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At least 217 records · Page 12

Plasma particle simulation of electrostatic ion thrusters

Charge exchange collisons between beam ions and neutral propellant gas can result in erosion of the accelerator grid surfaces of an ion engine. A particle in cell (PIC) is developed along with a Monte Carlo method to simulate the ion dynamics and charge exchange processes in the grid region of an ion thruster. The simulation is two-dimensional axisymmetric and uses three velocity components (2d3v) to investigate the influence of charge exchange collisions on the ion sputtering of the accelerator grid surfaces. An example calculation has been performed for an ion thruster operated on xenon propellant. The simulation shows that the greatest sputtering occurs on the downstream surface of the grid, but some sputtering can also occur on the upstream surface as well as on the interior of the grid aperture.

Peng, Xiaohang↗

Numerical quasi-linear study of the critical ionization velocity phenomenon

The critical ionization velocity (CIV) for a neutral barium (Ba) gas cloud moving across the static magnetic field is studied numerically using quasi-linear equations and a parameter range which is typical for the shaped-charge Ba gas release experiments in space. For consistency the charge exchange between the background oxygen ions and neutral atoms and its reverse process, as well as the excitation of the neutral Ba atoms, are included. The numerical results indicate that when the ionization rate due to CIV becomes comparable to the charge exchange rate the energy lost to the ionization and excitation collisions by the superthermal electrons exceeds the energy gain from the waves that are excited by the ion beam. This results in a CIV yield less than the yield by the charge exchange process.

Moghaddam-Taaheri, E.↗

Energetic neutral particles from Jupiter and Saturn

The Voyager 1 spacecraft has detected energetic neutral particles escaping from the magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn. These energetic neutrals are created in charge exchange reactions between radiation belt ions and ambient atoms or molecules in the magnetosphere. If the Io torus is assumed to be the dominant Jovian source region for energetic neutrals, the Voyager observations can be used to infer upper limits to the average ion intensities there below about 200 keV. No readily interpretable in-situ measurements are available in the Io torus at these energies. The middle and outer Jovian magnetospheres may also be a significant source of energetic neutrals. At Saturn, the observed neutral particle count rates are too high to be explained by charge exchange between fast protons and H atoms of the Titan torus. Most of the energetic neutrals may be produced by charge exchanges between heavy ions and a neutral cloud containing H2O in Saturn's inner magnetosphere. If so, the Voyager measurements of energetic neutral fluxes would be the first detected emissions from this region of Saturn's magnetosphere.

Cheng, A. F.↗

Simulation of Energetic Neutral Atoms from Solar Energetic Particles

Energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) provide the only way to observe the acceleration site of coronal-mass-ejection-driven (CME-driven) shock-accelerated solar energetic particles (SEPs). In gradual SEP events, energetic protons can charge exchange with the ambient solar wind or interstellar neutrals to become ENAs. Assuming a CME-driven shock with a constant speed of 1800 km/s and compression ratio of 3.5, propagating from 1.5 to 40 Rs, we calculate the accelerated SEPs at 5-5000 keV and the resulting ENAs via various charge-exchange interactions. Taking into account the ENA losses in the interplanetary medium, we obtain the flux-time profiles of these solar ENAs reaching 1AU.We find that the arriving ENAs at energies above approx.100 keV show a sharply peaked flux-time profile, mainly originating from the shock source below 5 RS, whereas the ENAs below approx. 20 keV have a flat-top time profile, mostly originating from the source beyond 10 Rs. Assuming the accelerated protons are effectively trapped downstream of the shock, we can reproduce the STEREO ENA fluence observations at approx. 2-5 MeV/nucleon. We also estimate the flux of ENAs coming from the charge exchange of energetic storm protons, accelerated by the fast CME-driven shock near 1AU, with interstellar hydrogen and helium. Our results suggest that appropriate instrumentation would be able to detect ENAs from SEPs and to even make ENA images of SEPs at energies above approx.10-20 keV.

sun↗

Three-dimensional ring current decay model

This work is an extension of a previous ring current decay model. In the previous work, a two-dimensional kinetic model was constructed to study the temporal variations of the equatorially mirroring ring current ions, considering charge exchange and Coulomb drag losses along drift paths in a magnetic dipole field. In this work, particles with arbitrary pitch angle are considered. By bounce averaging the kinetic equation of the phase space density, information along magnetic field lines can be inferred from the equator. The three-dimensional model is used to simulate the recovery phase of a model great magnetic storm, similar to that which occurred in early February 1986. The initial distribution of ring current ions (at the minimum Dst) is extrapolated to all local times from AMPTE/CCE spacecraft observations on the dawnside and duskside of the inner magnetosphere spanning the L value range L = 2.25 to 6.75. Observations by AMPTE/CCE of ring current distributions over subsequent orbits during the storm recovery phase are compared to model outputs. In general, the calculated ion fluxes are consistent with observations, except for H(+) fluxes at tens of keV, which are always overestimated. A newly invented visualization idea, designated as a chromogram, is used to display the spatial and energy dependence of the ring current ion differential flux. Important features of storm time ring current, such as day-night asymmetry during injection and drift hole on the dayside at low energies (less than 10 keV), are manifested in the chromogram representation. The pitch angle distribution is well fit by the function, J(sub o)(1 + Ay(sup n)), where y is sine of the equatorial pitch angle. The evolution of the index n is a combined effect of charge exchange loss and particle drift. At low energies (less than 30 keV), both drift dispersion and charge exchange are important in determining n.

Fok, Mei-Ching↗

A three-dimensional ring current decay model

This work is an extension of a previous ring current decay model. In the previous work, a two-dimensional kinetic model was constructed to study the temporal variations of the equatorially mirroring ring current ions, considering charge exchange and Coulomb drag losses along drift paths in a magnetic dipole field. In this work, particles with arbitrary pitch angle are considered. By bounce averaging the kinetic equation of the phase space density, information along magnetic field lines can be inferred from the equator. The three-dimensional model is used to simulate the recovery phase of a model great magnetic storm, similar to that which occurred in early February 1986. The initial distribution of ring current ions (at the minimum Dst) is extrapolated to all local times from AMPTE/CCE spacecraft observations on the dawn and dusk sides of the inner magnetosphere spanning the L value range L = 2.25 to 6.75. Observations by AMPTE/CCE of ring current distributions over subsequent orbits during the storm recovery phase are compared to model outputs. In general, the calculated ion fluxes are consistent with observations, except for H+ fluxes at tens of keV, which are always over-estimated. A newly-invented visualization idea, designated as a chromogram, is used to display the spatial and energy dependence of the ring current ion differential flux. Important features of storm-time ring current, such as day-night asymmetry during injection and drift hole on the dayside at low energies (less than 10 keV), are manifested in the chromogram representation. The pitch angle distribution is well fit by the function, j(sub o)(1+Ay(exp n)), where y is sine of the equatorial pitch angle. The evolution of the index n is a combined effect of charge exchange loss and particle drift. At low energies (less than 30 keV), both drift dispersion and charge exchange are important in determining n.

Fok, Mei-Ching↗

Quantifying the Exospheric Component of Soft X-ray Emission

High charge state heavy ions in the solar wind exchange charge with ambient neutral gas. This process creates a product ion in an excited state. During the radiative cascade process, EUV and X-ray photons are emitted with energies in the range of about 100 eV to 1 keV. Because the terrestrial exospheric density at the nominal magnetopause location is relatively high, approx. 10 cu cm, solar wind charge exchange, or SWCX, can be observed by Earth-orbiting soft X-ray instruments such as the ROSAT Position Sensitive Proportional Counters (PSPC). In this presentation, we will compare simulated and observed soft Xray emission during an event on August 18-19, 1991 and discuss the role of exospheric SWCX emission for this and other events.

Kuntz, Kip↗

Electron impact ionization rates for interstellar neutral H and He atoms near interplanetary shocks: Ulysses observations

During average solar wind flow conditions at 1 AU, ionization rates of interstellar neutrals that penetrate into the inner heliosphere are dominated by charge exchange with solar wind protons for H atoms, and by photoionization for He atoms. During occurrences of strong, coronal mass ejection (CME)-driven interplanetary shock waves near 1 AU, electron impact ionization can make substantial, if not dominating, contributions to interstellar neutral ionization rates in the regions downstream of the shocks. However, electron impact ionization is expected to be relatively less important with increasing heliocentric distance because of the decrease in electron temperature. Ulysses encountered many CME-driven shocks during its journey to and beyond Jupiter, and in addition, encountered a number of strong corotating interaction region (CIR) shocks. These shocks generally occur only beyond approximately 2 AU. Many of the CIR shocks were very strong rivalling the Earth's bow shock in electron heating. We have compared electron impact ionization rates calculated from electron velocity distributions measured downstream from CIR shocks using the Ulysses SWOOPS experiment to charge-exchange rates calculated from measured proton number fluxes and the photoionization rate estimated from an assumed solar photon spectrum typical of solar maximum conditions. We find that, although normally the ratio of electron-impact ionization rates to charge-exchange (for H) and to photoionization (for He) rates amounts to only about one and a few tens of percent, respectively, downstream of some of the stronger CIR shocks they amount to more than 10% and greater than 100%, respectively.

Feldman, W. C.↗

Modeling of pickup ion distributions in the Halley cometosheath: Empirical limits on rates of ionization, diffusion, loss and creation of fast neutral atoms

The shape of the velocity distribution of water group ions observed by the Giotto ion mass spectrometer on its approach to comet Halley is modeled to derive empirical values for the rates of ionization, energy diffusion, and loss in the midcometosheath. The model includes the effect of rapid pitch angle scattering into a bispherical shell distribution as well as the effect of the magnetization of the plasma on the charge exchange loss rate. It is found that the average rate of ionization of cometary neutrals in this region of the cometosheath appears to be of the order of a factor 3 faster than the `standard' rates approx. 1 x 10(exp -6)/s that are generally assumed to model the observations in most regions of the comet environment. For the region of the coma studied in the present work (approx. 1 - 2 x 10(exp 5) km from the nucleus), the inferred energy diffusion coefficient is D(sub 0) approx. equals 0.0002 to 0.0005 sq km/cu s, which is generally lower than values used in other models. The empirically obtained loss rate appears to be about an order of magnitude greater than can be explained by charge exchange with the `standard' cross section of approx. 2 x 10(exp -15)sq cm. However such cross sections are not well known and for water group ion/water group neutral interactions, rates as high as 8 x 10(exp -15) sq cm have previously been suggested in the literature. Assuming the entire loss rate is due to charge exchange yields a rate of creation of fast neutral atoms of the order of approx. 10(exp -4)/s or higher, depending on the level of velocity diffusion. The fast neutrals may, in turn, be partly responsible for the higher-than-expected ionization rate.

Huddleston, D. E.↗

Geocoronal structure. II - Inclusion of a magnetic dipolar plasmasphere

Calculations of exospheric quantities (hydrogen atom density, satellite atom fractional density, kinetic temperature, and escape flux) at locations along the earth-sun axis in the noon and midnight directions have been extended to incorporate a plasmasphere characterized by a dipolar shape and an empirical temperature profile. This interaction, evaluated with parameter values corresponding to low-to-moderate solar conditions, results in an increased density at outer geocoronal positions; the effect is not dramatic, though, and the resulting exosphere mimics the evaporative case closely, in spite of the control of trajectory parcel content by charge exchange collisions. A careful discussion of the handling of plasmaspheric charge exchange collisions and solar ionization is included, and the effect on the exospheric kinetic distribution is analyzed in terms of pertinent examples.

Bishop, James↗

Determination of the sources and sinks of N/+/ ions in the thermosphere

Measurements of atmospheric parameters made by the Atmosphere Explorer-C satellite used to identify mechanisms for the production and loss of N(+) ions in the ionosphere are presented. Photo-dissociative ionization of N2 is the main source below 250 km. Above 250 km the reaction O(+)(4S) + N(2D) yields N(+)(3P) + O(3P) is dominant, and a possible minor source of N(+) is the reaction O(+)(2P) + N2 yields N(+) + NO. Photoionization of N(4S) and dissociative charge exchange of He(+) with N2 constitute detectable sources above 350 km. Charge exchange of N(+) with O is a significant sink above 300 km, and the rate coefficients for these reactions are derived.

Torr, D. G.↗

Interactions between a spacecraft and an ion thruster produced environment

A model of the charge-exchange plasma flow around a spacecraft is used to determine charge-exchange plasma densities and arrival rates at various locations on the spacecraft. A general assessment of particle deposition and effects of such are presented as they relate to the spacecraft and particular science instruments. Various aspects of the interactions between the ion thruster produced environment and a Comet Rendezvous (CR) spacecraft are addressed. No instruments will be affected adversely when the thrusters are off, excluding those that have passive radiators which may collect mercury.

Carruth, M. R., Jr.↗

Wide Field-of-View Soft X-Ray Imaging for Solar Wind-Magnetosphere Interactions

Soft X-ray imagers can be used to study the mesoscale and macroscale density structures that occur whenever and wherever the solar wind encounters neutral atoms at comets, the Moon, and both magnetized and unmagnetized planets. Charge exchange between high charge state solar wind ions and exospheric neutrals results in the isotropic emission of soft X-ray photons with energies from 0.1 to 2.0 keV. At Earth, this process occurs primarily within the magnetosheath and cusps. Through providing a global view, wide field-of-view imaging can determine the significance of the various proposed solar wind-magnetosphere interaction mechanisms by evaluating their global extent and occurrence patterns. A summary of wide field-of-view (several to tens of degrees) soft X-ray imaging is provided including slumped micropore microchannel reflectors, simulated images, and recent flight results.

xray↗

SI IV Resonance Line Emission during Solar Flares: Non-LTE, Non-equilibrium, Radiation Transfer Simulations

The Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph routinely observes the Si IV resonance lines. When analyzing quiescent observations of these lines, it has typically been assumed that they form under optically thin conditions. This is likely valid for the quiescent Sun, but this assumption has also been applied to the more extreme flaring scenario. We used 36 electron-beam-driven radiation hydrodynamic solar flare simulations, computed using the RADYN code, to probe the validity of this assumption. Using these simulated atmospheres, we solved the radiation transfer equations to obtain the non-LTE, nonequilibrium populations, line profiles, and opacities for a model silicon atom, including charge exchange processes. This was achieved using the "minority species" version of RADYN. The inclusion of charge exchange resulted in a substantial fraction of Si IV at cooler temperatures than those predicted by ionization equilibrium. All simulations with an injected energy flux F> 5 x 10(exp 10) erg cm(exp -2) s(exp -1) resulted in optical depth effects on the Si IV emission, with differences in both intensity and line shape compared to the optically thin calculation. Weaker flares (down to F ~ 10(exp 9) erg cm(exp -2) s(exp -1)) also resulted in Si IV emission forming under optically thick conditions, depending on the other beam parameters. When opacity was significant, the atmospheres generally had column masses in excess of 5 x 10-6 g cm-2 over the temperature range 40-100 kK, and the Si IV formation temperatures were between 30 and 60 kK. We urge caution when analyzing Si IV flare observations, or when computing synthetic emission without performing a full radiation transfer calculation.

Kerr, Graham S.↗

The interstellar wake of the solar wind

The present work examines theoretically the cooling of the subsonic solar wind by the interstellar hydrogen gas entering the solar system. It is assumed that the interstellar hydrogen gas is distributed uniformly in the space where the solar wind is subsonic, and the solar-wind wake is represented by an idealized column flow of plasma in which the flow velocity is constant and the temperature varies along, not across, the wake. The results are therefore to be taken only in their order of magnitude. In the hot region near the shock sphere the electrons are cooled mainly through electron ionization while the protons cool through charge exchange. In the cooler regions far away from the shock, the protons are still cooled by charge exchange and the electron is cooled by collisions with protons. As the temperature of the solar wind decreases, the magnetic field becomes relatively more important. When the spin axis of the sun is parallel to the direction of the incident interstellar gas flow, the lines of force are in spiral form and the tension causes the plasma to be concentrated along the center of the wake.

Yu, G.↗

On the acceleration of energetic ions in Jupiter's magnetosphere

Several aspects of the problem of high-energy ions in the Jovian magnetosphere are addressed. Voyager observations pertaining to the problem of high-energy ions in the magnetosphere are summarized, and the charge exchange emission of fast neutral sulfur and oxygen atoms and their subsequent recapture by electron impact, charge exchange, and photoionization is considered. Solutions are given to the diffusion equation assuming a source of ions injected with a gyroenergy corresponding to pickup in the middle and outer magnetosphere. It is concluded that no reasonable model parameters exist to produce the required steep spectra of the particle observations with only pickup and adiabatic radial diffusion included. A local acceleration mechanism based on nonadiabatic wave-particle interactions is needed. The assumptions and model predictions of stochastic acceleration by MHD turbulence for the Jovian magnetosphere are described. The model makes a specific correspondence between MHD wave spectrum properties and particle spectrum properties at energies above the Alfven energy.

Barbosa, D. D.↗

An experimental study of impingement-ion-production mechanisms

A simple model for the production of ions that impinge on and sputter erode the accelerator grid of an ion thruster is presented. Charge-exchange and electron-impact ion production processes are considered, but experimental results show the charge-exchange process dominates. Additional experimental results show the effects of changes in thruster operating conditions on the length of the region from which these ions are drawn upstream into the grid. Results which show erosion patterns and indicate molybdenum accelerator grids erode more rapidly than graphite ones are also presented.

Monheiser, Jeff M.↗

Ly-alpha and H-alpha emission by superthermal proton beams

Simnett and Harrison (1984) have presented a model in which 100-1000 keV protons are an energy transfer agent linking coronal mass ejections and solar flares. Orrall and Zirker (1976) suggested that such protons, incident upon the chromosphere, would produce nonthermal Ly-alpha emission after charge exchange with ambient chromospheric hydrogen atoms. The present investigation is concerned with a study of the charge-exchange mechanism proposed by Orral and Zirker. The physical theory of the formation of nonthermal Ly-alpha (and H-alpha) emission is considered, taking into account photon emission, atomic transitions, atomic equilibrium, the dominant atomic processes, and the stopping of superthermal protons. Computational results presented by Orrall and Zirker are extended.

Canfield, R. C.↗