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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2022

Advancing Theory and Modeling Efforts in Heliophysics

Heliophysics theory and modeling build understanding from fundamental principles to motivate, interpret, and predict observations. Together with observational analysis, they constitute a comprehensive scientific program in heliophysics. As observations and data analysis become increasingly detailed, it is critical that theory and modeling develop more quantitative predictions and iterate with observations. Advanced theory and modeling can inspire and greatly improve the design of new instruments and increase their chance of success. In addition, in order to build physics based space weather forecast models, it is important to keep developing and testing new theories, and maintaining constant communications with theory and modeling. Maintaining a sustainable effort in theory and modeling is critically important to heliophysics. We recommend that all funding agencies join forces and consider expanding current and creating new theory and modeling programs–especially, 1. NASA should restore the HTMS program to its original support level to meet the critical needs of heliophysics science; 2. a Strategic Research Model program needs to be created to support model development for next-generation basic research codes; 3. new programs must be created for addressing mission-critical theory and modeling needs; and 4. enhanced programs are urgently required for training the next generation of theorists and modelers.

Fan Guo↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Status of Moog SureFly Hover Test and Progress on Noise Prediction Efforts

An update on the Moog SureFly vehicle acoustic hover test and predictions is presented. Data were acquired for a 15’ hover altitude. Preliminary predictions using CAMRAD coupled with ANOPP have been completed. The predictions are currently using a generic blade geometry. High resolution blade scans have been initiated for the same type of rotor as that used on the SureFly vehicle and the resulting coordinates will be implemented in future prediction efforts. Plans for a future hover test at higher altitudes are discussed.

jet noise↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA’S Current Efforts and Applications of NDE to Improve Space Flight Safety

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) continues to push the boundary of manned flight. Current mission profiles include flights to the moon and mars. Many of these missions require advance manufacturing and planned off planet resource utilization. As NASA continues to develop highly advance materials and manufacturing techniques to meet these mission profiles, inspection of these increasingly complex parts has had to evolve as well. Additive manufacturing is coming to the forefront as a primary manufacturing technique but offers unique challenges when inspection and certification are required. NASA has been working diligently to be a leader in developing and utilizing inspection techniques capable of inspecting these highly advanced parts. Additionally additive manufacturing techniques can also be used to build parts in space and provides a vehicle for in-situ resource utilization for off world missions. As NASA and its commercial crew partners move forward inspection techniques will need to continue to advance to ensure safe manned space flight. In this talk NASA will highlight many of the advanced nondestructive evaluation efforts going on across the agency. As well as highlights for points of infusion for helping NASA meet it’s future missions.

NDE↗
NASA NTRS2023

Chile Wildland Fires: Augmenting Wildfire Risk Assessment Efforts with Satellite-based Measurements of Soil Moisture and Vegetation Health in Central and South-Central Chile

Since 2010, Central and South-Central Chile have recorded abnormally low annual precipitation, resulting in over a decade-long megadrought. This water deficit has driven more severe wildfires, which begin earlier in the year, last longer, and burn over significantly larger areas. Past studies indicated wildland fires propagate following vegetation stress and under certain soil moisture conditions. Our work further investigated the drivers of the unprecedented wildfire that devastated Central and South-Central Chile in 2017 and 2023. To that end, we leveraged NASA Earth observations from space to explore the link between terrestrial variables and wildland fires. We first delineated the burnt extent using data from Landsat 9 Operational Land Imager 2 (OLI-2), along with the combined information from Terra + Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Next, we analyzed vegetation health based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and evapotranspiration (ET) products of Terra MODIS. Furthermore, we examined soil moisture data from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission. As the megadrought continues, we found greater anomalies and stress in vegetation indices across the region. We also identified certain pre-fire conditions in soil moisture and evapotranspiration in the days and months leading to the recent wildfires. We compared these findings against control areas that were not impacted by wildfires. Using satellite-based NASA Earth observations, we were able to provide insights into potential indicators of wildfire risk, which can augment future risk assessment and management efforts.

Benjamin D Goffin↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Interactive Framework to Support Open Model-Data Validation Efforts at the CCMC

Validation of models using observation data has been a central activity at the Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC) over more than a decade. The Comprehensive Assessment of Models and Events using Library Tools (CAMEL) framework is a database-driven implementation of the interactive analysis of model-data comparisons that simultaneously provides a view across a multitude of locations and time periods. CAMEL thus extends the single-location or single-trajectory timeseries data comparison capabilities provided by the CCMC online visualization that formed the backbone of initial validation efforts. We demonstrate CAMEL capabilities for an example application to study Neutral Density in the upper atmosphere among comparisons in the heliosphere, the Earth’s radiation belt, magnetosphere, and ionosphere-thermosphere-mesosphere domains.

Lutz Rastaetter↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA GSFC Elastic Backscatter Lidar Efforts Relevant to EarthCARE Calibration/Validation and Synergistic Data Products

At NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), several airborne elastic backscatter lidar instruments have been developed to measure vertical profiles of aerosols and cloud in the atmosphere. Here, we present an overview of our airborne capabilities that could be utilized for EarthCare Calibration/Validation through current efforts to leverage joint NASA-ESA field deployments such as the IMPact of Aerosols on Convection in the Tropics (IMPACT). Additionally, GSFC is leading the development of the Atmospheric Lidar Instrument for Clouds and Aerosol Transport (ALICAT) elastic backscatter lidar that is planned to fly in the upcoming NASA Atmosphere Observing System (AOS) Decadal Survey Mission at the end of this decade. We also present an overview of the instrument and potential synergy of data products that could leveraged should the EarthCare and AOS missions overlap.

backscatter↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Development Efforts and Status of Plume-Surface Interaction Capabilities for Propulsive Landing Systems

Rocket plume-surface interaction is a multi-phase problem characterized by plume flow physics, erosion physics, and ejecta dynamics. All propulsive landers will experience plume-surface interaction. The risks posed by such effects can vary greatly as a function of the local environment, lander concept of operations, configuration, and physical scale. Prior Lunar and Martian landers have overcome challenges posed by these environments, on the basis of scaled ground testing and subsequent flight experience, but the landing systems for present and future missions are planning to operate increasingly outside of NASA's current experience with plume-surface interaction. This presentation discusses the current efforts and status of activities within NASA to progress understanding of fundamental plume-surface interaction physics, the capability to predict resulting environments and effects, and the definition of implications for current and future Lunar and planetary landing systems.

Landing↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

A Multi-Year Effort to Forward the Validation of Solar Energetic Particle Prediction Models

To enable a consistent and quantitative understanding of solar energetic particle (SEP) model performance, a generalized, automated validation infrastructure, called SPHINX, is being developed by the NASA Space Radiation Analysis Group (SRAG) in close collaboration with the NASA Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC), NASA Moon to Mars Space Weather Analysis Office (M2M), NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC), and the Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB). SPHINX is being developed to evaluate the SEP Scoreboards (https://ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/scoreboards/sep/), which are being used by SRAG to support space radiation operations for Mission Control. SPHINX is also being developed through a series of community challenges, which have defined a list of challenge events and a prescribed set of rules of participation. The participation of the research community has enabled the generalization of the infrastructure to validate all the types of outputs being produced by SEP models and fully exercised the framework. The most recent challenge includes 30 SEP events and 33 non-event (quiet) periods and was supported by two dedicated SEPVAL working meetings, one in the US and one in Europe (https://ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/community-workshops/ccmc-sepval-2023/). Here, we describe SPHINX and its interactive user interface, SPHINX-VIVID, which will eventually be made available for public use. We present selected results, outcomes, and lessons learned from the SEPVAL working meetings and validation results of the SEP Scoreboards from 2019 to present. These efforts aim to define a set of community standards for SEP model validation and describe the current state-of-the-art of SEP model performance.

Kathryn Whitman↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA Ames Flight Instrument Group - MARS Exploration Efforts Overview

The NASA Ames Flight Instrument Group (FIG) MARS development activities include Aeolus, an integrated multi-probe mission to observe surface and atmospheric forcing and general circulation of Mars; the Mars Sonic Anemometer (MSA), a sonic-based, in-situ wind measuring instrument and the Saltation Sensor to detect the critical wind stress threshold for sand motion, which is believed to be a key aspect of dust lifting at Mars. These efforts are readying the instruments to fly, and their measurements are regarded as data of high scientific priority for future flight missions. Each of these efforts focuses on addressing a measurement or capability considered critical within the Agency and traceable to the decadal survey and MEPAG Goals. As we elevate the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of these instruments to 6 through rigorous environmental testing, and participate in forming mission concepts, we make them viable for inclusion in flight mission proposals. Below, we outline FIG's highest priority advancements for Mars exploration.

Mars↗
NASA NTRS2024

Sarasota Climate: Monitoring Heat and Assessing Heat Vulnerability to Identify Locations for Heat Mitigation Efforts in Sarasota, Florida

The coastal county of Sarasota, Florida, is located within the humid subtropical climate region and experiences an average of 250 days of sunshine every year. The county has large, urbanized communities which are vulnerable to urban heat island (UHI) effects. These rapidly growing communities contribute to the increasing surface temperatures and placing more residents at risk of heat-related illness. In partnership with Sarasota County Sustainability, the Sarasota Climate team utilized Earth observation data from NASA Landsat 8 and Landsat 9’s Thermal Infrared Sensors (TIRS), and the International Space Station’s Ecosystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS) to model UHI effects within the county during the Summer for the last five years, 2019 to 2023. Data analysis with the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) and Urban Heat Exposure Assessment Tempe 1.0 (UHEAT 1.0) models and within ModelBuilder produced maps that identified the land surface temperature (LST) variance within the county, the regions that are most susceptible to extreme heat, and areas least capable of mitigating the effects of UHI. The results revealed that heat intensity varies significantly across Sarasota County with the highest temperatures in the more developed western part of the county. Additionally, the team identified that there are at least three vulnerable communities that exist in high-heat regions, including North Sarasota, Venice, and North Port. These regions have an overlap between socioeconomic sensitivity and environmental hazard that indicate a high priority in future heat mitigation efforts.

Remote sensing↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA's Office Safety Mission Assurance Efforts to Improve Non-destructive Evaluation Methods for Additive Manufacturing and In-Space Inspection

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) continues to push the boundary of manned flight. Current mission profiles include flights to the Moon and Mars. Many of these missions require advance manufacturing and planned off planet resource utilization. As NASA continues to develop highly advance materials and manufacturing techniques to meet these mission profiles, inspection of these increasingly complex parts has had to evolve as well. Additive manufacturing is coming to the forefront as a primary manufacturing technique but offers unique challenges when inspection and certification are required. NASA has been working diligently to be a leader in developing and utilizing inspection techniques capable of inspecting these highly advanced parts. Additionally additive manufacturing techniques can also be used to build parts in space and provides a vehicle for in-situ resource utilization for off world missions. As NASA and its commercial crew partners move forward, inspection techniques will need to continue to advance to ensure safe manned space flight. In this talk NASA will highlight many of the advanced nondestructive evaluation efforts going on across the agency, as well as providing highlights for points of infusion for helping NASA meet its future mission goals.

NDE↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Monitoring and Assessing Heat Vulnerability to Identify Locations for Heat Mitigation Efforts in Sarasota, Florida

Located in the coastal subtropical region, Florida’s Sarasota County receives plenty of sunlight for more than half of the year. However, the ongoing rise in summer temperatures attributed to climate change poses an increasing vulnerability to extreme heat for the residents. Moreover, the area's high relative humidity exacerbates the discomfort of high temperatures, thereby intensifying the severity of heat events and elevating the risks of heat-related illnesses. Our collaborations with Sarasota County Sustainability underscore shared concerns about the impact of urban heat island (UHI) on the community. We utilized Earth observation data from NASA Landsat 8 and Landsat 9’s Thermal Infrared Sensors (TIRS) and the International Space Station’s Ecosystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS) to model UHI effects within the county during the summer from 2019 to 2023. By implementing the open-source Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) Urban Cooling software model, ArcGIS ModelBuilder, and principal component analysis, we identified the land surface temperature variance within the county and areas that are least capable of mitigating the effects of UHI. In addition, we use socioeconomic and demographic data as indicators to quantify vulnerability at the census tract level. The results revealed that heat intensity varies significantly across Sarasota County, with the highest temperatures being in the more developed western part of the region. We pinpointed that at least three vulnerable communities reside in high-heat regions: North Sarasota, Venice, and North Port. These areas demonstrate a confluence between socioeconomic sensitivity and environmental hazard, indicating a high priority in future heat mitigation efforts.

Theresia Phoa↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Cloud-Based Solutions for Monitoring Coastal Ecosystems and Prioritization of Restoration Efforts Across Belize

In recent years the availability of automated change detection algorithms in Google Earth Engine has permitted cloud-based processing of large time series of satellite imagery. Models such as the Continuous Change Detection and Classification (CCDC), CCDC-Spectral Mixture Analysis (CCDC-SMA), and Landsat-based Detection of Trends in Disturbance and Recovery (LandTrendr) allow users to exploit decades of Earth Observations (EO) , leveraging the Landsat archive and data from other sensors to detect disturbance in forest ecosystems. Despite the wide adoption of these methods, robust documentation and growing community of users, little research has explored their use in mangrove environments. Mangroves are dynamic environments subject to changes due to not only the natural migration of mudflats but also coastal erosion, urban expansion, aquaculture practices, etc. This work aims to identify best practices for the application of these models to identify and monitor changes in the Belizean mangroves, which experienced an estimated 5.4% decrease in extent between 1980 and 2017 (Cherrington et al. 2020). Partnering directly with the Belizean Forest Department, our team will develop a replicable, efficient methodology to annually update the country’s mangrove extent employing EO-based change detection. This collaboration supports Belize’s marine conservation and climate resilience efforts, such as its Blue Bond agreement with the Nature Conservancy, building on national processes to monitor these critical ecosystems.

Mangroves↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA Small Spacecraft & Distributed Systems: Recent and Upcoming Technology Demonstrations and Development Efforts

NASA's Small Spacecraft & Distributed Systems expands U.S. capability to execute unique missions through rapid development and demonstration of capabilities for small spacecraft applicable to exploration, science and the commercial space sector. A summary of the technology demonstration missions, the University SmallSat Technology Partnerships initiative, and other technology development efforts will be provided.

Roger C Hunter↗
NASA NTRS2014

Shake Test Results and Dynamic Calibration Efforts for the Large Rotor Test Apparatus

Prior to the full-scale wind tunnel test of the UH-60A Airloads rotor, a shake test was completed on the Large Rotor Test Apparatus. The goal of the shake test was to characterize the oscillatory response of the test rig and provide a dynamic calibration of the balance to accurately measure vibratory hub loads. This paper provides a summary of the shake test results, including balance, shaft bending gauge, and accelerometer measurements. Sensitivity to hub mass and angle of attack were investigated during the shake test. Hub mass was found to have an important impact on the vibratory forces and moments measured at the balance, especially near the UH-60A 4/rev frequency. Comparisons were made between the accelerometer data and an existing finite-element model, showing agreement on mode shapes, but not on natural frequencies. Finally, the results of a simple dynamic calibration are presented, showing the effects of changes in hub mass. The results show that the shake test data can be used to correct in-plane loads measurements up to 10 Hz and normal loads up to 30 Hz.

Large Rotor Test Apparatus↗