Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “scattering experiments”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 199 records · Page 11
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1974

The polarizability of diatomic helium

The calculation of the electric dipole polarizability tensor of the He 2 dimer is described, and the results are used in the computation of several dielectric and optical properties of helium gas, at both high (322 K) and low (4 K) temperatures. The properties considered are the second dielectric virial coefficient, the second Kerr virial coefficient, and the depolarization ratio of the integrated intensities for the Raman scattering experiments. The thesis consists of five parts: the polarizability and various properties are defined; the calculation of the polarizability in the long-range region in terms of a quantum mechanical multipole expansion is described; the calculation of the He2 polarizability in the overlap region via coupled Hartree-Fock perturbation theory is described; the calculation of the quantum pair distribution function for both the He-3 and He-4 isotopes at 4 K is discussed; and the calculated values of the properties of helium gas are given.

Fortune, P. J.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Development of an alpha scattering instrument for heavy element detection in surface materials

The development and characteristics of a portable instrument for detecting and measuring the amounts of lead in painted surfaces are discussed. The instrument is based on the ones used with the alpha scattering experiment on the Surveyor lunar missions. The principles underlying the instrument are described. It is stated that the performance tests of the instrument were satisfactory.

Turkevich, A. L.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Observation of dynamic correlations in collisional redistribution and depolarization of light

Theory shows that to explain the polarization of light collisionally redistributed from the far line wings of an atomic transition, one must consider correlated events in which absorption during a collision, and propagation to the final Zeeman-state superposition at the end of the collision is important. Polarizations of up to about 40% have been measured in the far line wings, substantially confirming this prediction, and showing that scattering experiments cannot just be characterized by simple absorption or emission profiles.

Thomann, P.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Electron impact excitation from a 1 Delta g state of molecular oxygen

First measurements of electron impact excitation on the O2 a delta-one sub g metastable state to a higher bound state, pi-one sub u, is reported. The data were taken at an incident electron energy of 500 eV and scattering angles of 0 deg to 15 deg. A superelastic electron scattering experiment was performed on the pure oxygen target gas in order to establish the composition of the discharged oxygen and to confirm the existence of delta-one sub g molecules in the interaction region. The electron-impact energy loss spectrum obtained is shown. The electronic assignment of the upper state which produces the vibrational structure was determined to be pi-one sub u by examining the potential energy curves of O2 and applying the electric dipole selection rules. The relative line intensities were obtained and used to determine the Morse potential for the pi-one sub u state.

Khakoo, M. A.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Coherent infrared lidar mission and technology needs for measurements of transport and concentration of tropospheric trace species

The science justification and the feasibility of aircraft-based CO2 Doppler lidar measurements of transport between the free troposphere and the stratosphere (or planetary boundary layer) are discussed for a wide range of seasonal and geographic conditions. Ground-based coherent CO2 lidar aerosol scattering experiments using a stable ring resonator (about 50 mJ/pulse) CO2 laser with external injection locking are reported. Comparative studies of injection-locked CO2 laser unstable resonators and master oscillator power amplifiers are reported for future CO2 lidar missions with respect to requirements of pulse energy, duration/shape, frequency chirp, efficiency for heterodyne detection, and combined Doppler lidar and Differential Absorption Lidar missions.

Hess, R. V.↗
NASA NTRS1985

An analysis of scattered light in low dispersion IUE spectra

A detailed numerical simulation of light scattering from the low-resolution grating in the short wavelength spectrograph of the IUE Observatory was developed, in order to quantitatively analyze the effects of scattering on both continuum and line emission spectra. It is found that: (1) the redistribution of light by grating scattering did not appreciably alter either the shape or the absolute flux level of continuum spectra for A-F stars; (2) late-type stellar continua showed a tendency to flatten when observed in scattered light toward the shorter wavelengths; and (3) the effect of grating scattering on emission lines is to decrease measured line intensities by an increasing percentage toward the shorter wavelengths. The spectra obtained from scattering experiments for solar-type and late type stars are reproduced in graphic form.

Basri, G.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Hydrostatic compression of Fe(1-x)O wuestite

Hydrostatic compression measurements on Fe(0.95)O wuestite up to 12 GPa yield a room temperature value for the isothermal bulk modulus of K(ot) = 157 (+ or - 10) GPa at zero pressure. This result is in accord with previous hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic measurements of K(ot) for wuestites of composition: 0.89 = Fe/O 0.95. Dynamic measurements of the bulk modulus by ultrasonic, shock-wave and neutron-scattering experiments tend to yield a larger value: K(ot) approximately 180 GPa. The discrepancy between static and dynamic values cannot be explained by the variation of K(ot) with composition, as has been proposed. This conclusion is based on high-precision compression data and on theoretical models of the effects of defects on elastic constants. Barring serious errors in the published measurements, the available data suggest that wuestite exhibits a volume relaxation under pressure.

Jeanloz, R.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Triple interactions involving close binaries in globular clusters

The interaction of a circularized tidal binary system with a third star is studied statistically through the results of about 70,000 numerical scattering experiments. The stars involved are taken to be identical polytropes, with radii equal to one-third of the initial binary separation. The effects of nonzero stellar radii are included by calculating an approximation to the energy dissipated by tidal interactions and estimating the energy lost through physical collisions. These are then used to modify the interaction cross sections obtained in the point-mass approximation. It is found that, for a wide range of assumptions about the details of the triple interactions and the stars' structure, the net rate at which tidal binaries heat the stellar system is substantially reduced (by as much as a factor of 20) below that obtained when the binaries are treated simply as point masses. The most likely outcome of a triple encounter is the coalescence of two, or all three, of the stars involved.

Mcmillan, S. L. W.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Production of pulsed atomic oxygen beams via laser vaporization methods

Energetic pulsed atomic oxygen beams were generated by laser-driven evaporation of cryogenically frozen ozone/oxygen films and thin films of indium-tin oxide (ITO). Mass and energy characterization of beams from the ozone/oxygen films were carried out by mass spectrometry. The peak flux, found to occur at 10 eV, is estimated from this data to be 3 x 10(20) m(-2) s(-1). Analysis of the time-of-flight data indicates a number of processes contribute to the formation of the atomic oxygen beam. The absence of metastable states such as the 2p(3) 3s(1) (5S) level of atomic oxygen blown off from ITO films is supported by the failure to observe emission at 777.3 nm from the 2p(3) 3p(1) (5P sub J) levels. Reactive scattering experiments with polymer film targets for atomic oxygen bombardment are planned using a universal crossed molecular beam apparatus.

Brinza, David E.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Airborne in-situ spectral characterization and concentration estimates of fluorescent organics as a function of depth

The primary purpose of many in-situ airborne light scattering experiments in natural waters is to spectrally characterize the subsurface fluorescent organics and estimate their relative concentrations. This is often done by shining a laser beam into the water and monitoring its subsurface return signal. To do this with the proper interpretation, depth must be taken into account. If one disregards depth dependence when taking such estimates, both their spectral characteristics and their concentrations estimates can be rather ambiguous. A simple airborne lidar configuration is used to detect the subsurface return signal from a particular depth and wavelength. Underwater scatterometer were employed to show that in-situ subsurface organics are very sensitive to depth, but they also require the use of slow moving boats to cover large sample areas. Also, their very entry into the water disturbs the sample it is measuring. The method described is superior and simplest to any employed thus far.

Tittle, R. A.↗
NASA NTRS1988

An electrostatically and a magnetically confined electron gun lens system

Focal properties, electron trajectory calculations, and geometries are given for two electron 'gun' lens systems that have a variety of applications in, for example, electron-neutral and electron-ion scattering experiments. One nine-lens system utilizes only electrostatic confinement and is capable of focusing electrons onto a fixed target with extremely small divergence angles, over a range of final energies 1-790 eV. The second gun lens system is a simpler three-lens system suitable for use in a uniform, solenoidal magnetic field. While the focusing properties of such a magnetically confined lens systenm are simpler to deal with, the system does illustrate features of electron extraction and Brillouin flow that have not been suitably emphasized in the literature.

Bernius, Mark T.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Improved optics for laser light scattering

Laser light scattering experiments contemplated for use in a microgravity environment must conform to a number of operational constraints which do not apply on Earth. In particular, the use of index matching fluid to control flare is unacceptable. Work to eliminate index matching fluids by the use of high spatial resolution receiving optics is described. By increasing on-axis spatial resolution flare from the sample cell walls (both the cell sample and cell air interfaces) can be effectively prevented from reaching the photodetector. In general, improving the on-axis discrimination degrades the angular resolution of a receiving optical train. Several different possible configurations of receiving optics are compared for their spatial resolution and angular resolution. For cylinder symmetric optics, the dual lens, fourier transform pair, receiving train with a center mask located between the lenses gives the best on-axis spatial resolution.

Cheung, H. Michael↗
NASA NTRS1990

Condensation in hypersonic nitrogen wind tunnels

Experimental observations and a theoretical model for the onset and disappearance of condensation are given for hypersonic flows of pure nitrogen at M = 10, 14 and 18. Measurements include Pitot pressures, static pressures and laser light scattering experiments. These measurements coupled with a theoretical model indicate a substantial non-equilibrium supercooling of the vapor phase beyond the saturation line. Typical results are presented with implications for the design of hypersonic wind tunnel nozzles.

Lederer, Melissa A.↗
NASA NTRS1992

E-region Irregularities; Selected Papers from the 23rd URSI General Assembly, Prague, Czechoslovakia, Aug. 28-Sept. 5, 1990

Results of two extensive rocket campaigns, the NASA E-region Radar and Rocket Instability Study (ERRRIS) and Rocket and Scatter Experiments (ROSE), are reviewed. Particular attention is given to scientific objectives and first results of the ROSE project, plasma waves observed in the auroral E-region during the ROSE compaign, metal ion layers in the auroral lower E-region measured by mass spectrometers, EISCAT results during the ROSE campaign and a comparison with STARE measurements, the effects of the resonance broadening of Farley-Buneman wave on electron dynamics and heating in the auroral E-region, and observations of 3 m auroral irregularities during the ERRRIS campaigns.

Schlegel, Kristian↗
NASA NTRS1992

Mars observer radio science (MORS) observations in polar regions

MORS observations will focus on two major areas of study: (1) the gravity field of Mars and its interpretation in terms of internal structure and history and (2) the structure of the atmosphere, with emphasis on both temperature-pressure profiles of the background atmosphere and small scale inhomogeneities resulting from turbulence. Scattering of cm wavelength radio signals from Mars' surface at highly oblique angles will also be studied during the primary mission; nongrazing scattering experiments may be possible during an extended mission. During the MORS primary mission, measurements of the spacecraft distance and velocity with respect to Earth based tracking stations will be used to develop models of the global gravity field. The improvement in knowledge of the gravity field will be especially evident in polar regions. The spatial and temporal coverage of atmospheric radio occultation measurements are determined by the geometry of the spacecraft orbit and the direction to the Earth. Profiles of atmospheric temperature and pressure will extend from the surface to altitudes of 50 to 70 km.

Simpson, Richard A.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Implications of new GALLEX results for the Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein solution of the solar neutrino problem

We compare the implications for Be-7 and pp neutrinos of the two Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein fits to the new GALLEX solar neutrino measurements. Small-mixing-angle solutions tend to suppress the former as electron neutrinos, but not the latter, and large-angle solutions tend to reduce both by about a factor of two. The consequences for BOREXINO and similar solar neutrino-electron scattering experiments are discussed.

Gelb, James M.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Concentration and temperature effects on ovostatin activity

Light scattering experiments performed at Mississippi State University using MSFC ovostatin preparations indicated that at low ovostatin concentrations, below 0.2 mg/ml, the protein was dissociating from a tetramer into dimers. Since the proposed mechanism of action involved the tetrameric form of the protein, we hypothesized that perhaps under the conditions of our assays at various O/T ratios the ovostatin was becoming dissociated into an inactive dimer. To examine this possibility we assayed the ovostatin activity as a function of ovostatin concentration and of temperature of the assay. Data are presented that show the results of these assays at 23 C, 30 C, 37 C and 42 C respectively. The data are highly suggestive that there is a decrease in ovostatin activity as the concentration of the protein falls below 0.06 mg/ml. This may not be of any physiological importance, however, since the concentration of ovostatin in the egg is about 0.5 mg/ml. Curiously, the dissociation of the tetramer into dimers does not show a significant temperature dependence as would be expected for an equilibrium reaction. Whether this is in fact the case, or whether the differences are so small as to not be discerned from the current data remains to be seen. Another aspect to consider is that in the egg the primary role of the ovostatin may or may not be as a protease inhibitor. Although the inhibition of collagenase by ovostatin may be an important aspect of embryogenesis, it is also possible that it functions as a binding protein for some substance. In this regard, all ovostatin preparations from MSFC have shown an approximately 88,000 MW protein associated with the ovostatin. The identity of this protein is not currently known and may be the subject of future studies.

Moriarity, Debra M.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Asteroids from Radar Observations

A program of research has recently been initiated under the NASA Innovative Research Program to develop and test techniques for reconstructing the three-dimensional shapes of asteroids from ground-based radar observations. Presently, no methods exist to do this and the full scientific potential of current radar data sets lies untapped. The situation will become even more pronounced in approximately two years when the upgraded Arecibo radar system becomes capable of regularly producing asteroid data sets with very fine spatial resolution and high signal-to-noise ratios. If successful, the proposed research will significantly increase our knowledge of these objects. The potential and limitations of the techniques developed will be rigorously tested in a series of computer simulations and optical scattering experiments with scale models.

Hudson, Scott↗