Spacestation: The next logical step
The concept of a U.S. space station is discussed. The design, how it will work, space laboratory functions, commerce in space, and international cooperation are discussed.
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Space ventures and society long-term perspectives
A futuristic evaluation of mankind's potential long term future in space is presented. Progress in space will not be inhibited by shortages of the Earth's physical resources, since long term economic growth will be focused on ways to constrain industrial productivity by changing social values, management styles, or government competence. Future technological progress is likely to accelerate with an emphasis on international cooperation, making possible such large joint projects as lunar colonies or space stations on Mars. The long term future in space looks exceedingly bright even in relatively pessimistic scenarios. The principal driving forces will be technological progress, commercial and public-oriented satellites, space industrialization, space travel, and eventually space colonization.
Brown, W. M.↗
Communicating across the solar system
The exploration of the solar system by means of spacecraft would not be possible in its present form without the art and science of communications. Particularly exacting requirements arise in connection with the study of the planets and the interplanetary medium beyond the orbit of Jupiter. Developments in technology providing the required communication capability are partly based on the principle of the phase-locked loop as a narrow-band tracking filter. Mission objectives and performance are discussed for Pioneers 10 and 11 and Voyagers 1 and 2 which at present are the only spacecraft beyond the orbit of Jupiter. A description is given of challenges related to communication in the case of the passage of Voyager 2 near Uranus in 1986 and near Neptune in 1989, taking into account the approaches employed to meet these challenges. Attention is given to requirements concerning international cooperation regarding the ground network, the development of interagency and intra-agency arraying, and the improvement of antenna efficiency.
Reid, M. S.↗
The NASA Space Station program plans
The design of a permanently manned Space Station is discussed. The role of the Space Shuttle, planning guidelines, international cooperation, and commercial possibilities are among the topics discussed.
Freitag, R. F.↗
Space - The long-range future
The Space Shuttle/Space Transportation System (STS) provides the basis for future development toward permanent manned Space Stations, manned access to geostationary orbit (GEO), deployment of large space structures, development of closed-cycle life support systems, and the discovery of greater industrial applications in space. Research must continue in order to make an Orbital Transfer Vehicle (OTV) which would provide manned flights to GEO and the establishment of a lunar base a reality by the year 2000. Beyond the year 2000 there should be advanced complexes in low-earth orbit (LEO), permanently manned scientific and communication stations in GEO, a permanent moon base, manned expeditions to Mars, and a geosynchronous facility. These goals can be achieved through international cooperation; cooperative programs will allow for more research at a faster pace due to joint funding. These advances could lead to improvements in the quality of life on earth and make comfortable space life a reality.
Von Puttkamer, J.↗
Manned spaceflight in the nineties: The European perspective
The inaugural speech for the international space travel symposium which took place in Bad Godesberg, West Germany on 2 Oct. 1985 explains why Europe must take an active part in all aspects of manned space travel for the nineties, including the development of the space station itself and the development of its own reusable space transport and supporting ground equipment to proceed on an equal share basis with the US and Japan while maintaining close international cooperation.
Finke, W.↗
The role of space data systems interface standards
This paper will discuss data systems interface standards including the goals and benefits in their application to space flight programs. Recent trends toward increased international cooperation in space research and applications missions have resulted in a greater emphasis on compatible interface standards among the participating agencies. The discussion will highlight the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS), a consortium of 19 space agencies formed in 1982 in order to provide a technical forum for developing guidelines for compatible data systems standards among cooperating space agencies worldwide. CCSDS effort is seen as contributing significantly to the objectives of the IAF's Symposium on Space Exploration.
Stephens, R.↗
Space Station - The next logical step
NASA is committed to the development of a permanently manned Space Station within a decade, in concert with European and Japanese space agencies. In addition to continuing scientific research, the Space Station will proceed with applied science and industrialization experiments. International cooperation opportunities arise within the Space Station program for users (in the definition of missions), for builders (in the development of station resources and capabilities), and operators (in the orbital maintenance of the Space Station).
Finn, T. T.↗
Europe/United States space activities
Among the topics discussed are: the Olympus satellite program; trends in the Italian space technology; and ESA Space Station planning. Consideration is also given to cooperative international programs, including the Eurostar platform, the Tethered Satellite System, and the SPAS system; space science and applications programs; and the development of next generation space propulsion systems. Among the specific propulsion technologies discussed are: LOX/LR2 engines; the Ariane 5 solid propellant booster; and propulsion systems for earth-to-orbit vehicles.
Bainum, P. M.↗
Space Station planning
An overview of NASA Space Station planning activities is given. Among the specific topics addressed are: the role of private contractors in the construction and operation of Space Station; international cooperation in planning Space Station configurations; and optimum management strategies for Space Station planning activities. The division of work packages for the preliminary design definition phase of the Space Station program is described.
Freitag, R. F.↗
Pioneering the space frontier
The goals and plans of the program for exploration and development of the space frontier recommended by the National Commission on Space for the next 50 years are described. The topics discussed include civilian space goals for 21st-century America, low-cost access to the solar system, opening the space frontier, and American leadership on the space frontier. Papers are presented on advancing science; exploring, prospecting, and settling the solar system; space enterprise and building the technology base; and on an economical, phased approach. In addition, consideration is given to the aspects of conducting an effective science program, government policy and the private sector, international cooperation and competition, 21st-century America, and to what the recommended program will do.
Space Exploration↗
VEGA Pathfinder navigation for Giotto Halley encounter
Results of the VEGA Pathfinder concept which was used to successfully target the European Space Agnecy's Giotto spacecraft to a 600 km encounter with the comet Halley are presented. Pathfinder was an international cooperative navigation activity involving USSR, European and U.S. space agencies. The final Giotto targeting maneuver was based on a comet location determined from optical data acquired by the earlier arriving Soviet VEGA spacecraft. Inertial pointing angles extracted from optical images of the comet nucleus were combined with a precise estimate of the VEGA encounter orbits determined using VLBI data acquired by NASA's Deep Space Network to predict the location of Halley at Giotto encounter. This article describes the VLBI techniques used to determine the VEGA orbits and shows that the insensitivity of the VLBI data strategy to unmodeled dynamic error sources resulted in estimates of the VEGA orbits with an accuracy of 50 km.
Ellis, J.↗
The politics of Mars
This paper provides a discussion comparing past and present major accomplishments of the U.S. and the Soviet Union In space. It concludes that the Soviets are presently well ahead of the U.S. in several specific aspects of space accomplishment and speculates that the Soviet strategy ls directed towards sending a man to the vicinity of Mars by the end of this century. The paper briefly reviews a major successful multinational space endeavor--INTELSAT--and suggests that the manned exploration of Mars offers a unique opportunity for another such major international cooperative effort. The paper assesses the current attitude of U.S. leadership and the general public as uniformed or ambivalent about the perceived threat of Soviet dominance in space.
Harrison H Schmitt↗
Physics through the 1990s: An overview
The volume details the interaction of physics and society, and presents a short summary of the progress in the major fields of physics and a summary of the other seven volumes of the Physics through the 1990s series, issues and recommended policy changes are described regarding funding, education, industry participation, small-group university research and large facility programs, government agency programs, and computer database needs. Three supplements report in detail on international issues in physics (the US position in the field, international cooperation and competition-especially on large projects, freedom for scientists, free flow of information, and education of foreign students), the education and supply of physicists (the changes in US physics education, employment and manpower, and demographics of the field), and the organization and support of physics (government, university, and industry research; facilities; national laboratories; and decision making). An executive summary contains recommendations for maintaining excellence in physics. A glossary of scientific terms is appended.
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Space research - At a crossroads
Efforts which must be expended if U.S. space research is to regain vitality in the next few years are discussed. Small-scale programs are the cornerstone for big science projects, giving both researchers and students a chance to practice the development of space missions and hardware and identify promising goals for larger projects. Small projects can be carried aloft by balloons, sounding rockets, the Shuttle and ELVs. It is recommended that NASA continue the development of remote sensing systems, and join with other government agencies to fund space-based materials science, space biology and medical research. Increased international cooperation in space projects is necessary for affording moderate to large scale missions, for political reasons, and to maximize available space resources. Finally, the establishment and funding of long-range goals in space, particularly the development of the infrastructure and technologies for the exploration and colonization of the planets, must be viewed as the normal outgrowth of the capabilities being developed for LEO operations.
Mcdonald, Frank B.↗
VEGA Pathfinder navigation for Giotto Halley encounter - An application of VLBI techniques
Results of the VEGA Pathfinder concept which was used to successfully target the European Space Agency's Giotto spacecraft to a 600 km encounter with the comet Halley are presented. Pathfinder was an international cooperative navigation activity involving USSR, European and U.S. space agencies. The final Giotto targeting maneuver was based on a comet location determined from optical data acquired by the earlier arriving Soviet VEGA spacecraft. Inertial pointing angles extracted from optical images of the comet nucleus were combined with a precise estimate of the VEGA encounter orbits determined using VLBI data acquired by NASA's Deep Space Network to predict the location of Halley at Giotto encounter. This article describes the VLBI techniques used to determine the VEGA orbits and shows that the insensitivity of the VLBI data strategy to unmodeled dynamic error sources resulted in estimates of the VEGA orbits with an accuracy of 50 km.
Ellis, Jordan↗
The archiving of meteor research information
The results obtained over the past years under GLOBMET are not reviewed but some of the problems the solution of which will guide further development of meteor investigation and international cooperation in this field for the near term are discussed. The main attention is paid to problems which the meteor community itself can solve, or at least expedite. Most of them are more or less connected with the problem of information archiving. Information archiving deals with methods and techniques of solving two closely connected groups of problems. The first is the analysis of data and information as an integral part of meteor research and deals with the solution of certain methodological problems. The second deals with gathering data and information for the designing of models of the atmosphere and/or meteor complex and its utilization. These problem solutions are discussed.
Nechitailenko, V. A.↗
Mobile satellite services: International co-ordination, co-operation and competition
In the context of a discussion of international cooperation, coordination and competition regarding mobile satellite services, it is asserted that: there will be more than one civil mobile satellite service in the 1990's; competition between these separate mobile satellite systems is inevitable; no system should enjoy monopoly protection or subsidies; and coordination and cooperation are desirable and necessary, since the available L-band spectrum is in short supply.
Lundberg, Olof↗