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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

The general dielectric tensor for bi-kappa magnetized plasmas

In this paper, we derive the dielectric tensor for a plasma containing particles described by an anisotropic superthermal (bi-kappa) velocity distribution function. The tensor components are written in terms of the two-variables kappa plasma special functions, recently defined by Gaelzer and Ziebell [Phys. Plasmas 23, 022110 (2016)]. We also obtain various new mathematical properties for these functions, which are useful for the analytical treatment, numerical implementation, and evaluation of the functions and, consequently, of the dielectric tensor. The formalism developed here and in the previous paper provides a mathematical framework for the study of electromagnetic waves propagating at arbitrary angles and polarizations in a superthermal plasma.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Second order finite volume scheme for Maxwell's equations with discontinuous electromagnetic properties on unstructured meshes

This paper presents a second order finite volume scheme for numerical solution of Maxwell's equations with discontinuous dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability on unstructured meshes. The scheme is based on Godunov scheme and employs approaches of Van Leer and Lax–Wendroff to increase the order of approximation. To keep the second order of approximation near dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability discontinuities a novel technique for gradient calculation and limitation is applied near discontinuities. Results of test computations for problems with linear and curvilinear discontinuities confirm second order of approximation. The scheme was applied to modelling propagation of electromagnetic waves inside photonic crystal waveguides with a bend.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2021

Programmable hyperbolic polaritons in van der Waals semiconductors

Lighting a route for hyperbolic dispersion The propagation of light within a material is usually well defined, with the propagation described by scattering and dispersion. In artificially designed metamaterials and in anisotropic layered materials, the dispersion can be hyperbolic, giving rise to subwavelength confinement of the light. Sternbach et al. show that the hyperbolic dispersion can be optically switched on and off on demand in the layered transition metal dichalcogenide tungsten diselenide (see the Perspective by Deng and Chen). Illuminating the material with ultrafast pulses of sub-bandgap light creates a transient waveguide, resulting in hyperbolic dispersion in the material. The ability to tune the dispersion characteristics on demand using optical pumping is an effective approach for developing ultrafast switching photonic devices and controlling the propagation of light on the nanoscale. Science , this issue p. 617 ; see also p. 572

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
DOE OSTI2023

Dyson maps and unitary evolution for Maxwell equations in tensor dielectric media

The propagation and scattering of electromagnetic waves in dielectric media is of theoretical and experimental interest in a wide variety of fields. An understanding of observational results generally requires a numerical solution of Maxwell equations—usually implemented on conventional computers using sophisticated numerical algorithms. In recent years, advances in quantum information science and in the development of quantum computers have piqued curiosity about taking advantage of these resources for an alternate numerical approach to Maxwell equations. This requires a reformulation of the classical Maxwell equations into a form suitable for quantum computers which, unlike conventional computers, are limited to unitary operations. In this paper, a unitary framework is developed for the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a spatially inhomogeneous, passive, nondispersive, and anisotropic dielectric medium. For such a medium, generally, the evolution operator in the combined Faraday-Ampere equations is not unitary. There are two steps needed to convert this equation into a unitary evolution equation. In the first step, a weighted Hilbert space is formulated in which the generator of dynamics is a pseudo-Hermitian operator. In the second step, a Dyson map is constructed which maps the weighted-physical-Hilbert space to the original Hilbert space. Furthermore, the resulting evolution equation for the electromagnetic wave fields is unitary. Utilizing the framework developed in these steps, a unitary evolution equation is derived for electromagnetic wave propagation in a uniaxial dielectric medium. The resulting form is suitable for quantum computing.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Bilayer avalanche spin-diode logic

A novel spintronic computing paradigm is proposed and analyzed in which InSb p-n bilayer avalanche spin-diodes are cascaded to efficiently perform complex logic operations. This spin-diode logic family uses control wires to generate magnetic fields that modulate the resistance of the spin-diodes, and currents through these devices control the resistance of cascaded devices. Electromagnetic simulations are performed to demonstrate the cascading mechanism, and guidelines are provided for the development of this innovative computing technology. This cascading scheme permits compact logic circuits with switching speeds determined by electromagnetic wave propagation rather than electron motion, enabling high-performance spintronic computing.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Kinetic transverse dispersion relation for relativistic magnetized electron-positron plasmas with Maxwell-Jüttner velocity distribution functions

We use a kinetic treatment to study the linear transverse dispersion relation for a magnetized isotropic relativistic electron-positron plasma with finite relativistic temperature. The explicit linear dispersion relation for electromagnetic waves propagating along a constant background magnetic field is presented, including an analytical continuation to the whole complex frequency plane for the case of Maxwell-Jüttner velocity distribution functions. This dispersion relation is studied numerically for various temperatures. For left-handed solutions, the system presents two branches, the electromagnetic ordinary mode and the Alfvén mode. In the low frequency regime, the Alfvén branch has two dispersive zones, the normal zone (where ∂ω/∂k > 0) and an anomalous zone (where ∂ω/∂k < 0). We find that in the anomalous zone of the Alfvén branch, the electromagnetic waves are damped, and there is a maximum wave number for which the Alfvén branch is suppressed. We also study the dependence of the Alfvén velocity and effective plasma frequency with the temperature. We complemented the analytical and numerical approaches with relativistic full particle simulations, which consistently agree with the analytical results.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Covariant classical charged particle motion in a plane electromagnetic wave revisited

We revisit the covariant formulation of a charged particle’s motion under the influence of a plane electromagnetic wave in classical picture. In the first case, we reproduce Meyer’s result by solving relativistic equation of motion ignoring radiation reaction in vacuum assuming zero mass approximation or null vector case ($k^µk_µ = k^2 = 0$). Then, we extend this approach to include the medium effects as perturbations in the propagation of electromagnetic wave (i. e. $k^2 ≠ 0$) and explore the effects of these perturbations in mass shift of the particle.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Three-dimensional simulation of microwave-induced helium plasma under atmospheric pressure

A three-dimensional model is presented to investigate helium plasma generated by microwave under atmospheric pressure in this paper, which includes the physical processes of electromagnetic wave propagation, electron and heavy species transport, gas flow, and heat transfer. The model is based on the fluid approximation calculation and local thermodynamic equilibrium assumption. The simulation results demonstrate that the maxima of the electron density and gas temperature are 4.79 × 10{sup 17 }m{sup −3} and 1667 K, respectively, for the operating conditions with microwave power of 500 W, gas flow rate of 20 l/min, and initial gas temperature of 500 K. The electromagnetic field distribution in the plasma source is obtained by solving Helmholtz equation. Electric field strength of 2.97 × 10{sup 4 }V/m is obtained. There is a broad variation on microwave power, gas flow rate, and initial gas temperature to obtain deeper information about the changes of the electron density and gas temperature.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Trajectories of electrons with large longitudinal momenta in the phase plane during surfatron acceleration by an electromagnetic wave

The trajectories of electrons with large longitudinal momenta in the phase plane in the course of their surfatron acceleration by an electromagnetic wave propagating in space plasma across the external magnetic field are analyzed. Electrons with large longitudinal momenta are trapped immediately if the initial wave phase Ψ(0) on the particle trajectory is positive. For negative values of Ψ(0), no electrons trapping by the wave is observed over the available computational times. According to numerical calculations, the trajectories of trapped particles in the phase plane have a singular point of the stable focus type and the behavior of the trajectory corresponds to the motion in a complex nonstationary effective potential well. For some initial phases, electrons are confined in the region of the accelerating electric field for relatively short time, the energy gain being about 50–130% and more.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2017

Energy stable discontinuous Galerkin methods for Maxwell's equations in nonlinear optical media

The propagation of electromagnetic waves in general media is modeled by the time-dependent Maxwell's partial differential equations (PDEs), coupled with constitutive laws that describe the response of the media. In this work, we focus on nonlinear optical media whose response is modeled by a system of first order nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which include a single resonance linear Lorentz dispersion, and the nonlinearity comes from the instantaneous electronic Kerr response and the residual Raman molecular vibrational response. To design efficient, accurate, and stable computational methods, we apply high order discontinuous Galerkin discretizations in space to the hybrid PDE-ODE Maxwell system with several choices of numerical fluxes, and the resulting semi-discrete methods are shown to be energy stable. Under some restrictions on the strength of the nonlinearity, error estimates are also established. When we turn to fully discrete methods, the challenge to achieve provable stability lies in the temporal discretizations of the nonlinear terms. To overcome this, novel strategies are proposed to treat the nonlinearity in our model within the framework of the second-order leap-frog and implicit trapezoidal time integrators. The performance of the overall algorithms are demonstrated through numerical simulations of kink and antikink waves, and third-harmonic generation in soliton propagation.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2018

YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7−x}/BaTiO{sub 3} 1D Superconducting Photonic Crystal with Tunable Broadband Response in the Visible Range

Based on the transfer matrix method, we studied theoretically the transmittance of a 1D photonic crystal (PC), consisting of alternating layers of a dielectric material (BaTiO{sub 3}) and a superconductor (YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7−x}). The dielectric properties of this system are described by the two fluid model. We have investigated the transmittance intensity and its bandwidth dependence on the superconductor thickness, incident angle, and temperature in the PC. It was found that the electromagnetic wave propagation can be controlled to be forbidden or allowed in certain wavelengths in the visible and ultraviolet range, and the photonic band gap (PBG) width can also be tuned varying these parameters. We showed that by increasing the thickness of the superconductor layer it is possible to control the number of PBGs in the structure. Also, we found that the frequency ranges of PBGs are sensitive to the incident angle and the polarization of the electromagnetic waves; the bandwidth of PBGs can be notably enlarged by increasing the angle in the TE polarization, but narrowed in the TM one. Additionally, we found that transmission is not markedly affected by temperature variation, but small shifts in the PBGs are presented. We hope these results can be of technical use for developing potential applications in optoelectronic devices.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
NASA NTRS2006

Excising das All: Evolving Maxwell waves beyond Scri

We study the numerical propagation of waves through future null infinity in a conformally compactified spacetime. We introduce an artificial cosmological constant, which allows us some control over the causal structure near null infinity. We exploit this freedom to ensure that all light cones are tilted outward in a region near null infinity, which allows us to impose excision-style boundary conditions in our finite difference code. In this preliminary study we consider electromagnetic waves propagating in a static, conformally compactified spacetime.

vanMeter, James R.↗
DOE OSTI2018

Plasma Parameters From Reentry Signal Attenuation

This study presents the application of a theoretically developed method that provides plasma parameter solution space information from measured RF attenuation that occurs during reentry. The purpose is to provide reentry plasma parameter information from the communication signal attenuation. The theoretical development centers around the attenuation and the complex index of refraction. The methodology uses an imaginary index of the refraction matching algorithm with a tolerance to find suitable solutions that satisfy the theory. The imaginary matching terms are then used to determine the real index of refraction resulting in the complex index of refraction. Then a filter is used to reject nonphysical solutions. Signal attenuation-based plasma parameter properties investigated include the complex index of refraction, plasma frequency, electron density, collision frequency, propagation constant, attenuation constant, phase constant, complex plasma conductivity, and electron mobility. RF plasma thickness attenuation is investigated and compared to the literature. Finally, similar plasma thickness for a specific signal attenuation can have different plasma properties.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Simulation of an inductively coupled plasma with a two-dimensional Darwin particle-in-cell code

A two-dimensional particle-in-cell code for the simulation of low-frequency electromagnetic processes in laboratory plasmas has been developed. The code uses the Darwin method omitting the electromagnetic wave propagation. The Darwin method separates the electric field into solenoidal and irrotational parts. The solenoidal electric field is calculated with a new algorithm based on the equation for the electric field vorticity. The system of linear equations in the new algorithm is readily solved using a standard iterative method. The irrotational electric field is the electrostatic field calculated with the direct implicit algorithm. The code is verified by reproducing the two-stream instability, electron electromagnetic waves, and shear Alfvén waves. The code is applied to simulate an inductively coupled plasma with the driving current flowing around the plasma region. In this simulation, a ring of dense plasma forms at the initial stage but then the density becomes maximal in the center and decays monotonically toward the walls. The skin effect is in the transitional mode between local and non-local, and the electron velocity distribution function is non-Maxwellian.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS2004

Cross-Scale Coupling in the Inner Magnetosphere

Magnetosphere-ionosphere (MI) coupling has interested scientists for decades and, in spite of experimental and theoretical research efforts, is still one of the least well-known dynamic processes in space plasma. The reason for this is that the numerous physical processes associated with MI coupling occur over multiple spatial lengths and temporal scales. One typical example of MI coupling is small- and large-scale ring current (RC) electrodynamic coupling. In this talk, we will address the two primary issues of RC electrodynamic coupling: (1) RC self-consistent coupling with electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves (small-scale electrodynamic coupling) and (2) RC self-consistent MI coupling that includes calculation of the magnetospheric electric field (large-scale electrodynamic coupling). We also will emphasize the role of the heavy ions in the number of wave-particle interaction magnetospheric processes. In particular, we will discuss some of the experimental and theoretical studies that have investigated the role of the heavy ions (mainly He(+) and O(+)) in generation and propagation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves and their contribution to the heating of magnetospheric electrons and ions. The more recent studies have also shown that the heavy ions can greatly contribute to a generation of lower hybrid waves, ring current precipitation phenomena, and the overall energy redistribution in the inner magnetosphere. Using newly developed 2.5-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, we study the energization and nonlinear coupling of different plasma waves in the presence of the heavy ions. We have shown that the high frequency wave modes critically depend on the heavy ion density and irrespective of the driven wave modes, both the light and heavy ions undergo significant transverse acceleration. But for the large heavy-ion densities, even the electrons are significantly accelerated in the parallel direction by the waves below the LH frequency.

Khazanov, G. V.↗
DOE OSTI2015

Optimization of relativistic backward wave oscillator with non-uniform slow wave structure and a resonant reflector

This letter optimizes synchronously 18 parameters of a relativistic backward wave oscillator with non-uniform slow wave structure (SWS) and a resonant reflector by using the parallel genetic algorithms and particle-in-cell simulation. The optimization results show that the generation efficiency of microwave from the electron beam has increased 32% compared to that of the original device. After optimization, the electromagnetic mode propagating in the resonant changes from the original TM{sub 020} mode of reflector to higher-order TM{sub 021} mode, which has a high reflection coefficient in a broader frequency range than that of the former. The modulation of current inside the optimized device is much deeper than that in the original one. The product of the electric field and current is defined. Observing this product, it is found that the interaction of the electron beam with the electromagnetic wave in the optimized device is much stronger than that in the original device, and at the rear part of SWS of the optimized device, the electron beam dominantly gives out the energy to the electromagnetic wave, leading to the higher generation efficiency of microwave than that of the original device.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS2018

Radiative Transfer in a Discrete Random Medium Adjacent to a Half-Space with a Rough Interface

For a macroscopically plane-parallel discrete random medium, the boundary conditions for the specific coherency dyadic at a rough interface are derived. The derivation is based on a modification of the Twersky approximation for a scattering system consisting of a group of particles and the rough surface, and reduces to the solution of the scattering problem for a rough surface illuminated by a plane electromagnetic wave propagating in a discrete random medium with non-scattering boundaries. In a matrix-form setting, the boundary conditions for the specific coherency dyadic imply the boundary conditions for specific intensity column vectors which in turn, yield the expressions for the reflection and transmission matrices. The derived expressions are shown to be identical to those obtained by applying a phenomenological approach based on a facet model to the solution of the scattering problem for a rough surface illuminated by a plane electromagnetic wave.

Adrian Doicu↗