicate a fairly linear decrease in droplet evaporation time with the diameter of the ice crystal residue. After correcting the raw data for ice contamination along with convection, a comparison of theory with experiment shows good agreement.

Schoessow, G. J.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Data analysis of the LPSP experiment on OSO-8

The first and statistically most reliable step in the data analysis - the computation of the vertical phase lag between photospheric and chromospheric oscillations - was completed. Unfortunately, the error associated with this calculated phase lag is so great that the result has no physical significance. Since the subsequent data analysis that was originally planned would have much larger associated errors, it was concluded that the data available is insufficient to allow any meaningful results to be derived. Accordingly, the project was terminated. The reasons for the failure of the data are discussed. There are two basic reasons for this failure; (1) the very low signal to noise ratio of the raw data, and (1) the small statistical sample that resulted from the very small number of usable orbits. The final phase of data analysis is described. Finally, some comments and recommendations of a general nature are made concerning this entire contract effort. It is hoped that at least some lessons can be learned from this particular Guest Investigator project, so that future Guest Investigator programs can be pursued more effectively, and with less risk.

Frazier, E. N.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Effect of ice contamination on liquid-nitrogen drops in film boiling

Previously reported vaporization time data of liquid nitrogen drops in film boiling on a flat plate are about 30 percent shorter than predicted from standard laminar film boiling theory. This theory, however, had been found to successfully correlate the data for conventional fluids such as water, ethanol, benzene, or carbon tetrachloride. This paper presents experimental evidence that some of the discrepancy for cryogenic fluids results from ice contamination due to condensation. The data indicate a fairly linear decrease in droplet evaporation time with the diameter of the ice crystal residue. After correcting the raw data for ice contamination along with convection, a comparison of theory with experiment shows good agreement.

Schoessow, G. J.↗

NASA NTRS1990

The application of a computer data acquisition system for a new high temperature tribometer

The two data acquisition computer programs are described which were developed for a high temperature friction and wear test apparatus, a tribometer. The raw data produced by the tribometer and the methods used to sample that data are explained. In addition, the instrumentation and computer hardware and software are presented. Also shown is how computer data acquisition was applied to increase convenience and productivity on a high temperature tribometer.

Bonham, Charles D.↗

NASA NTRS1991

The application of a computer data acquisition system to a new high temperature tribometer

Bonham, Charles D.↗

NASA NTRS1992

The variable Herbig Ae Star HR 5999. X - Its photometric 'pulse-shaped' variability

We present additional photometric observations (Stromgren y filter) of the Herbig Ae Star HR 5999. This new set of data, composed of 282 data points covering April 1983 to August 1989, was used in conjunction with the 362 data points compiled by Baade and Stahl (1989). Our aim was to detect single or multiple periods in the integrated set of data spanning nearly 20 yr. Through the use of series analysis techniques, and by removing any linear component present in the raw data, we were able to detect weak peaks in the power spectra (in the order of intensity the strongest peaks are at 301 and 113 d) which were not self-evident in the phase diagrams. The overall picture of the data shows a small linear component, which is more noticeable in the new set of data, indicating that the recent maxima appear brighter. By a detailed analysis of the full light curve we were able to detect the presence of well-defined 'pulses' or bursts. Further Gaussian fits of these bursts indicated that the pulses are relatively rapid, of the order of 10 d, with some of them being closely spaced. No periodicity was found for the pulses. A possible explanation of these aperiodic outbursts is that they detect a flow of matter accompanied by magnetic field disturbances originated from the interior of the star, unlike those originating externally such as binary perturbations, which tend to be periodic.

Perez, M. R.↗

NASA NTRS2018

Changes in Exercise Data Management

The suite of exercise hardware aboard the International Space Station (ISS) generates an immense amount of data. The data collected, treadmill, cycle ergometer, and resistance strength training hardware, are basic exercise parameters (time, heart rate, speed, load, etc.). The raw data are processed in the laboratory and more detailed parameters are calculated from each exercise data file. Updates recently have been made to how these valuable data are stored, adding an additional level of security, increasing accessibility, and resulting in overall increased efficiency of medical report delivery. Questions regarding exercise performance or how exercise may influence other variables of crew health frequently arise within the crew health care community. Inquiries regarding the health of the exercise hardware often need quick analysis and response to ensure the exercise system is operable on a continuous basis. Consolidating all of the exercise system data in a single repository enables a quick response to both the medical and engineering communities. A SQL server database is currently in use, and provides a secure location for all of the exercise data starting at ISS Expedition 1 to current date. The database has been structured to update derived metrics automatically, making analysis and reporting available within minutes of dropping the in-flight data into the database. Commercial tools were evaluated to help aggregate and visualize data from the SQL database. The Tableau software provides manageable interface, which has improved the laboratory’s output time of crew reports by 67%. Expansion of the SQL database, to be inclusive of additional medical requirement metrics, addition of ‘app-like’ tools for mobile visualization, and collaborative use (e.g., operational support teams, research groups, and International Partners) of the data system, is currently being explored.

Buxton, R. E.↗

NASA NTRS2017

Data Production on Past and Future NASA Missions

Data return is a metric that is commonly publicized for all space science missions. In the early days of the Space Program, this figure was small, and could be described in bits or maybe even megabits. But now, missions are capable of returning data volumes two or three orders of magnitude larger. For example, Voyager 1 and 2 combined produced a little over 5 Terabits of data in 39 years of operation. In contrast, the Cassini mission, launched two decades after Voyager, produced about one and a half times those data volumes in half the time. NISAR, an Earth Science Mission currently in implementation, plans to produce over 28 Petabits of raw data in just 3 years. This means that NISAR will produce about as many data in 30 days as the combined data production of nearly all planetary missions to date. These increases in capability are a result of technology enhancements in two main areas: telecommunications architecture (both space and ground segments) and data storage technology. This paper describes the progression of these two technologies over the course of more than three decades of space missions and provides additional insight into the design of the end-to-end NISAR Data System Architecture. Trends in the data are briefly explored and compared to Moore’s Law which provides only a qualitative model for memory growth but not for data production. In summary, early missions are found to be driven by unrefined processes while later missions, having utilized earlier lessons learned, focus more on improvements to flight and ground capabilities. Data return seems to fall into three categories. First, deep space missions are driven by the large distances that limit data return to the Earth. Next, the orbiter infrastructure around Mars helps these missions generate more data than other deep space spacecraft. Finally, near-Earth missions have the greatest capabilities for the studied metrics due to their close proximity to Earth and the ground network availability.

Xaypraseuth, Peter↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Development of Multi-Edge Slant Target for Unlocalized MTF Measurement of Airborne Imaging System Payloads

Calibration of imaging instruments is a critical step in effectively characterizing imaging data. A comprehensive characterization of an imaging system provides valuable insight into the overall uncertainties in the results derived from the raw data collected. The Scientifically Calibrated In-Flight Imagery (SCIFLI) team (based at NASA Langley Research Center) has designed, built, tested, and successfully flown the optical payload known as the SCIFLI Airborne Multispectral Imager (SAMI). SAMI is a multispectral imaging payload, complete with sensor configurations for the Ultraviolet-Visible spectrum as well as Near- Infrared, Shortwave Infrared, and Midwave Infrared bands and is fitted with various optical hardware designed to turn, split, and focus light beams to the respective in-band sensors. Radiometric calibrations are performed for SAMI such that the accuracy and uncertainty of thermal and spectral measurements are effectively characterized. However, SAMI does not regularly undergo spatial characterizations to evaluate the performance of the imager at high spatial frequencies. This is essential, as understanding the spatial sensor response of discrete sensors is just as important as the spectral sensor response. The payload currently utilizes a calibration cart for lab testing. Equipped with a modular setup and several radiation sources, it is perfect for performing high-quality radiometric calibrations. This work focuses on using the calibration cart to perform spatial calibrations. A custom designed calibration target is being used to evaluate the optical performance of SAMI. Specifically, the target is designed to measure the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of the imager in discrete locations around the focal plane. The results of this characterization will provide insight into the spatial resolution capabilities of the SAMI payload in practice. Future work includes using the results of the study to correct optical imperfections in imagery taken with SAMI.

SAMI↗

NASA NTRS2015

Performance of a Discrete Wavelet Transform for Compressing Plasma Count Data and its Application to the Fast Plasma Investigation on NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission

Plasma measurements in space are becoming increasingly faster, higher resolution, and distributed over multiple instruments. As raw data generation rates can exceed available data transfer bandwidth, data compression is becoming a critical design component. Data compression has been a staple of imaging instruments for years, but only recently have plasma measurement designers become interested in high performance data compression. Missions will often use a simple lossless compression technique yielding compression ratios of approximately 2:1, however future missions may require compression ratios upwards of 10:1. This study aims to explore how a Discrete Wavelet Transform combined with a Bit Plane Encoder (DWT/BPE), implemented via a CCSDS standard, can be used effectively to compress count information common to plasma measurements to high compression ratios while maintaining little or no compression error. The compression ASIC used for the Fast Plasma Investigation (FPI) on board the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission (MMS) is used for this study. Plasma count data from multiple sources is examined: resampled data from previous missions, randomly generated data from distribution functions, and simulations of expected regimes. These are run through the compression routines with various parameters to yield the greatest possible compression ratio while maintaining little or no error, the latter indicates that fully lossless compression is obtained. Finally, recommendations are made for future missions as to what can be achieved when compressing plasma count data and how best to do so.

Particles↗

NASA NTRS1967

Computer program generates averaged value data tapes

Computer program generates a magnetic output tape containing time and averaged data values of a specified number of major frames over a specified time interval. A decommutation system is used to acquire the raw data, which is then reformatted and averaged.

Watkins, F. L.↗

NASA NTRS1977

An operational, multistate, earth observation data management system

State, local, and regional agencies involved in natural resources management were investigated as potential users of satellite remotely sensed data. This group's needs are assessed and alternative data management systems serving some of those needs are outlined. It is concluded that an operational earth observation data management system will be of most use to these user agencies if it provides a full range of information services -- from raw data acquisition to interpretation and dissemination of final information products.

Eastwood, L. F., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Cracked shaft detection on large vertical nuclear reactor coolant pump

Due to difficulty and radiation exposure associated with examination of the internals of large commercial nuclear reactor coolant pumps, it is necessary to be able to diagnose the cause of an excessive vibration problem quickly without resorting to extensive trial and error efforts. Consequently, it is necessary to make maximum use of all available data to develop a consistent theory which locates the problem area in the machine. This type of approach was taken at Three Mile Island, Unit #1, in February 1984 to identify and locate the cause of a continuously climbing vibration level of the pump shaft. The data gathered necessitated some in-depth knowledge of the pump internals to provide proper interpretation and avoid misleading conclusions. Therefore, the raw data included more than just the vibration characteristics. Pertinent details of the data gathered is shown and is necessary and sufficient to show that the cause of the observed vibration problem could logically only be a cracked pump shaft in the shaft overhang below the pump bearing.

Jenkins, L. S.↗

NASA NTRS1989

A procedure concept for local reflex control of grasping

An architecture is proposed for the control of robotic devices, and in particular of anthropomorphic hands, characterized by a hierarchical structure in which every level of the architecture contains data and control function with varying degree of abstraction. Bottom levels of the hierarchy interface directly with sensors and actuators, and process raw data and motor commands. Higher levels perform more symbolic types of tasks, such as application of boolean rules and general planning operations. Layers implementation has to be consistent with the type of operation and its requirements for real time control. It is proposed to implement the rule level with a Boolean Artificial Neural Network characterized by a response time sufficient for producing reflex corrective action at the actuator level.

Fiorini, Paolo↗