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DOE OSTI2021

Color halo scenario of charmonium-like hybrids

The internal structures of J PC =1 -- ,(o,1,2) -+ charmonium-like hybrids are investigated under lattice QCD in the quenched approximation. We define the Bethe-Salpeter wave function (Φn(r)) in the Coulomb gauge as the matrix element of a spatially extended hybrid-like operator ($\bar{c}cg$) between the vacuum and n-th state for J PC , with r being the spatial separation between a localized $\bar{c}c$ component and the chromomagnetic strength tensor. These wave functions exhibit some similarities for states with the aforementioned different quantum numbers, and their r-behaviors (no node for the ground states and one node for the first excited states) imply that r can be a meaningful dynamical variable for these states. Additionally, the mass splittings of the ground states and first excited states of charmonium-like hybrids in these channels are obtained for the first time to be approximately 1.2-1.4 GeV. These results do not support the flux-tube description of heavy-quarkonium-like hybrids in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. In contrast, a charmonium-like hybrid can be viewed as a "color halo" charmonium for which a relatively localized color octet $\bar{c}c$ is surrounded by gluonic degrees of freedom, which can readily decay into a charmonium state along with one or more light hadrons. The color halo picture is compatible with the decay properties of Y (42600) and suggests LHCb and BelleII to search for (0,1,2) -+ charmonium-like hybrids in Xc0,1,2N and J/ψω(φ) final states.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Delivery of Dynamic Thermal Energy Storage Models and Advanced Reactor Concept Models to the HYBRID Repository

This publication details newly created energy storage and reactor models developed within the HYBRID modeling repository as part of the Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE) Integrated Energy Systems (IES) program, led by Idaho National Laboratory (INL). Model development to-date includes creation of dynamic systems-level models of a pebble bed high temperature gas reactor (HTGR), sodium fast reactor (SFR), compressed air energy storage (CAES), liquid air energy storage (LAES) and Modelica standard library based two-tank sensible heat storage (SHS) in the IES-based HYBRID repository. Models are developed using the latest publicly available data and incorporate the possibility of control strategy inclusion for use with the existing IES modeling, analysis, and optimization toolset. Simulations showcase the abilities of each technology to flexibly operate in ways consistent with IES operation expectations. When these models are available, they can be utilized within different integrated energy park concepts to understand optimal system operation, control, and dispatching. Moreover, given the generic nature of the models, industrial partner technologies can be quickly added to the repository using the existing models as a basis. Additional dynamic models for thermal energy storage concepts can be developed and added to the HYBRID repository as needed. Also detailed in this report are future development goals for the HYBRID repository including adding suites of steady-state models, economic costing information, and reduced-order models. By adding these models in addition to the physical transient models currently existing within HYBRID, HYBRID will be a fully integrable tool for FORCE users.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Unified Universal Control and Coordination of Inverter-Based Resources, and Validation for a PV + Battery Hybrid Plant

As renewable energy deployment grows, hybrid power plants (HPPs) combining photovoltaic (PV) and battery systems must evolve to offer both energy and grid stability services. These systems typically include a mix of grid-following (GFL) and grid-forming (GFM) inverters, presenting unique coordination and control challenges. This Department of Energy–funded project developed and validated a Unified Universal Control and Coordination (UUCC) framework for such PV + battery hybrid plants, enabling seamless and stable operation, including ultrafast black start, autonomous synchronization, and robust frequency and voltage regulation, under different grid conditions. The project significantly advanced the understanding of inverter-based resource (IBR) control by developing and validating three complementary system-level approaches for hybrid GFL/GFM operation: 1. A combined Virtual Resistance (VR)-based GFL and Virtual Oscillator Control (VOC)-based GFM method, where each inverter type is governed by a specialized control strategy. Together, these achieve stable, fast-response coordination, eliminating inrush current and enabling smooth black start and grid synchronization across a wide range of grid strengths. 2. A Deadbeat-based UUCC strategy, which uses discrete-time, switching-cycle-level control for both GFL and GFM inverters. This approach replaces traditional PI/PLL control with a control parameter-free, high-bandwidth framework that supports stable LVRT and instantaneous synchronization under all conditions. 3. A benchmark comparison with Siemens’ commercial GFM microgrid controller, which provided a fast baseline platform. The commercial approach decoupled v & f control was implemented on a commercial microgrid controller.The baseline commercial benchmark helped highlight superior transient response and black start performance offered by the deadbeat and VOC approaches. These technical contributions offer substantial improvements over conventional inverter control schemes, which often rely on slow phase-locked loop (PLL)-based synchronization, require careful control parameters tuning, and prone to unstable in weak grids with GFL inverters and in stiff grid with GFM inverters therefore challenging for hybrid GFL+GFM under all grid conditions. The deadbeat-based UUCC framework enables simpler, faster, and more robust operation of hybrid IBR systems using wide-bandgap (WBG) devices such as SiC power semiconductors. The rapid expansion of hybrid distributed energy resources (DERs), including residential and commercial PV-BESS installations such as Tesla Powerwall, PV with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capability, and other integrated configurations, presents complex operational challenges for medium-voltage radial distribution feeders. These networks are subject to frequent disturbances such as faults, switching operations, rapid reclosing sequences, and feeder reconfigurations, all of which introduce dynamic stress on IBRs. In addition, planned feeder segmentation and deliberate islanding for resilience will require DERs that can autonomously perform blackstart, establish voltage and frequency references, and resynchronize with the main grid. The advanced deadbeat-based UUCC control and blackstart functionalities developed in this project directly address these requirements, enabling decentralized and autonomous operation of inverter-dominated DERs in distribution systems under a wide range of fault and reconfiguration scenarios. From a public benefit perspective, these innovations enable more reliable and cost-effective integration of renewable energy into distribution networks. The ability to autonomously black start and stabilize grids under varying grid conditions support accelerates recovery from outages and support decentralized resilient energy systems. By reducing system complexity and improving performance, this project lays critical groundwork for future inverter-dominated power grids that are clean, reliable, and accessible to all.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2020

Novel Application of Hybrid Anion Exchange Resin for Phosphate Desorption Kinetics in Soils: Minimizing Re-Adsorption of Desorbed Ions

The process of phosphate desorption from soils is difficult to measure using stirred batch techniques because of the accumulation of desorbed ions in a bathing solution. To accurately measure the apparent rate coefficient of phosphate desorption from soils, it is necessary to remove the desorbed ions. In this study, a novel hybrid (i.e., iron oxide coated) anion exchange resin was used as a sink to study long-term (seven days) P desorption kinetics in intensively managed agricultural soils in the Midwestern U.S. (total phosphorus (TP): 196–419 mg/kg). The phosphate desorption kinetics in the hybrid anion exchange resin method were compared with those in the other conventional batch desorption method with pure anion exchange resins or without any sink. The extent of P desorption in the hybrid resin methods was >50% of total desorbed phosphate in the other methods. The initial kinetic rate estimated in the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was also highest (3.03–31.35 mg/(g·hr)) in the hybrid resin method when the same soil system was compared. This is because adsorbed P in the hybrid resins was nearly irreversible. The hybrid anion exchange resin might be a new and ideal sink in measuring the P desorption process in soils and sediments

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

A simplified, efficient approach to hybrid wind and solar plant site optimization

Abstract. Wind plant layout optimization is a difficult, complex problem with a large number of variables and many local minima. Layout optimization only becomes more difficult with the addition of solar generation. In this paper, we propose a parameterized approach to wind and solar hybrid power plant layout optimization that greatly reduces problem dimensionality while guaranteeing that the generated layouts have a desirable regular structure. Thus far, hybrid power plant optimization research has focused on system sizing. We go beyond sizing and present a practical approach to optimizing the physical layout of a wind–solar hybrid power plant. We argue that the evolution strategy class of derivative-free optimization methods is well-suited to the parameterized hybrid layout problem, and we demonstrate how hard layout constraints (e.g., placement restrictions) can be transformed into soft constraints that are amenable to optimization using evolution strategies. Next, we present experimental results on four test sites, demonstrating the viability, reliability, and effectiveness of the parameterized evolution strategy approach for generating optimized hybrid plant layouts. Completing the tool kit for parameterized layout generation, we include a brief tutorial describing how the parameterized evolutionary approach can be inspected, understood, and debugged when applied to hybrid plant layouts.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

NASA NTRS2014

Hybrid Data Assimilation without Ensemble Filtering

The Global Modeling and Assimilation Office is preparing to upgrade its three-dimensional variational system to a hybrid approach in which the ensemble is generated using a square-root ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and the variational problem is solved using the Grid-point Statistical Interpolation system. As in most EnKF applications, we found it necessary to employ a combination of multiplicative and additive inflations, to compensate for sampling and modeling errors, respectively and, to maintain the small-member ensemble solution close to the variational solution; we also found it necessary to re-center the members of the ensemble about the variational analysis. During tuning of the filter we have found re-centering and additive inflation to play a considerably larger role than expected, particularly in a dual-resolution context when the variational analysis is ran at larger resolution than the ensemble. This led us to consider a hybrid strategy in which the members of the ensemble are generated by simply converting the variational analysis to the resolution of the ensemble and applying additive inflation, thus bypassing the EnKF. Comparisons of this, so-called, filter-free hybrid procedure with an EnKF-based hybrid procedure and a control non-hybrid, traditional, scheme show both hybrid strategies to provide equally significant improvement over the control; more interestingly, the filter-free procedure was found to give qualitatively similar results to the EnKF-based procedure.

Kalman Filter↗

NASA NTRS2015

Model-Based Prognostics of Hybrid Systems

Model-based prognostics has become a popular approach to solving the prognostics problem. However, almost all work has focused on prognostics of systems with continuous dynamics. In this paper, we extend the model-based prognostics framework to hybrid systems models that combine both continuous and discrete dynamics. In general, most systems are hybrid in nature, including those that combine physical processes with software. We generalize the model-based prognostics formulation to hybrid systems, and describe the challenges involved. We present a general approach for modeling hybrid systems, and overview methods for solving estimation and prediction in hybrid systems. As a case study, we consider the problem of conflict (i.e., loss of separation) prediction in the National Airspace System, in which the aircraft models are hybrid dynamical systems.

prognosis↗

NASA NTRS2024

Analysis of Hybrid Electric Aircraft Operations in the National Airspace System

This paper investigates the fuel burn and flight time impacts of hybrid electric aircraft operating in the National Airspace System. Future scenarios with hybrid electric flights and the same passenger travel capacity between city pairs as a baseline scenario, taken from historical data, were created. Aircraft that serviced select flights in the baseline scenario were replaced with hybrid electric aircraft based on the flight’s range and seat capacity. Additional hybrid electric flights were added to future scenarios when necessary to keep the future scenario passenger capacity equal or greater to that of the baseline scenario. The baseline and future scenarios were simulated in the NAS Digital Twin, a live, virtual, and constructive environment for building and executing simulations of the Nation Airspace System. Results showed that the future scenarios with hybrid electric flights saved fuel burn, but increased flight time. In the future scenarios, the additional hybrid electric flights did not cause any airports to exceed their operational capacity.

Simulation↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Operating Hybrid Electric Aircraft in the National Airspace System

hybrid electric aircraft↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Subscale Hardware-In-The-Loop Results for Hybrid Electric Turbofan Controls Use Cases

NASA is investigating hybrid electric turbine engine systems for commercial transport aircraft due to the potentially significant improvements hybrid electric technology offers in performance, fuel consumption, and operational and design flexibility. Recently, the technology has been tested at full scale in partnership with industry and advanced to Technology Readiness Level 4. This presentation will focus on a recent subscale hardware-in-the-loop test of an open source turbofan engine model developed by NASA. The Advanced Geared Turbofan 30,000 lbf – electrified (AGTF30-e) engine is used as a reference model to demonstrate control system design and use cases for an example mild hybrid electric system with no large-scale energy storage. This model is run in real-time in NASA’s Hybrid Propulsion Emulation Rig (HyPER) and is used to drive an emulation of the turbomachinery system using subscale electric machines. This dynamic scaled shaft emulation interacts with a subscale (<100 kW) hybrid system consisting of electric machines, motor controllers, and a programmable electronic load. Specific use cases demonstrated include the use of Turbine Electrified Energy Management to improve operation during transients, megawatt-scale power extraction from the AGTF30-e, and power transfer between engine spools. Results related to the effectiveness of hybrid systems are qualitatively compared to results from industry testing.

Hybrid↗

DOE OSTI2022

Quarterly Management Document – FY22, 1st Quarter, Multi-pass Hybrid Laser Arc Welding of Alloy 740H

This report summarizes the progress made on the project during the first quarter of FY22. The model for deep penetration laser welding continues to be developed to understand and mitigate cracking issues associated with laser welding Alloy 740H. The effects of laser wobble on laser welding of this alloy are also being developed. Additionally, the short-term creep behavior of welds made by various hybrid laser arc parameters has been obtained and the results indicate they are comparable to welds made by conventional gas tungsten arc welding which is a factor 2 slower than the hybrid welds. Additionally, the creep behavior of laser-only welds is also consistent with conventional gas tungsten arc welds as well as the hybrid laser arc welds made under this project. However, the creep rate of the laser-only welds is much higher than that observed in the hybrid laser arc welded specimens. This is most likely due to the narrower weld produced by laser-only welding compared to hybrid laser arc welding and, thus, the higher creep rate of laser-only welded creep specimens is likely a result of the increased fraction of base metal (which exhibits a higher creep rate than weld metal) contained within the gage section of the creep specimen. Creep rupture lifetimes were all about the same for both laser-only and hybrid laser arc welded specimens and consistent with the creep rupture lifetime of conventional gas tungsten arc welded creep specimens.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2021

Performance of hybridized bamboo-carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene composites processed using wet laid technique

The end-of-life vehicles (ELV) regulations motivate hybrid materials usage in automotive industries to optimize properties at reduced cost and increase eco-friendly designs. This research explores hybrid compositions of natural bamboo fiber and synthetic carbon fiber. The goal of hybridization was to synergistically benefit from each constituent– i.e., sustainability, energy absorption and superior damping from bamboo, and high strength and stiffness from carbon fiber. Carbon fibers (CF), bamboo fibers (BF) and polypropylene (PP) fibers were dispersed in water to produce wet-laid hybrid mats. The mats were compression molded into consolidated panels to obtain the hybrid composite(s) (BF-CF-PP). Four formulations with different fiber-resin weight percent were designed and produced including- BF-PP (30/70), BF-PP (50/50), BF-CF-PP (32/8/60), and BF-CF-PP (8/32/60). The effect of (a) fiber length, (b) surface treatment, (c) fiber content, and (d) consolidation pressure on the mechanical properties were examined. The improved mechanical (flexural strength 76.4 MPa, flexural modulus 4.1 GPa, ILSS 12.4 MPa and impact strength 49.9 KJ/m 2 ) and vibrational damping (1.05%) properties showed that the BF-CF-PP (8/32/60) provided higher properties compared to the other variants. The projected properties at various stoichiometric ratios of carbon and bamboo fiber revealed that the properties of hybrid composites could be tailored to produce desirable, cost-effective, and sustainable automotive components.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2023

Iodine Removal from Carbonate-Containing Alkaline Liquids Using Strong Base Resins, Hybrid Resins, and Silver Precipitation

The ability of several material types to remove aqueous iodine from a mildly alkaline, carbonate-rich nuclear waste stream was evaluated: strong base anion exchange resins (SBAR), hybrid resins, Ag-containing materials and Bi-containing hybrid resins. A combination of batch testing and flow through column testing were used in the evaluation. In batch testing, hybrid resins CHM-20, SIR-110-CE and RTBI were shown to have high efficiency for the removal of both iodide and iodate simultaneously, while Ag-containing materials and SBAR demonstrated high capacity for iodide removal. One example of each material type (CHM-20, A532E and Ionex 400) were further evaluated for their sorption isotherms and column performance. The Langmuir isotherm, or a Langmuir-Freundlich hybrid isotherm, best described the sorption of iodide to the CHM-20 hybrid resin and Purolite A532E. The Freundlich isotherm best described the uptake of iodate to CHM-20 and A532E and for both iodide and iodate to the Ag-containing Ionex-400. In column testing the Purolite A532E had exceptional performance for overall iodide removal. With the capacity demonstrated the A532E resin would exceed Class C waste classification before breakthrough initiated, and column change outs in processing would be dictated by eventual waste classification, not breakthrough. The Ionex 400, a Ag-zeolite, was observed to degrade over time in the column in the mild alkaline conditions whereas the hybrid CHM-20 was limited in the single pass through design and would be best suited for applications where iodide and iodate are present and recirculation of the column effluent is feasible. Here this work highlights the feasibility of commercially available materials to separate radioiodine from liquid environments.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2024

Valence-band hybridization in sulphides

The hybridization state in solids often defines the critical chemical and physical properties of a compound. However, it is difficult to spectroscopically detect and evaluate hybridization beyond just general fingerprint signatures. Here, the valence-band hybridization of metal d-derived bands (short: “metal d bands”) in selected metal sulphides is studied with a combined spectroscopic and theoretical approach to derive deeper insights into the fundamental nature of such compounds. The valence bands of the studied sulphides are comprised of hybrid bands derived from the metal d, S 3s, and S 3p states. Employing S K and L 2,3 X-ray emission spectroscopy and spectra calculations based on density functional theory, the degree of hybridization (i.e., the covalency) of these bands can be directly probed as a function of their relative energies. We find that the relative intensity of the “metal d band” features in the spectra scales with the inverse square of the energy separation to the respective sulfur-derived bands, which can be analytically derived from a simple two-orbital model. This study demonstrates that soft X-ray emission spectroscopy is a powerful tool to study valence state hybridization, in particular in combination with hard X-ray emission spectroscopy, promising a broad impact in many research fields.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2020

Black-Box Optimization for Design of Concentrating Solar Power and Photovoltaic Hybrid Systems with Optimal Dispatch Decisions

The hybridization of concentrating solar power (CSP) and photovoltaics (PV) can enable dispatchable renewable electricity generation at a lower price than current stand-alone CSP systems. However, designing a CSP-PV hybrid system can be challenging because of the many degrees of freedom in design that affect the internal and external system interactions and trade-offs. We develop a methodology to determine optimal designs for CSP-PV hybrids by implementing NLopt's derivative-free, or “black-box,” algorithms around pre-existing CSP-PV hybrid simulation software that utilizes the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s System Advisor Model (SAM); we then employ a dispatch optimization model to determine operational decisions that maximize a plant’s profits. We present optimal designs for CSP-PV hybrid systems dispatching against four time-of-delivery (ToD) pricing structures. NLopt’s algorithms can improve the base case design’s power purchase agreement (PPA) price by 15% to 21%, depending on the ToD pricing structure. In addition, we present the resulting optimal CSP-PV hybrid design’s annual performance metrics, which tend to have capacity factors between 50% and 62%, but are able to generate electricity during the year’s highest-valued periods about 90% of the time. Lastly, we investigate the trade-offs between capacity factor and PPA price using Pareto fronts and demonstrate that, for some ToD pricing structures, the system capacity factor can increase by 20% but at the expense of a 2% increase in PPA price.

black-box↗

DOE OSTI2021

IoT Devices and Applications for Wire-Based Hybrid Manufacturing Machine Tools

Hybrid manufacturing machine tools have the potential to be a disruptive technology as they can leverage the benefits of both additive and subtractive manufacturing by incorporating both processes on the same machine while limiting the downsides of the individual processes. Since these machines use two very disparate manufacturing processes and hybrid manufacturing is an emerging technology, it will be useful to monitor data coming from the machine and apply it to improve the manufacturing process, the operation of the machine, and to integrate the machine into the larger digital framework of Industrial Internet of Things (IoT). The present work discusses IoT devices that would be beneficial to add to a hybrid machine tool as well as applications for those devices. The proposed methods discussed in this work have not been experimentally implemented on a hybrid machine tool and so there are no performance data available yet. The hybrid machine tool used as a basis to generate these IoT applications is the Mazak VC-500A/5x AM Hot Wire Deposition, which is a 5-axis machine tool incorporated with a wire feedstock 4kW laser deposition system. Methodologies and applications will be outlined for machine health and process monitoring. Other areas covered include process benchmarking, secure networking options for the proposed IoT framework, and hybrid process improvement. Limitations of these methods and future work for new sensor devices and application areas is also discussed.

Thien, Austen↗

DOE OSTI2021

Widespread misregulation of inter-species hybrid transcriptomes due to sex-specific and sex-chromosome regulatory evolution

When gene regulatory networks diverge between species, their dysfunctional expression in inter-species hybrid individuals can create genetic incompatibilities that generate the developmental defects responsible for intrinsic post-zygotic reproductive isolation. Both cis- and trans-acting regulatory divergence can be hastened by directional selection through adaptation, sexual selection, and inter-sexual conflict, in addition to cryptic evolution under stabilizing selection. Dysfunctional sex-biased gene expression, in particular, may provide an important source of sexually-dimorphic genetic incompatibilities. Here, we characterize and compare male and female/hermaphrodite transcriptome profiles for sibling nematode species Caenorhabditis briggsae and C. nigoni, along with allele-specific expression in their F 1 hybrids, to deconvolve features of expression divergence and regulatory dysfunction. Despite evidence of widespread stabilizing selection on gene expression, misexpression of sex-biased genes pervades F 1 hybrids of both sexes. This finding implicates greater fragility of male genetic networks to produce dysfunctional organismal phenotypes. Spermatogenesis genes are especially prone to high divergence in both expression and coding sequences, consistent with a “faster male” model for Haldane’s rule and elevated sterility of hybrid males. Moreover, underdominant expression pervades male-biased genes compared to female-biased and sex-neutral genes and an excess of cis-trans compensatory regulatory divergence for X-linked genes underscores a “large-X effect” for hybrid male expression dysfunction. Extensive regulatory divergence in sex determination pathway genes likely contributes to demasculinization of XX hybrids. The evolution of genetic incompatibilities due to regulatory versus coding sequence divergence, however, are expected to arise in an uncorrelated fashion. This study identifies important differences between the sexes in how regulatory networks diverge to contribute to sex-biases in how genetic incompatibilities manifest during the speciation process.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2020

Bench-Scale Development of a Hybrid Membrane-Absorption CO 2 Capture Process

This final technical report describes work conducted for the Department of Energy (DOE) on the development of a bench-scale hybrid membrane-absorption carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) capture system for coal-fired power plant applications (Cooperative Agreement number DE-FE0013118). The work was conducted by Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. (MTR) with major support from the University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin) from April 1, 2013 through September 30, 2018. The overall goal of this project was to evaluate two variations of a hybrid membrane-absorption capture system combining the MTR air-swept Polaris TM membrane technology, which enriches flue gas to ~20% CO 2 , with UT Austin’s absorption-based advanced flash stripper (AFS) using piperazine (PZ), to determine the superior hybrid variant and to assess the potential of hybrid capture systems to achieve a lower cost-of-capture, compared to NETL’s reference amine-based capture plant. This project included the evaluation, development and testing of a hybrid membrane-absorption CO 2 capture system for coal-fired power plant applications using the MTR high-gas-flow, lowpressure- drop membrane contactor. The ability of the membrane contactor to enrich coal-fired flue gas from its normal content of ~13% CO 2 into a smaller volume of gas containing 20-25% CO 2 – with minimal energy input – could reduce the cost of the final concentration process, regardless of whether it is absorption, adsorption, cryogenic, or membrane-based. In this project, we are evaluating the feasibility of a hybrid system combining the MTR sweep membrane technology with the UT Austin piperazine-based advanced flash stripper (PZAS) capture system.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗