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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

The Safe Urban Harvests Study: A Community-Driven Cross-Sectional Assessment of Metals in Soil, Irrigation Water, and Produce from Urban Farms and Gardens in Baltimore, Maryland

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence suggests social, health, environmental, and economic benefits of urban agriculture (UA). However, limited work has characterized the risks from metal contaminant exposures faced by urban growers and consumers of urban-grown produce. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to answer community-driven questions about the safety of UA and the consumption of urban-grown produce by measuring concentrations of nine metals in the soil, irrigation water, and urban-grown produce across urban farms and gardens in Baltimore, Maryland. METHODS: We measured concentrations of 6 nonessential [arsenic (As), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni)] and three essential [copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn)] metals in soil, irrigation water, and 13 types of urban-grown produce collected from 104 UA sites. We compared measured concentrations to existing public health guidelines and analyzed relationships between urban soil and produce concentrations. In the absence of guidelines for metals in produce, we compared metals concentrations in urban-grown produce with those in produce purchased from farmers markets and grocery stores (both conventionally grown and U.S. Department of Agriculture–certified organic). RESULTS: Mean concentrations of all measured metals in irrigation water were below public health guidelines. Mean concentrations of nonessential metals in growing area soils were below public health guidelines for Ba, Cd, Pb, and Ni and at or below background for As and Cr. Though we observed a few statistically significant differences in concentrations between urban and nonurban produce items for some combinations, no consistent or discernable patterns emerged. DISCUSSION: Screening soils for heavy metals is a critical best practice for urban growers. Given limitations in existing public health guidelines for metals in soil, irrigation water, and produce, additional exposure assessment is necessary to quantify potential human health risks associated with exposure to nonessential metals when engaging in UA and consuming urban-grown produce. Conversely, the potential health benefits of consuming essential metals in urban-grown produce also merit further research. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9431

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Quantum ghost imaging microscopy depth-of-field study

Quantum ghost imaging approaches have been proposed to enhance biological microscopy, for example, using 2D visible detectors to provide IR images or providing additional dimensions of spatial or spectral information. Toward the goal of making such imaging schemes practical, we compare image quality and depth-of-field between traditional images and ghost images at the same excitation levels. We measure how image quality and depth-of-field depend on the parameters of the entangled light produced using type-I spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC). We use a pair of time-synchronized, photon-timing single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array detectors to capture two distinct microscope imaging paths simultaneously on a photon-pair-by-photon-pair basis: one in a traditional imaging pathway and the other a quantum ghost imaging pathway. We calculate the depth-of-field, resolution, contrast, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) through the parameter space of a β-Barium Borate (BBO) type-I bulk non-linear crystal length and angle. Our results provide a basis for choosing parameters for quantum ghost imaging with type-I SPDC sources.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on BaS3 by Materials Project

BaS3 is Barium trisulfide structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal P-42_1m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ba2+ is bonded to twelve S+0.67- atoms to form a mixture of distorted face and corner-sharing BaS12 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Ba–S bond distances ranging from 3.26–3.60 Å. There are two inequivalent S+0.67- sites. In the first S+0.67- site, S+0.67- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ba2+ and one S+0.67- atom. The S–S bond length is 2.09 Å. In the second S+0.67- site, S+0.67- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ba2+ and two equivalent S+0.67- atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ba3(Si2P3)2 by Materials Project

(Ba)3(Si2P3)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/m space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of six barium molecules and one Si2P3 sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. In the Si2P3 sheet, there are two inequivalent Si4- sites. In the first Si4- site, Si4- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Si4- and two P+1.67+ atoms. There are one shorter (2.38 Å) and one longer (2.53 Å) Si–Si bond lengths. Both Si–P bond lengths are 2.26 Å. In the second Si4- site, Si4- is bonded to four P+1.67+ atoms to form corner-sharing SiP4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Si–P bond distances ranging from 2.26–2.33 Å. There are four inequivalent P+1.67+ sites. In the first P+1.67+ site, P+1.67+ is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to two Si4- atoms. The P–Si bond length is 2.26 Å. In the second P+1.67+ site, P+1.67+ is bonded in a water-like geometry to two equivalent Si4- atoms. In the third P+1.67+ site, P+1.67+ is bonded in a water-like geometry to two equivalent Si4- atoms. In the fourth P+1.67+ site, P+1.67+ is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to two Si4- atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ba2(Ni3B2)3 by Materials Project

(Ba)2(Ni3B2)3 crystallizes in the trigonal R-3c space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of twelve barium molecules and one Ni3B2 framework. In the Ni3B2 framework, there are two inequivalent Ni+1.56+ sites. In the first Ni+1.56+ site, Ni+1.56+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four equivalent B3- atoms. There are a spread of Ni–B bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.19 Å. In the second Ni+1.56+ site, Ni+1.56+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent B3- atoms. There are two shorter (2.08 Å) and two longer (2.11 Å) Ni–B bond lengths. B3- is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to six Ni+1.56+ and one B3- atom. The B–B bond length is 1.74 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ba(AuF6)2 by Materials Project

BaBa3(AuF6)8 crystallizes in the cubic P-43m space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of one barium molecule and one Ba3(AuF6)8 framework. In the Ba3(AuF6)8 framework, Ba2+ is bonded to eight F1- atoms to form distorted BaF8 hexagonal bipyramids that share corners with eight AuF6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 28–30°. There are four shorter (2.76 Å) and four longer (2.77 Å) Ba–F bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Au5+ sites. In the first Au5+ site, Au5+ is bonded to six F1- atoms to form AuF6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent BaF8 hexagonal bipyramids. There is three shorter (1.92 Å) and three longer (1.98 Å) Au–F bond length. In the second Au5+ site, Au5+ is bonded to six F1- atoms to form AuF6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent BaF8 hexagonal bipyramids. There is three shorter (1.92 Å) and three longer (1.98 Å) Au–F bond length. There are four inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Ba2+ and one Au5+ atom. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Au5+ atom. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Ba2+ and one Au5+ atom. In the fourth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Au5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ba(BSe3)2 by Materials Project

Ba(BSe3)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmce space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four barium molecules and four BSe3 clusters. In each BSe3 cluster, B3- is bonded to four Se+0.67+ atoms to form edge-sharing BSe4 tetrahedra. There are two shorter (2.05 Å) and two longer (2.09 Å) B–Se bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Se+0.67+ sites. In the first Se+0.67+ site, Se+0.67+ is bonded in a distorted L-shaped geometry to two equivalent B3- atoms. In the second Se+0.67+ site, Se+0.67+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one B3- atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on BaSe3 by Materials Project

BaSe3 is Barium trisulfide structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal P-42_1m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ba is bonded to twelve Se atoms to form a mixture of distorted face and corner-sharing BaSe12 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Ba–Se bond distances ranging from 3.41–3.79 Å. There are two inequivalent Se sites. In the first Se site, Se is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ba and one Se atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.41 Å. In the second Se site, Se is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ba and two equivalent Se atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on BaTe3 by Materials Project

BaTe3 is Barium trisulfide structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal P-42_1m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ba is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to twelve Te atoms. There are a spread of Ba–Te bond distances ranging from 3.65–4.07 Å. There are two inequivalent Te sites. In the first Te site, Te is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ba and two equivalent Te atoms. There are one shorter (2.85 Å) and one longer (3.50 Å) Te–Te bond lengths. In the second Te site, Te is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ba and four equivalent Te atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ba3H by Materials Project

(Ba)6H2 is Uranium Silicide-like structured and crystallizes in the hexagonal P6_3/mmc space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of six barium molecules and two hydrogen molecules.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ba(Sb3Os)4 by Materials Project

Ba(OsSb3)4 is Upper Bainite-derived structured and crystallizes in the cubic Im-3 space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of two barium molecules and one OsSb3 framework. In the OsSb3 framework, Os2- is bonded to six equivalent Sb+0.50+ atoms to form corner-sharing OsSb6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 55°. All Os–Sb bond lengths are 2.67 Å. Sb+0.50+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent Os2- atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on BaCoO2 by Materials Project

BaCoO2 is Cuprite-derived structured and crystallizes in the cubic Fd-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of eight barium molecules and one Lix0CoO2 framework. In the Lix0CoO2 framework, Co2+ is bonded to four equivalent O2- atoms to form corner-sharing CoO4 tetrahedra. All Co–O bond lengths are 1.87 Å. O2- is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent Co2+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on BaAs2F12 by Materials Project

BaBa3As8F48 crystallizes in the cubic P-43m space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of one barium molecule and one Ba3As8F48 framework. In the Ba3As8F48 framework, Ba2+ is bonded to eight F1- atoms to form distorted BaF8 hexagonal bipyramids that share corners with eight AsF6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 30–32°. All Ba–F bond lengths are 2.80 Å. There are two inequivalent As5+ sites. In the first As5+ site, As5+ is bonded to six F1- atoms to form AsF6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent BaF8 hexagonal bipyramids. There is three shorter (1.73 Å) and three longer (1.82 Å) As–F bond length. In the second As5+ site, As5+ is bonded to six F1- atoms to form AsF6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent BaF8 hexagonal bipyramids. There is three shorter (1.73 Å) and three longer (1.82 Å) As–F bond length. There are four inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Ba2+ and one As5+ atom. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Ba2+ and one As5+ atom. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As5+ atom. In the fourth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on BaIn(Cu3O4)2 by Materials Project

BaIn(Cu3O4)2 crystallizes in the cubic Fm-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of four barium molecules and one In(Cu3O4)2 framework. In the In(Cu3O4)2 framework, Cu+1.83+ is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four equivalent O2- atoms. All Cu–O bond lengths are 1.96 Å. In3+ is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent O2- atoms. All In–O bond lengths are 2.31 Å. O2- is bonded to three equivalent Cu+1.83+ and one In3+ atom to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OInCu3 tetrahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Quantitative Determination of Total Cesium in Savannah River Site (SRS) Tank Waste by Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscropy

Utilization of the significant and unique wavelength dynamic range (165 to 1100 nm) available on the Leeman Prodigy Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-ES) allows for quantification of cesium using the emission line 894.347 nm without the potential of Barium interference in nuclear waste samples. Samples are added to a Sodium Peroxide Fusion and Lithium Carbonate buffer in 2% nitric acid solution to increase sensitivity of the easily ionizable (<6 eV) cesium for quantitation to 5 pbb. Through direct comparison of analytical data results, the method is proven to be complementary to the Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis (LOQ 100 ppt) in support of the Department of Energy’s (DOE) Nuclear Waste Mission.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Additive Manufacturing of Energy Harvesting Material System for Active Wireless MEMS Sensors

Combustion systems make up a large sum of the world’s yearly energy production despite advances in renewable energy sources. Precise control of pressure and temperature in combustion chambers allows for lower carbon emissions, and overall higher efficiency. Wireless temperature and pressure sensors are critical for the operation of combustion chambers. Energy harvesters have emerged as a viable way to power wireless sensors when heat and mechanical energy are available. Lithium niobate (LNB), barium titanate (BTO), and lead zirconate titanate (PZT) pyroelectric ceramics were studied and fabricated through additive manufacturing (AM) for use as energy harvesting structures in combustion environments. The electric power generation potential of LNB and PZT ceramics was studied by varying the temperature from 50 to 60 °C and by introducing cyclic compression loads of 2000 N amplitude. It was found that thermal energy conversion had the highest output of 500 nW and that combined thermal and mechanical conversion did not increase the harvesting potential because of the competing contributions of both effects. Powder bed and slurry extrusion AM methods were used to fabricate BTO and PZT ceramic structures. Optimization of the powder-based binder jetting method produced BTO ceramics with a relative density of 36.77% a piezoelectric coefficient of 153 pC/N. The density of the ceramics increased up to 56% when increasing the saturation of binder in the powder to because of liquid phase sintering. Finally, PZT structures were manufactured through AM and fin features were added to the design to enhance the heat transfer along the material. The harvested power density of the flat samples was 3.643 μW/cm 3 and of the finned samples was 3.034 μW/cm3. This research paves the ways for the development of self-powered wireless sensors in critical areas of operation such as combustion.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2023

Management of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Fission Products in Used Pyroprocessing Salt

Pyroprocessing of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) involves dissolving metallic fuel into a molten salt electrolyte (typically eutectic LiCl-KCl) and then preferentially depositing actinides onto inert cathodes. Subsequent operations include drawdown of residual actinides and lanthanides from the electrolyte prior to re-using the salt. The recovered actinides are recycled and the recovered lanthanides are disposed as waste. Alkali and alkaline earth metal fission products in the fuel, such as Cs, Sr and Ba, dissolve into the salt during electrorefining. The concentrations of these elements buildup over time in the molten salt electrolyte, which may change the freezing point. The radioactive decay of 137 Cs and 90 Sr (half life 30 and 29 years) generates significant heat and produces strong ionizing radiation fields (β and γ). The increasing heat load and radioactivity as these elements build up in the molten salt requires frequent replacement and disposal of the electrolyte salt. Alternatively, the salt can be treated to remove these and other elements and then recycled to the electrorefiner. An effective strategy to manage these alkali and alkaline earth metal fission products in the molten salt electrolyte would increase the efficiency of pyroprocessing and decrease the volume of salt waste requiring disposal. Alkali and alkaline earth metal fission products are extremely stable in molten salt as chlorides--even more stable than the LiCl-KCl eutectic base salt--making them challenging to remove. They are not removed during drawdown operations to recover residual actinides and lanthanides and a separate operation is required to sufficiently purify the salt for reuse. This work is focused on selecting a method for separating Cs, Sr and Ba from the salt recovered from the lanthanide drawdown operation prior to recycling the cleaned salt back to the electrorefiner. Not addressed in this work is the management of the waste stream produced by the separation. This report summarizes the issues to be addressed when developing removal strategies for cesium, strontium, and barium and reviews existing methods to identify suitable methods and any technological gaps in their application.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Reliability of Materials and Components for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Planar stack solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) require seals that must operate reliably under demanding conditions for lifetimes of 40000 hours. This includes temperature fluctuations between 800°C and RT during on and off cycles, thermal stresses, oxidizing environments and chemical degradation to name a few. This comprehensive report provides results from long term testing of two commercially available multicomponent barium alkali silicate glasses: SCN and G6, chosen as sealing candidates. In this scope, the glass seals were deposited on YSZ and Al 2 O 3 substrates simulating electrolytes (Zrbased) and coatings (both zirconia and Al 2 O 3 ). The seal-substrate couples were subjected to 800°C under air and steam+H 2 +N 2 environments up to 40000 hours to test their integrity under real operating conditions. Extensive studies on the effects of exposure have been conducted over the span of testing at various time intervals. Within the context of characterization, mechanical properties such as density, roughness, thermal expansion and glass transition, viscosity and wettability behavior; and microstructural properties such as glass chemistries, defect formation (cracks and pores), phase transformations (devitrification) and glass-interface reactions are investigated. Results and discussions are provided with a focus on the degradation of the properties over long term interrupted testing.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗