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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 199 records · Page 11

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NASA NTRS1975

Sensor development in the Shuttle era

The use of the Space Shuttle in the development of earth observation sensors is examined. Two sensor classes are selected for case histories: infrared temperature sounders and microwave radiometers. The most significant finding in each of the developmental studies of these two sensor classes is considered to be the feasibility and value of using the Shuttle/Spacelab as a test vehicle for the operation in space of a versatile multimode experimental sensor. The Shuttle Electrically Scanned Microwave Radiometer and the Shuttle Infrared Interferometer are found to be the most effective instruments in this context. The Shuttle/Spacelab Sortie mission characteristics provide opportunities for new approaches to the development of sensors, using the Shuttle as a test vehicle to improve the efficiency of the process with respect to time, cost, and/or quality of the final product. As for crew functions, the short-term Spacelab mission requires some near real-time evaluation of data quality and sensor function in order to insure efficient data collection.

Gerding, R. B.↗

NASA NTRS1976

The timing and sources of information for the adoption and implementation of production innovations

Two dimensions (personal-impersonal and internal-external) are used to characterize information sources as they become important during the interorganizational transfer of production innovations. The results of three studies are reviewed for the purpose of deriving a model of the timing and importance of different information sources and the utilization of new technology. Based on the findings of two retrospective studies, it was concluded that the pattern of information seeking behavior in user organizations during the awareness stage of adoption is not a reliable predictor of the eventual utilization rate. Using the additional findings of a real-time study, an empirical model of the relative importance of information sources for successful user organizations is presented. These results are extended and integrated into a theoretical model consisting of a time-profile of successful implementations and the relative importance of four types of information sources during seven stages of the adoption-implementation process.

Ettlie, J. E.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Study report on laser storage and retrieval of image data

The theoretical foundation is presented for a system of real-time nonphotographic and nonmagnetic digital laser storage and retrieval of image data. The system utilizes diffraction-limited laser focusing upon thin metal films, melting elementary holes in the metal films in laser focus. The metal films are encapsulated in rotating flexible mylar discs which act as the permanent storage carries. Equal sized holes encompass two dimensional digital ensembles of information bits which are time-sequentially (bit by bit) stored and retrieved. The bits possess the smallest possible size, defined by the Rayleigh criterion of coherent physical optics. Space and time invariant reflective read-out of laser discs with a small laser, provides access to the stored digital information. By eliminating photographic and magnetic data processing, which characterize the previous state of the art, photographic grain, diffusion, and gamma-distortion do not exist. Similarly, magnetic domain structures, magnetic gaps, and magnetic read-out are absent with a digital laser disc system.

Becker, C. H.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Real-time radiographic inspection facility

A real time radiographic inspection facility has been developed for nondestructive evaluation applications. It consists of an X-ray source, an X-ray sensitive television imaging system, an electronic analog image processing system, and a digital image processing system. The digital image processing system is composed of a computer with the necessary software to drive the overall facility. Descriptions are given of the design strategy, the facility's components, and its current capabilities.

Roberts, E., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Feasibility study of microprocessor systems suitable for use in developing a real-time for the 4.75 GHz scatterometer

A class of signal processors suitable for the reduction of radar scatterometer data in real time was developed. The systems were applied to the reduction of single polarized 13.3 GHz scatterometer data and provided a real time output of radar scattering coefficient as a function of incident angle. It was proposed that a system for processing of C band radar data be constructed to support scatterometer system currently under development. The establishment of a feasible design approach to the development of this processor system utilizing microprocessor technology was emphasized.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1977

Use of TV in space science activities - Some considerations

Advantages in the use of TV on board satellites as the primary data-recording system in a manned space laboratory when certain types of experiments are flown are indicated. Real-time or near-real-time validation, elimination of film weight, improved depth of field and low-light sensitivity, and better adaptability to computer and electronic processing of data are spelled out as advantages of TV over photographic techniques, say, in fluid dynamics experiments, and weightlessness studies.

Bannister, T. C.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Real-time onboard geometric image correction

A system to perform real time onboard geometric connection of LANDSAT D resolution satellite imagery is described. System requirements, algorithms, sensors, and other hardware components are defined. Feasibility of implementing the correction process is demonstrated using Kalman filter techniques to incorporate information from onboard ephemeris, attitude control, and ground control points. Random access sensor systems, such as charge injected devices and charge coupled devices are used to obtain pixel values at desired ground location, thus greatly reducing the data processing requirements.

Discenza, W.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Spectral feature classification and spatial pattern recognition

This paper introduces a spatial pattern recognition processing concept involving the use of spectral feature classification technology and coherent optical correlation. The concept defines a hybrid image processing system incorporating both digital and optical technology. The hybrid instrument provides simplified pseudopattern images as functions of pixel classification from information embedded within a real-scene image. These pseudoimages become simplified inputs to an optical correlator for use in a subsequent pattern identification decision useful in executing landmark pointing, tracking, or navigating functions. Real-time classification is proposed as a research tool for exploring ways to enhance input signal-to-noise ratio as an aid in improving optical correlation. The approach can be explored with developing technology, including a current NASA Langley Research Center technology plan that involves a series of related Shuttle-borne experiments. A first-planned experiment, Feature Identification and Location Experiment (FILE), is undergoing final ground testing, and is scheduled for flight on the NASA Shuttle (STS2/flight OSTA-1) in 1980. FILE will evaluate a technique for autonomously classifying earth features into the four categories: bare land; water; vegetation; and clouds, snow, or ice.

Sivertson, W. E., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Mark 3 real-time fringe detection system

A RAM memory built into the Mark 3 decoder module allows the capture of 1 Megabit of data. Data may be collected either in real time or from a pre-recorded tape. Once collected, the data may be retrieved using a standard EIA serial data link. The data may be transmitted to a remote computer for cross correlation processing with similar data from other stations to verify fringes in real time. The data may also be analyzed by a local computer to verify phase calibration, bandpass, format, etc., during a Mark 3 observing session.

Levine, J. I.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Processing PCM Data in Real Time

Novel hardware configuration makes it possible for Space Shuttle launch processing system to monitor pulse-code-modulated data in real time. Using two microprogramable "option planes," incoming PCM data are monitored for changes at rate of one frame of data (80 16-bit words) every 10 milliseconds. Real-time PCM processor utilizes CPU in mini-computer and CPU's in two option planes.

Wissink, T. L.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Some aspects of analytical chemistry as applied to water quality assurance techniques for reclaimed water: The potential use of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for automated on-line fast real-time simultaneous multi-component analysis of inorganic pollutants in reclaimed water

The potential use of isotopically excited energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry for automated on line fast real time (5 to 15 minutes) simultaneous multicomponent (up to 20) trace (1 to 10 parts per billion) analysis of inorganic pollutants in reclaimed water was examined. Three anionic elements (chromium 6, arsenic and selenium) were studied. The inherent lack of sensitivity of XRF spectrometry for these elements mandates use of a preconcentration technique and various methods were examined, including: several direct and indirect evaporation methods; ion exchange membranes; selective and nonselective precipitation; and complexation processes. It is shown tha XRF spectrometry itself is well suited for automated on line quality assurance, and can provide a nondestructive (and thus sample storage and repeat analysis capabilities) and particularly convenient analytical method. Further, the use of an isotopically excited energy dispersive unit (50 mCi Cd-109 source) coupled with a suitable preconcentration process can provide sufficient sensitivity to achieve the current mandated minimum levels of detection without the need for high power X-ray generating tubes.

Ling, A. C.↗

NASA NTRS1981

A design approach to real-time formatting of high speed multispectral image data

A design approach to formatting multispectral image data in real time at very high data rates is presented for future onboard processing applications. The approach employs a microprocessor-based alternating buffer memory configuration whose formatting function is completely programmable. Data are read from an output buffer in the desired format by applying the proper sequence of addresses to the buffer via a lookup table memory. Sensor data can be processed using this approach at rates limited by the buffer memory access time and the buffer switching process delay time. This design offers flexible high speed data processing and benefits from continuing increases in the performance of digital memories.

Meredith, B. D.↗

NASA NTRS1980

NEEDS - Information Adaptive System

The Information Adaptive System (IAS) is an element of the NASA End-to-End Data System (NEEDS) Phase II and is focused toward onboard image processing. The IAS is a data preprocessing system which is closely coupled to the sensor system. Some of the functions planned for the IAS include sensor response nonuniformity correction, geometric correction, data set selection, data formatting, packetization, and adaptive system control. The inclusion of these sensor data preprocessing functions onboard the spacecraft will significantly improve the extraction of information from the sensor data in a timely and cost effective manner, and provide the opportunity to design sensor systems which can be reconfigured in near real-time for optimum performance. The purpose of this paper is to present the preliminary design of the IAS and the plans for its development.

Kelly, W. L.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Materials Experiment Carrier - An approach to expanded space processing capability

Conceptual design studies and mission analyses within the NASA Materials Processing in Space (MPS) program of the Materials Experiment Carrier (MEC) approach to conducting near-term as well as future free-flying experiments in materials processing in space are discussed. The experimental background of the MPS program is reviewed, and it is pointed out that the use of the MEC coupled with the 25-kW power system can provide an order-of-magnitude cost savings over conventional Shuttle-based systems, as well as increased orbital stay time and microgravity stability. The determination of the physical and engineering requirements for future MEC scientific/commercial candidate payloads is then discussed, and two proposed candidates for the MEC configuration, which is intended to be a self-contained, general-purpose, versatile and reusable carrier, are illustrated. Possible MEC operations are considered, including mission profiles, deployment sequences, on-orbit payload/sample change-out, optimal power system utilization, the use of real-time, ground-based control and advanced automatic payload operation. Areas in which technology development could benefit the MEC project are also identified.

Taylor, K. R.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Design and implementation of a telecommunication interface for the TAATM/TCV real-time experiment

The traffic situation display experiment of the terminal configured vehicle (TCV) research program requires a bidirectional data communications tie line between an computer complex. The tie line is used in a real time environment on the CYBER 175 computer by the terminal area air traffic model (TAATM) simulation program. Aircraft position data are processed by TAATM with the resultant output sent to the facility for the generation of air traffic situation displays which are transmitted to a research aircraft.

Nolan, J. D.↗

NASA NTRS1982

STS-1 orbital trajectory reconstruction using unmodelled acceleration estimation

A postflight trajectory reconstruction and analysis were conducted in order to determine the effects of unmodeled thrusting on the Space Shuttle Orbiter, to generate representative thrusting uncertainties for input to error analyses, and to evaluate the accuracy of the Ancillary trajectory data product and real-time vectors. The methods of selecting appropriate data arcs, time placement of compensation forces, limitations of the orbit determination process, and methods of evaluating solutions obtained from various force combinations are presented. It is shown that the estimation of forces to compensate for uncoupled attitude maneuvers and attitude hold maintenance thrusting significantly improves the postflight reconstruction of Space Shuttle Orbiter trajectories. A reduction of measurement residual statistics due to dynamic model uncertainties yields improved accuracy for postflight orbit determination.

Lacarna, R. J.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Mission definition study for a VLBI station utilizing the Space Shuttle

The uses of the Space Shuttle transportation system for orbiting VeryLong-Baseline Interferometry (OVLBI) were examined, both with respect to technical feasibility and its scientific possibilities. The study consisted of a critical look at the adaptability of current technology to an orbiting environment, the suitability of current data reduction facilities for the new technique, and a review of the new science that is made possible by using the Space Shuttle as a moving platform for a VLBI terminal in space. The conclusions are positive in all respects: no technological deficiencies exist that would need remedy, the data processing problem can be handled easily by straightforward adaptations of existing systems, and there is a significant new research frontier to be explored, with the Space Shuttle providing the first step. The VLBI technique utilizes the great frequency stability of modern atomic time standards, the power of integrated circuitry to perform real-time signal conditioning, and the ability of magnetic tape recorders to provide essentially error-free data recording, all of which combine to permit the realization of radio interferometry at arbitrarily large baselines.

Burke, B. F.↗

NASA NTRS1982

A unified method for evaluating real-time computer controllers: A case study

A real time control system consists of a synergistic pair, that is, a controlled process and a controller computer. Performance measures for real time controller computers are defined on the basis of the nature of this synergistic pair. A case study of a typical critical controlled process is presented in the context of new performance measures that express the performance of both controlled processes and real time controllers (taken as a unit) on the basis of a single variable: controller response time. Controller response time is a function of current system state, system failure rate, electrical and/or magnetic interference, etc., and is therefore a random variable. Control overhead is expressed as a monotonically nondecreasing function of the response time and the system suffers catastrophic failure, or dynamic failure, if the response time for a control task exceeds the corresponding system hard deadline, if any. A rigorous probabilistic approach is used to estimate the performance measures. The controlled process chosen for study is an aircraft in the final stages of descent, just prior to landing. First, the performance measures for the controller are presented. Secondly, control algorithms for solving the landing problem are discussed and finally the impact of the performance measures on the problem is analyzed.

Shin, K. G.↗