Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “total”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 199 records · Page 11
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1973

Spectral and Total Normal Emittance of Reusable Surface Insulation Materials

Measurements of spectral and total normal emittance have been made on three types of reusable external insulation materials proposed for space shuttles. Emittances were measured in the spectral range 1 to 15 micrometer at temperatures of 800 K and 1100 K using a radiometric measurement technique. Results indicated that the total normal emittance of these materials was less than 0.8 between 800 K and 1300 K. The total normal emittance decreased with increasing temperature. The three ceramic coating candidate materials exhibited a similar spectral emittance distribution.

Kantsios, A. G.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Changes in total plasma content of electrolytes and proteins with maximal exercise.

To determine to what extent the increases in concentration of plasma proteins and electrolytes with short maximal work were a result of hemoconcentration, the changes in plasma volume and total content of the plasma constituents were simultaneously evaluated. The results obtained from six human subjects indicated that in comparison to preexercise values there was a net decrease in total content of plasma protein, sodium, and chloride in the first 2 min of the postexercise period, due primarily to a significant loss (13-15%) of plasma fluid. The total plasma potassium content was increased immediately after exercise but was significantly below the preexercise plasma content after 2 min of recovery.

Van Beaumont, W.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Total mixing ratios

The total mixing ratio of an atom, which may be contained in any number of different molecules, is derived as a function of altitude for the earth's mesosphere and stratosphere. It is shown that the total mixing ratio of most atoms is constant; for an escaping gas, such as hydrogen, the ratio decreases with altitude, whereas the mixing ratios of atoms deposited by meteors increase with altitude. The analysis shows that by using total mixing ratios, the individual mixing ratios at a certain altitude can be related to those of another altitude without any restrictions on chemical lifetimes.

Thomas, R. J.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Total body calcium analysis

A technique to quantitate total body calcium in humans is developed. Total body neutron irradiation is utilized to produce argon 37. The radio argon, which diffuses into the blood stream and is excreted through the lungs, is recovered from the exhaled breath and counted inside a proportional detector. Emphasis is placed on: (1) measurement of the rate of excretion of radio argon following total body neutron irradiation; (2) the development of the radio argon collection, purification, and counting systems; and (3) development of a patient irradiation facility using a 14 MeV neutron generator. Results and applications are discussed in detail.

Lewellen, T. K.↗
NASA NTRS1975

The total and spectral solar irradiance and its possible variations

The present status of knowledge of the total and spectral irradiance of the sun is briefly reviewed. Currently accepted values of the solar constant and the extraterrestrial solar spectral irradiance are presented along with a discussion of how they were derived. Data on the variability of the solar constant are shown to be conflicting and inconclusive. Some of the alleged sun-weather relationships are cited in support of the need of knowing more precisely the variations in total and spectral solar irradiance. An overview of a solar monitoring program is discussed, with special emphasis on the Solar Energy Monitor in Space experiment which was proposed for several spacecraft missions. It is a combination of a solar constant detector and a prism monochromator. The determination of absolute values and the possible variations of the total and spectral solar irradiance, from measurements outside of the atmosphere is discussed.

Thekaekara, M. P.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Periodic analysis of total ozone and its vertical distribution

Both total ozone and vertical distribution ozone data from the period 1957 to 1972 are analyzed. For total ozone, improved monthly zonal means for both hemispheres are computed by weighting individual station monthly means by a factor which compensates for the close grouping of stations in certain regions of latitude bands. Longitudinal variability show maxima in summer in both hemispheres, but, in winter, only in the Northern Hemisphere. The geographical distributions of the long term mean, and the annual, quasibiennial and semiannual waves in total ozone over the Northern Hemisphere are presented. The extratropical amplitude of the annual wave is by far the largest of the three, as much as 120 m atm cm over northern Siberia. There is a tendency for all three waves to have maxima in high latitudes. Monthly means of the vertical distribution of ozone determined from 3 to 8 years of ozonesonde data over North America are presented. Number density is highest in the Arctic near 18 km. The region of maximum number density slopes upward toward 10 N, where the long term mean is 45 x 10 to the 11th power molecules cm/3 near 26 km.

Wilcox, R. W.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Cooled-turbine aerodynamic performance prediction from reduced primary to coolant total-temperature-ratio results

The prediction of the cooled aerodynamic performance, for both stators and turbines, at actual primary to coolant inlet total temperature ratios from the results obtained at a reduced total temperature ratio is described. Theoretical and available experimental results were compared for convection film and transpiration cooled stator vanes and for a film cooled, single stage core turbine. For these tests the total temperature ratio varied from near 1.0 to about 2.7. The agreement between the theoretical and the experimental results was, in general, reasonable.

Goldman, L. J.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Measurements of spectral and total emittance of reinforced carbon-carbon

Elevated temperature measurements of the spectral emittance of reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) as the thermal protection material for the leading edge areas of the Space Shuttle Orbiter were carried out in situ, with environments provided by arc-heated streams of air and argon. A monochromator, infrared pyrometers, and thermocouples were used in evaluating the response of the RCC test specimens during the emittance measurements. Results indicate that the material is nongray, with lowest spectral emittance at the short wavelengths and with relatively high total emittance. The trend of the total emittance data suggests a slight decrease in total emittance with increasing temperature, although the emittance value stabilizes with continuing exposure.

Grinberg, I. M.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Solar irradiance - Total and spectral and its possible variations

The present status of our knowledge of the total and spectral irradiance of the sun is briefly reviewed. The currently accepted NASA/ASTM standard values of the solar constant and the extraterrestrial solar spectral irradiance are presented. The uncertainties in these values are relatively high. Data on the variability of the solar constant are conflicting and inconclusive. The variability of solar spectral irradiance is almost totally unknown and unexplored. Some alleged sun-weather relationships are cited in support of the need to know more precisely the variations in total and spectral solar irradiance. An overview of the solar monitoring program of NASA is presented, with special emphasis on the Solar Energy Monitor in Space (SEMIS) experiment which has been proposed for several spacecraft missions. The monitor is a combination of a solar-constant detector and a prism monochromator.

Thekaekara, M. P.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Investigation of the effect of atmospheric dust on the determination of total ozone from the earth's ultraviolet reflectivity measurements, 2

Results of a detailed analysis of the simulated measurements for the BUV (Nimbus-4) configuration are described by using a total-ozone estimation procedure. A set of recommendations are discussed for increasing the accuracy and confidence level of the total ozone values estimated from the measurements of the earth's ultraviolet reflectivity at five different wavelengths (BUV configuration). A tentative procedure is also considered for the estimation of total ozone from measurements of reflectivity at six different wavelengths specified in the SBUV/TOMS (Nimbus-G) configuration.

Dave, J. V.↗
NASA NTRS1977

The effect of bandwidth on filter instrument total ozone accuracy

The effect of the width and shape of the New Zealand filter instrument's passbands on measured total-ozone accuracy is determined using a numerical model of the spectral measurement process. The model enables the calculation of corrections for the 'bandwidth-effect' error and shows that highly attenuating passband skirts and well-suppressed leakage bands are at least as important as narrow half-bandwidths. Over typical ranges of airmass and total ozone, the range in the bandwidth-effect correction is about 2% in total ozone for the filter instrument, compared with about 1% for the Dobson instrument.

Basher, R. E.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Error in total ozone measurements arising from aerosol attenuation

A generalized least squares method for deducing both total ozone and aerosol extinction spectrum parameters from Dobson spectrophotometer measurements was developed. An error analysis applied to this system indicates that there is little advantage to additional measurements once a sufficient number of line pairs have been employed to solve for the selected detail in the attenuation model. It is shown that when there is a predominance of small particles (less than about 0.35 microns in diameter) the total ozone from the standard AD system is too high by about one percent. When larger particles are present the derived total ozone may be an overestimate or an underestimate but serious errors occur only for narrow polydispersions.

Thomas, R. W. L.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Total ozone determination by spectroradiometry in the middle ultraviolet

A method has been developed to determine total ozone from multispectral measurements of the direct solar irradiance. The total ozone is determined by a least squares fit to the spectrum between 290 nm and 380 nm. The aerosol extinction is accounted for by expanding it in a power series in wavelength; use of the linear term proved adequate. A mobile laboratory incorporating a sky scanner has been developed and used to obtain data to verify the method. Sun tracking, wavelength setting of the double monochromator, and data acquisition are under control of a minicomputer. Results obtained at Wallops Island, Virginia, and Palestine, Texas, agree well with simultaneous Dobson and Canterbury spectrometer and balloon ECC ozonesonde values. The wavelength calibration of the monochromator and the values for the normalized ozone absorption are the most important factors in an accurate determination of total ozone.

Garrison, L. M.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Solar total energy project at Shenandoah, Georgia system design

The solar total energy system (STES) was to provide 50% of the total electrical and thermal energy requirements of the 25,000 sq ft Bleyle of America knitwear plant located at the Shenandoah Site. The system will provide 400 kilowatts electrical and 3 megawatts of thermal energy. The STES has a classical, cascaded total energy system configuration. It utilizes one hundred twenty (120), parabolic dish collectors, high temperature (750 F) trickle oil thermal energy storage and a steam turbine generator. The electrical load shaving system was designed for interconnected operation with the Georgia Power system and for operation in a stand alone mode.

Poche, A. J.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Wavelength selection and total growth of Gortler vortices

This paper investigates a wavelength selection mechanism under ideal and nonideal flow conditions. The conditions of the total streamwise growth of Gortler vortices generated under ideal and nonideal flow conditions and its effect on the laminar-turbulent transition process is also examined. The stabilizing effects of suction on the total growth of these vortices are analyzed. It is demonstrated that the wavelength selection mechanism and the total growth of the vortices are affected by the departures from ideal flow conditions. It is shown that under ideal flow conditions, a wavelength selection mechanism can be based on the maximum amplification rate of the disturbances. However, this mechanism is easily affected by the departures from ideal flow. The case of streamwise vorticity in the basic flow is analyzed and is shown to affect disturbances through a subharmonic resonance.

Floryan, J. M.↗
NASA NTRS1981

The geographic bias in determining average variations of total ozone from ground-based observations

The mean monthly hemispheric total ozone values as determined from between the two sets of data indicates that the mean difference between the calculated total ozone amount as determined for the entire period from all the satellite data and that derived from the satellite data restricted to location of ground based stations is 1.3 m atm cm for the Northern Hemisphere and 0.7 m atm cm for the Southern Hemisphere (0.3 and 0.2 percent respectively of the average total ozone in each hemisphere).

London, J.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Flight evaluation of a simple total energy-rate system with potential wind-shear application

Wind shears can create havoc during aircraft terminal area operations and have been cited as the primary cause of several major aircraft accidents. A simple sensor, potentially having application to the wind-shear problem, was developed to rapidly measure aircraft total energy relative to the air mass. Combining this sensor with either a variometer or a rate-of-climb indicator provides a total energy-rate system which was successfully applied in soaring flight. The measured rate of change of aircraft energy can potentially be used on display/control systems of powered aircraft to reduce glide-slope deviations caused by wind shear. The experimental flight configuration and evaluations of the energy-rate system are described. Two mathematical models are developed: the first describes operation of the energy probe in a linear design region and the second model is for the nonlinear region. The calculated total rate is compared with measured signals for many different flight tests. Time history plots show the tow curves to be almost the same for the linear operating region and very close for the nonlinear region.

Ostroff, A. J.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Definitive design of the solar total energy large-scale experiment at Shenandoah, Georgia

Construction of a Solar Total Energy Large Scale Experiment at Shenandoah, Georgia, is described. The Solar Total Energy System (STES) is designed with capacity to supply electricity and thermal energy to a knitwear plant at the Shenandoah site. The system will provide 400 kilowatts electrical and 3.5 megawatts thermal energy. The STES is a cascaded total energy system configuration. It uses parabolic disch collectors and a steam turbine-generator. The electrical system will be grid connected to the Georgia Power Company system.

Hunke, R. W.↗