Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “Einstein”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1987

The Einstein survey of the young stars in the Orion Nebula

The Orion Nebula is the best studied site of recent star formation in the Galaxy. The complete Einstein Observatory survey of the Orion Nebula covering a 2 deg x 2 deg region centered on the Trapezium is reported. An X-ray mosaic is presented for the Nebula along with a complete X-ray catalogue for this very young cluster. Approximately 150 distinct sources were found in this 4 sq deg region; spectral types and colors were obtained for about 1/2 of the optical counterparts of these sources. Comparison of the variability of the Orion X-ray sources with those found in the Rho Ophiuchi cloud leads to the conclusion that the Orion sources' variability is also likely to result from continual flaring activities. Eleven new late B stars associated with X-ray emission far exceeding that expected from early type stars were discovered. The X-rays may originate from pre-main sequence companions to these stars; a T-Tauri star of the same age would have the correct L sub x. Comparison of the solar type stars in Orion with those in the Pleiades, the Hyades, and the field suggests that the decay of activity with age is most appropriately described by an exponential, rather than a power law fit.

Zoonematkermani, S.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Raychaudhuri equation in the self-consistent Einstein-Cartan theory with spin-density

The physical implications of the Raychaudhuri equation for a spinning fluid in a Riemann-Cartan spacetime is developed and discussed using the self-consistent Lagrangian based formulation for the Einstein-Cartan theory. It was found that the spin-squared terms contribute to expansion (inflation) at early times and may lead to a bounce in the final collapse. The relationship between the fluid's vorticity and spin angular velocity is clarified and the effect of the interaction terms between the spin angular velocity and the spin in the Raychaudhuri equation investigated. These results should prove useful for studies of systems with an intrinsic spin angular momentum in extreme astrophysical or cosmological problems.

Fennelly, A. J.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Inflation in Einstein-Cartan theory with energy-momentum tensor with spin

Generalized, or power-law, inflation is shown to necessarily exist for a simple, anisotropic (Bianchi Type I) cosmology in the Einstein-Cartan gravitational theory with the Ray-Smalley (RS) improved energy-momentum tensor with spin. Formal solution of the EC field equations with the fluid equations of motion explicitly shows inflation caused by the RS spin angular kinetic energy density.

Fennelly, A. J.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Inevitable inflation in Einstein-Cartan theory with improved energy-momentum tensor with spin

Generalized, or power-law, inflation is shown to necessarily exist for a simple, anisotropic, (Bianchi Type-1) cosmology in the Einstein-Cartan gravitational theory with the Ray-Smalley improved energy momentum tensor with spin. Formal solution of the EC field equations with the fluid equations of motion explicitly shows inflation caused by the RS spin angular kinetic energy density. Shear is not effective in preventing inflation in the ECRS model. The relation between fluid vorticity, torsion, reference axis rotation, and shear ellipsoid precession shows through clearly.

Fennelly, A. J.↗
NASA NTRS1987

X-ray observations of solar flares with the Einstein Observatory

The first Einstein Observatory Imaging Proportional Counter (IPC) observations of solar flares are presented. These flares were detected in scattered X-ray light when the X-ray telescope was pointed at the sunlit earth. The propagation and scattering of solar X-rays in the earth's atmosphere are discussed in order to be able to deduce the solar X-ray flux incident on top of the atmosphere from scattered X-ray intensity measurements. After this correction, the scattered X-ray data are interpreted as full-disk observations of the sun obtained with the same instrumentation used for observations of flares on other stars. Employing the same data analysis and interpretation techniques, extremely good agreement is found between the physical flare parameters deduced from IPC observations and 'known' properties of compact loop flares. This agreement demonstrates that flare observations with the IPC can reveal physical parameters such as temperature and density quite accurately in the solar case and therefore suggests that the interpretations of stellar X-ray flare observations are on a physically sound basis.

Schmitt, J. H. M. M.↗
NASA NTRS1988

The stellar composition of X-ray surveys from the Einstein Observatory

A new class of X-ray-luminous 'yellow' stellar objects which contributes significantly to the stellar log N-log S distribution, but which cannot be reconciled with normal G and K main-sequence stars. This identification results from a new analysis of the stellar content of three samples of X-ray-selected X-ray sources observed with the Einstein Observatory, namely the 'Medium Sensitivity Survey', the 'High Sensitivity Survey', and the 'Hyades Region Survey'. In this paper, both X-ray and optical properties of the stellar samples in these surveys are reported. The actual stellar content of the surveys is compared with predictions based on current knowledge of stellar X-ray luminosity functions and the stellar composition and spatial distribution in the Galaxy. It is shown that a plausible identification for the excess population of 'yellow' stars is with the active, RS CVn-like binaries.

Favata, F.↗
NASA NTRS1988

The Einstein Observatory survey of stars in the Hyades cluster region

The paper reports the results of an extensive X-ray study of the Hyades region and improves on previous studies by using refined X-ray source detection algorithms and the complete set of Einstein Observatory IPC exposures covering the Hyades cluster region (a total of 63 1 x 1 deg images). Maximum likelihood integral X-ray luminosity functions were computed for the Hyades stars for given color index (B-V) ranges. The present results agree substantially with a previous survey about the ubiquity of the stellar activity in the Hyades cluster, especially among solar-type stars. The result of Stern et al. (1981) that stellar X-ray emission is dependent on stellar age is confrimed.

Micela, G.↗
NASA NTRS1988

The einstein equivalence principle, intrinsic spin and the invariance of constitutive equations in continuum mechanics

The invariance of constitutive equations in continuum mechanics is examined from a basic theoretical standpoint. It is demonstrated the constitutive equations which are not form invariant under arbitrary translational accelerations of the reference frame are in violation of the Einstein equivalane principle. Furthermore, by making use of an analysis based on statistical mechanics, it is argued that any frame-dependent terms in constitutive equations must arise from the intrinsic spin tensor and are negligible provided that the ratio of microscopic to macroscopic time scales is extremely small. The consistency of these results with existing constitutive theories is discussed in detail along with possible avenues of future research.

Speziale, Charles G.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Unusual radio source MG1131+0456 - A possible Einstein ring

The discovery of extremely unusual structure in the radio source MG1131+0456 is reported. In a radio map with subsarcsecond resolution the object appears as an elliptical ring of emission accompanied by a pair of more compact sources, nearly diametrically opposed and offset by about 0.3 arcsec to the southwest of the ring. There is a faint, slightly extended, optical counterpart. A continuum but no emission lines is detected in its spectrum; therefore, the redshift of the counterpart is unknown. The radio morphology suggests that this source may be an example of an 'Einstein ring', a highly symmetric case of gravitational lensing in which the source is imaged into a ring. Other explanations are considered and excluded by the data. Another possibility is that MG1131+04565 represents a new type of astronomical object.

Hewitt, J. N.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Einstein spectra of quasars

The results of the initial stage of the CfA survey of quasar energy distributions are reviewed. Einstein imaging proportional counter spectra of 33 quasars have been studied by fitting a single power law slope and absorption by an equivalent column density of neutral hydrogen. Comparison with the higher energy HEAO-A2 data leads to a two-component model for the X-ray spectrum. The X-ray column density is systematically lower than the 21-cm measured Galactic column density along the same line of sight.

Wilkes, Belinda J.↗
NASA NTRS1988

M dwarfs from the Einstein extended medium sensitivity survey

A complete sample of X-ray selected M dwarfs are presented which were serendipitously detected in the extended Einstein Observatory Medium Sensitivity Survey (MSS). The MSS detected only early M dwarfs (type MO through M5), 84 percent of which were emission stars (i.e., type Me V). It was calculated that the X-ray luminosity function for early M dwarfs with a log Lx greater than 27.6 and, by comparison to optical luminosity functions, find that about 25 percent of all early M dwarfs emit X-rays at a level greater than log Lx = 27.6. This result is compared to luminosity function estimates from optically selected samples and discussed in light of the sample's kinematic and mean age. Also presented is H alpha and Ca II K line fluxes for each member of the sample and it is shown that the surface H alpha and Ca II K luminosities do indeed correlate with Lx. The significance of this effect to theories of chromospheric and coronal heating is explained.

Fleming, Thomas A.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Einstein Observatory solid state detector observations of cooling flows in clusters of galaxies

Einstein Observatory (EO) solid state spectrometer results for the cooling flows in nine clusters of galaxies are discussed. An analysis of the data using three separate models provides strong evidence for the existence of cool components in the centers of these clusters. The obtained distribution of emission versus temperature for M87 is found to agree well with that determined from data obtained by the EO focal Plane Crystal Spectrometer.

Mushotzky, R. F.↗
NASA NTRS1989

MG 1654+1346 - An Einstein Ring image of a quasar radio lobe

VLA radio images of MG 1654+1346, a candidate for an Einstein Ring gravitational lens, reveal two components which are separated by about 7 arcsec. Two optical counterparts, a 19-mag galaxy coincident with the center of the radio ring and a blue 21-mag stellar object located about 3 arcsec northeast of the galaxy, are identified. A model representing the source as a quasar with two extended radio lobes and the lens as an elliptical potential at the position of the galaxy is found to reasonably reproduce the radio observations.

Langston, G. I.↗
NASA NTRS1989

The Einstein X-ray Observatory Catalog of O-type stars

A catalog of X-ray count rates for all O-type stars surveyed by the Einstein Observatory is presented. The procedures by which the IPC and High Resolution Imager rates are converted to emitted X-ray luminosities are discussed in detail. The catalog contains 289 stars with 89 detections and 176 upper bounds for the observed count rates. Precise positions for 43 O-type stars are given whose previously known locations were unknown or erroneous. It is argued that most O-type stars are X-ray point sources, but some are possibly embedded in extended nebulae and/or bubbles. The X-ray spectra of O-type stars are discussed briefly, and it is argued that their mean spectrum can reasonably be taken as an 0.5 keV thermal bremsstrahlung model. It is argued that at least 30 percent of all O-type stars are variable in X-rays.

Chlebowski, T.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Einstein SSS and MPC observations of Aql X-1 and 4U1820-30

The results of timing and spectral analyses of the X-ray sources Aql X-1 (X1908+005) and 4U1820-30 (NGC6624) are reported using data obtained with the Einstein SSS (Solid State Spectrometer) and MPC (Monitor Proportional Counter) instruments. A classic type I burst was observed from Aql X-1 in both detectors and a coherent modulation with a period of 131.66 + or - 0.02 ms and a pulsed fraction of 10 percent was detected in the SSS data. There is no evidence for a loss of coherance during the approximately 80 sec when the burst is observable. The 2 sigma upper limit on the rate of change of the pulse period is 0.00005s/s. It is argued that an asymmetrical burst occurring on a neutron star rotating at 7.6 Hz offers a plausible explanation for the oscillation. The data from 4U1820-30 show that the amplitude of the 685 sec modulation, identified as the orbital period, is independent of energy down to 0.6 keV. The SSS data show that the light curve in the 0.6 to 4.5 keV band is smoother than at higher energies.

Kelley, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1989

The Einstein All-Sky IPC slew survey

The construction of the Einstein All-Sky Imaging Proportional Counter (IPC) slew survey is considered. It contains approximately 1000 sources between 10(exp -12) and 10(exp -10) erg/sq cm/s with a concentration toward the ecliptic poles and away from the galactic plane. Several sizable samples of bright soft X-ray selected objects for follow-up ROSAT and ASTRO-D observations and statistical study are presented. The survey source list is expected to be available by late 1989. Both paper and remote access online data base versions are to be available. An identification program is considered.

Elvis, Martin↗
NASA NTRS1989

The dependence of the soft X ray spectral slope with radio property, luminosity, and redshift, for a large sample of AGN from the Einstein IPC data base

The dependence of the soft X-ray spectral slope on radio, optical and X-ray properties, and on redshift are reported for a large sample of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). The sample includes 317 optically and radio-selected AGN from a preliminary version of the Einstein Imaging Proportional Counter (IPC) quasar and AGN data base. The main results are: the difference in X-ray slope between radio-loud and radio-quiet AGN were confirmed for an independent and much larger sample of sources; a difference in X-ray slope between flat and steep radio spectrum AGN is observed only in high luminosity sub-sample; in flat radio spectrum AGNs there is an indication for a dependence of the X-ray spectral index on X-ray luminosity redshift and alpha sub 0x.

Brunner, H.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Einstein SSS+MPC observations of Seyfert type galaxies

The X-ray spectra of 27 Seyfert galaxies measured with the Solid State Spectrometer (SSS) onboard the Einstein Observatory is investigated. This new investigation features the utilization of simultaneous data from the Monitor Proportional Counter (MPC) and automatic correction for systematic effects in the SSS. The new results are that the best-fit single power law indices agree with those previously reported, but that soft excesses are inferred for at least 20 percent of the measured spectra. The soft excesses are consistent with either an approximately 0.25 keV black body or Fe-L line emission.

Holt, S. S.↗