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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1974

Design data collection with Skylab/EREP microwave instrument S-193

The author has identified the following significant results. The Skylab S-193 radiometer/scatterometer collected thousands of measurements of scattering coefficient and brightness temperature over various parts of the United States during the summer of 1973 at angles of incidence between vertical and about 45 deg. These measurements have been combined to produce histograms of the response at each of several angles within this range, and to establish average scattering coefficient vs angle curves with 10% and 90% exceedance levels as well. The variation of the radiometeric measurements is primarily in the region from 255 K to 285 K, with very few measurements giving values down to and even below 200 K. The scattering coefficient varies, for the mean, from about 0 db at 1 deg off vertical to a low in the neighborhood of -10 db at 45 deg. The variability of the scattering coefficient measurements with this coarse resolution sensor is surprisingly small. The number of distinguishable levels is slightly more for the scatterometer than for the radiometer, but the amount of variation in brightness temperature caused by the physical temperature of the ground is enough so that the scatterometer can be used to distinguish significantly more meaningful levels than the radiometer.

Sobti, A.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Statistics of Ku-band microwave response of the United States with a satellite borne radiometer/scatterometer

The author has identified the following significant results. The Skylab S-193 radiometer/scatterometer collected thousands of measurements of scattering coefficient and brightness temperature over various parts of the United States during the summer of 1973 at angles of incidence between vertical and about 45 deg. These measurements have been combined to produce histograms of the response at each of several angles within this range, and to establish average scattering coefficient vs angle curves with 10% and 90% exceedance levels as well. The variation of the radiometric measurements is primarily in the region from 255 K to 285 K, with very few measurements giving higher values, but a significant, though small, number giving values down to and even below 200 K. The scattering coefficient varies, for the mean, from about 0 db at 1 deg off vertical to a low in the neighborhood of -10 db at 45 deg. The variability of the scattering coefficient measurements with this coarse resolution sensor is surprisingly small. The number of distinguishable levels is slightly more for the scatterometer than for the radiometer, but the amount of variation in brightness temperature caused by the physical temperature of the ground is enough so that the scatterometer can be used to distinguish significantly more meaningful levels than the radiometer.

Moore, R. K.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Study of recreational land and open space using Skylab imagery

The author has identified the following significant results. The data quality, production of photographic enlargements, and digital printout that displayed the Gratiot-Saginaw game area were assessed, using histogramming of each spectral channel. Results showed some dissimilarities in the ranges of data values for even and odd numbered SDO's in order to depict many of the major scene classes. Major cover types were identified and located on aerial photos and maps.

Sattinger, I. J.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Comparison of Skylab and Landsat Lineaments with Joint Orientations in Northcentral Pennsylvania

The author has identified the following significant results. The histogram peaks of lineaments mapped from Skylab photograph at a scale of 1:517,000 lie subparallel, within 20 deg, to major shale joints and coal cleats on part of the Allegheny Plateau. The Landsat lineament, mapped at 1:989,000 are biased by illumination and scan line directions. While there is an illumination bias in the Skylab photograph, its direction does not coincide with the main transverse lineament trend, thus providing an independent assessment of the illumination direction bias. The coincidence in direction regardless of scale of the linear features suggests a mechanical relationship between joints, fracture traces, and lineaments which is more consistent with a tensional model than a shear model of origin.

Mcmurtry, G. J.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Asteroids - Spectral reflectance and color characteristics

We present visible and near-infrared spectral reflectance curves for 35 asteroids, making a total sample of 67 including our previous work. Several previously unknown spectral types have been discovered. Absorption bands and other features, from which information about the surface composition of the asteroids can be derived, continue to appear. Sampling statistics suggest we have observed about half of the significantly different mineralogical assemblages present in the asteroid belt. There is a general, but imperfect, correlation between spectral type and semimajor axis, which is consistent with the hypothesis that meteorites are derived from the asteroid belt. The color-frequency histogram for the 67 objects is bimodal, probably associated with 'stony' objects and 'carbonaceous' objects. Hirayama family pairs usually show disparate spectral types. 19 Fortuna may show strikingly different photometric properties on opposite sides.

Mccord, T. B.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Variations in the solar wind stand-off distance at Mercury

The intrinsic dipole model of the magnetosphere of Mercury is combined with statistics on the solar wind dynamic pressure from Explorers 33 and 35 to obtain histograms of the solar wind stand-off distance for aphelion, perihelion and median distance of Mercury from the sun. The results show that even at perihelion the stand-off distance lies above the surface the great majority of the time. On rare occasions, direct impact of the solar wind onto the surface will occur.

Siscoe, G.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Results of X-ray and optical monitoring of Scorpius X-1 in 1970

Scorpius X-1 was monitored at optical and X-ray wavelengths from 1970 April 26 to 1970 May 20. The optical observations were made at six observatories around the world, and the X-ray observations were made by the Vela satellites. There was a tendency for the object to show greater variability in X-ray emission when the object was optically bright. The intensity histograms for both the optical and X-ray observations are discussed, as well as periodic variations in the optical intensity.

Mook, D. E.↗
NASA NTRS1974

U-Th-Pb systematics of some Apollo 17 lunar samples and implications for a lunar basin excavation chronology

U, Th, and Pb concentrations and lead isotopic compositions of selected Apollo 17 soil and rock samples are presented. Concordia treatments of U-Pb whole samples of Apollo 17 mare basalts and highland rocks probably reflect several early thermal events about 4.5 b.y. old more consistently than do U-Pb ages of samples collected at other lunar sites. We propose that all lunar U-Th-Pb data reflect a multistate U-Pb evolution history most easily understood as being related to a complex planetesimal bombardment history of the moon which apparently dominated lunar events from about 4.5 to about 3.9 b.y. ago. Semi-distinct events at about 4.0, about 4.2, and 4.4-4.5 b.y. are evident on whole-rock frequency versus Pb-207/Pb-206 age histograms. Each of these events may reflect multiple cratering episodes. For mare basalts, complete resetting of the source rock U-Pb systems owing to Pb loss relative to U was apparently often approached after a major planetesimal impact.

Nunes, P. D.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Research investigation of the physical interactions and phenomena associated with hypervelocity sub-micron particles

Signals from impact ionization plasmas were studied as a means of performing microparticle composition analysis. Impact ionization signal response was measured in a time-of-flight (TOF) system for lanthanum hexaboride, carbonyl iron, and aluminum microparticle impacts on a tantalum target, primarily in the 1 - 8 km/s velocity range. Oscilloscope photographs of representative ion TOF signal response are given for each material studied. Graphs and histograms are presented of the total charge collected as well as the charge collected in each observed ion mass group. Data show that ion signals consist primarily of the lower ionization potential elements over the 1 - 8 km/s range.

Roy, N. L.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Multidisciplinary study on Wyoming test sites

The author has identified the following significant results. Ten EREP data passes over the Wyoming test site provided excellent S190A and S190B coverage and some useful S192 imagery. These data were employed in an evaluation of the EREP imaging sensors in several earth resources applications. Boysen Reservoir and Hyattsville were test areas for band to band comparison of the S190 and S192 sensors and for evaluation of the image data for geologic mapping. Contrast measurements were made from the S192 image data for typical sequence of sedimentary rocks. Histograms compiled from these measurements show that near infrared S192 bands provide the greatest amount of contrast between geologic units. Comparison was also made between LANDSAT imagery and S190B and aerial photography for regional land use mapping. The S190B photography was found far superior to the color composite LANDSAT imagery and was almost as effective as the 1:120,000 scale aerial photography. A map of linear elements prepared from LANDSAT and EREP imagery of the southwestern Bighorn Mountains provided an important aid in defining the relationship between fracture and ground water movement through the Madison aquifer.

Houston, R. S.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Empirical evidence concerning absorption lines and radiation pressure in quasi-stellar objects

Empirical spectroscopic evidence is examined for the hypothesis that radiation pressure having large gradients with wavelength plays a crucial role in maintaining patterns of redshift differences in quasars. Seventy-four absorption-line redshift systems in 32 quasars and two Seyfert galaxies are analyzed and discussed in terms of the radiation-pressure line-locking hypothesis. Redshift line ratios greater than unity are computed for each quasar and plotted as histograms. Ratios which may indicate line and edge locking are identified, including those of the C IV and Mg II doublets and those of the N III/C III, He II/O III, C II/He I, Ly-beta/H I, and H I/He I ionization edges.

Burbidge, E. M.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Software techniques for image processing

The present paper describes several software techniques that can be used to get the 'most' out of an image without destroying or adding any information. A simple overview is given of a general image-processing system, a number of systems in current use are listed, and three types of processing tasks are delineated: image diagnostics, subjective enhancement, and quantitative restoration. Examples of each of these types are discussed in some detail, including histogram, differences, and Fourier analysis for image diagnostics; contrast stretching, edge enhancement, and pseudocolor displays for subjective enhancement; and photometric correction, contouring, and geometric correction for quantitative restoration.

Klinglesmith, D. A.↗
NASA NTRS1975

A Cerenkov-Range analysis of the isotopic composition of cosmic rays with Z from 6 to 26

High-altitude balloon data on the isotopic composition of heavy cosmic rays are reported. The experiment used a Cerenkov detector, arrays of scintillators, and a digitized wire spark chamber. Peaks assigned to the mono-isotopic elements F and Na indicate that an absolute mass scale can be derived from the data. Even-Z elements in the Z range from 12 through 16 are represented mainly by alpha-particle nuclei. Neutron-rich components dominate in the case of neon present. Mass histograms are plotted for C, O, N, Ne, Mg, and Fe.

Fisher, A. J.↗
NASA NTRS1975

The solar wind between 0.7 AU and 5.0 AU

A review is given of Pioneer-9 (1968, 1969) and Pioneer-10 and 11 (1973) observations of the solar wind high-speed stream structure as a function of heliocentric distance. Evidence for spatial and temporal variations in this solar wind structure between 5 and 7 AU is presented as well as evidence for the importance of stream-stream interactions in the solar wind. As the high speed stream structure travels outward in the ecliptic plane from the sun, there is evidence of damping which is consistent with the exchange of momentum between the high speed streams and the low speed streams. These interactions may produce scattering centers which will prevent the observation of a significant galactic cosmic ray gradient. The width of the solar wind speed histograms are determined and radial distances on the order of 10 AU are calculated.

Intriligator, D. S.↗
NASA NTRS1976

The isotopic composition of cosmic rays with Z between 5 and 26

Results are reported for a high-altitude balloon flight which measured the isotopic composition of cosmic rays by using a Cerenkov-range technique to determine the masses of arriving cosmic rays with charges between 5 and 26 for kinetic energies around 450 MeV/amu. Event-selection criteria are discussed, and the mass-determination technique is outlined. Some of the mass histograms resulting from the analysis are presented along with the mean masses calculated from the data, and the derived isotopic compositions. It is found that: (1) C, N, and O are consistent with pure C-12, N-14, and O-16 sources; (2) Mg seems to require some neutron-rich component at the source; (3) Ne appears to require a source isotopic composition that is even more neutron-rich than the universal abundances; and (4) the source may be somewhat enriched in Fe-54. It is suggested that the fundamental nuclear physics which governed the synthesis of solar-system material may also be responsible for cosmic rays, implying that the solar system is probably an average sample of galactic matter.

Fisher, A. J.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Some new results on the statistics of radio wave scintillation. I - Empirical evidence for Gaussian statistics

This paper presents an analysis of ionospheric scintillation data which shows that the underlying statistical structure of the signal can be accurately modeled by the additive complex Gaussian perturbation predicted by the Born approximation in conjunction with an application of the central limit theorem. By making use of this fact, it is possible to estimate the in-phase, phase quadrature, and cophased scattered power by curve fitting to measured intensity histograms. By using this procedure, it is found that typically more than 80% of the scattered power is in phase quadrature with the undeviated signal component. Thus, the signal is modeled by a Gaussian, but highly non-Rician process. From simultaneous UHF and VHF data, only a weak dependence of this statistical structure on changes in the Fresnel radius is deduced. The signal variance is found to have a nonquadratic wavelength dependence. It is hypothesized that this latter effect is a subtle manifestation of locally homogeneous irregularity structures, a mathematical model proposed by Kolmogorov (1941) in his early studies of incompressible fluid turbulence.

Rino, C. L.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Measurement of insulation integrity of IUE camera tube facsimiles by partial discharges method and diffusion of gases through various silicone rubbers

Several dummy tubes imitating the IUE Camera System design were encapsulated with Solithane 2, Conathane EN-11, Green and Black Hysols and SMRD 432. Various flaws were purposefully placed in some of these. Partial discharge testing in vacuum under direct voltage conditions was carried once a week for 12 weeks, 15 kv dc being applied during normal working hours for 40 hours duration per week. None of the units showed much damage during this time judging by the P.D. energy histograms. A more complete mathematical presentation is given on diffusion and permeation than previously. Measurements of diffusion constants for various silicone rubbers are carried out by the Time-Lag method and compared to other determinations in the literature. Calculations of the time required for diffusion through a thick wall are demonstrated in the long time approximation and for dimensions pertaining to void and wall sizes of a delamination problem in the LANDSAT-C vidicon tubes. An actual delaminated LANDSAT-C tube and some facsimiles are immersed in vacuum for long periods and tested for catastrophic breakdown due to diffusion of gas, by application of high voltage.

Bever, R. S.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Analyses of atmospheric extinction data obtained by astronomers. I - A time-trend analysis of data with internal accidental errors obtained at four observatories

Long-term time-trend analysis was performed on astronomical atmospheric extinction data in wideband UBV and various narrow-band systems recorded at Cerro Tololo, Kitt Peak, Lick, and McDonald observatories. All of the data had to be transformed into uniform monochromatic extinction data before trend analysis could be performed. The paper describes the various reduction techniques employed. The time-trend analysis was then carried out by the method of least squares. A special technique, called 'histogram shaping', was employed to adjust for the fact that the errors of the reduced monochromatic extinction data were not essentially Gaussian. On the assumption that there are no compensatory background and local extinction changes, the best values obtained for extinction trends due to background aerosol changes during the years 1960 to 1972 are 0.006 + or - 0.013 (rms) and 0.009 + or - 0.009 (rms) stellar magnitudes per air mass per decade in the blue and yellow wavelength regions, respectively.

Taylor, B. J.↗