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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 217 records · Page 12
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NASA NTRS1975

Tracking and data system support for the Pioneer project. Volume 3: Pioneer 10 from 1 April 1972 through the Jupiter encounter period, January 1974

The Tracking and Data Systems support of the Pioneer 10 mission from April 1, 1972 through the Jupiter encounter period which ended January 5, 1974 is described. The period covered involves operations in the interplanetary environment from the time of completion of the second trajectory correction to the start of Jupiter encounter; the implementation, planning, and testing that lead to the Jupiter encounter; and the operations during the 60 day encounter period.

Miller, R. B.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Initial observations of plasma electrons from the Pioneer 10 flyby of Jupiter

Initial results are presented from the electron measurements made by the Ames Research Center Plasma Analyzer during the inbound passage of Pioneer 10 in the vicinity of Jupiter. The observations indicate that as in the case of the earth's magnetosheath, there is an increase in electron temperature across the Jovian bow shock. During the second extended magnetosheath traversal (approximately 54 to 46.5 Jupiter radii) the electron temperatures were generally higher than those observed during the first magnetosheath traversal (109 to 96 Jupiter radii). These higher electron temperatures are in agreement with the measured higher magnitude of the magnetic field and ion density during this traversal. These observations are consistent with the contraction of the Jovian magnetosphere due to an increase in the solar wind dynamic pressure.

Intriligator, D. S.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Jupiter's microwave spectrum - Implications for the upper atmosphere

It is shown through the use of weighting functions that Jupiter's brightness temperature in the wavelength range 0.8-1.5 cm contains information on the thermal structure and abundance of ammonia in and above the tropopause in Jupiter's atmosphere. We present new data of Jupiter's brightness temperature in this wavelength range, and compare the results with theoretical spectra. The pressure in the Jovian atmosphere is estimated from these data to be 0.48 atm at 130 K.

Gulkis, S.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Jupiter's radiation belts and their effects on spacecraft

The effects of electron and proton radiation on spacecraft which will operate in the trapped radiation belts of the planet Jupiter are considered, and the techniques and results of the testing and simulation used in the radiation effects program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory are discussed. Available data from the Pioneer 10 encounter of Jupiter are compared with pre-encounter models of the Jupiter radiation belts. The implications that the measured Jovian radiation belts have for future missions are considered.

Parker, R. H.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Jupiter's magnetic field, magnetosphere, and interaction with the solar wind - Pioneer 11

Measurements of the magnetic field vector were obtained continuously throughout the encounter of the spacecraft with the planet Jupiter. Effects of Jupiter on the solar wind are considered along with the characteristics of the magnetopause at both low and intermediate latitudes, the three basic regions within the magnetosphere, and a spherical harmonic analysis of the Pioneer 11 measurements. The spherical harmonic representation has been used to derive contours of the magnetic field strength at the surface of Jupiter.

Smith, E. J.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Gravity field of Jupiter from Pioneer 11 tracking data

Significantly improved values of the zonal gravity harmonic coefficients J3, J4, and J6 of Jupiter have been obtained from a preliminary analysis of Pioneer 11 spacecraft Doppler data taken while the spacecraft was near Jupiter. The new results, which will have an important application as boundary conditions for theoretical models of Jupiter's interior, are consistent with a planet in hydrostatic equilibrium.

Null, G. W.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Detection of water vapor on Jupiter

High-altitude (12.4 km) spectroscopic observations of Jupiter at 5 microns from the NASA 91.5 cm airborne infrared telescope have revealed 14 absorptions assigned to the rotation-vibration spectrum of water vapor. Preliminary analysis indicates a mixing ratio about 1 millionth for the vapor phase of water. Estimates of temperature (greater than about 300 K) and pressure (less than 20 atm) suggest observation of water deep in Jupiter's hot spots responsible for its 5 micron flux. Model-atmosphere calculations based on radiative-transfer theory may change these initial estimates and provide a better physical picture of Jupiter's atmosphere below the visible cloud tops.

Larson, H. P.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Early scattering by Jupiter and its collision effects in the terrestrial zone

When Jupiter was on the order of three to ten earth masses in size, there undoubtedly was a considerably larger mass of condensed matter in its zone, since Jupiter would have perturbed most of it to other parts of the solar system. Monte Carlo studies indicate a significant portion would have crossed the earth's orbit. If the earth and moon had not yet fully formed, the probability of earth-zone planetesimals being hit by this Jupiter-scattered material was high. Further Monte Carlo models of these collisions and their products indicate a significant portion of matter was heated to melting, even if less than 5% of the relative kinetic energy went into heat. The models include capture probabilities by an embryo earth and a protolunar swarm. Because heat energy is correlated with comminution energy, and because the capture probability of the swarm is mass-dependent while embryo's is not, the protolunar material suffered much higher heating on the average than did the proto-earth material.

Kaula, W. M.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Main magnetic field of Jupiter and its implications for future orbiter missions

A very strong planetary magnetic field and an enormous magnetosphere with extremely intense radiation belts exist at Jupiter. Pioneer 10 and 11 fly-bys confirmed and extended the earlier ground based estimates of many of these characteristics but left unanswered or added to the list of several important and poorly understood features: the source mechanism and location of decametric emissions, and the absorption effects by the natural satellites Amalthea, Io, Europa and Ganymede. High inclination orbits (exceeding 60 deg) with low periapses (less than 2 Jupiter radii) are required to map the radiation belts and main magnetic field of Jupiter accurately so as to permit full investigation of these and associated phenomena.

Acuna, M. H.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Further investigations of Jupiter models

It is noted that previously calculated models of Jupiter, in which the H/He ratio is assumed to be solar, required the inclusion of considerable additional mass in the form of volatilized condensates in the atmosphere and excess mass in the central core. Several additional models are considered in this paper which take into account the stricter constraints imposed by Pioneer 10 measurements of Jupiter's gravitational moments. These measurements have indicated that the mass of the excess volatilized condensates (assumed to be water) relative to the core mass (assumed to be rock) exceeds the relevant solar ratio. The present models are tested for sensitivity to variations in the H/He ratio, in the softness of the equation of state for water, in the treatment of the internal adiabat, in departures from an internal adiabat, and in temperature at the one-bar level. The preliminary results indicate that the ratio of excess water to rock in Jupiter is considerably in excess of the solar value.

Podolak, M.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Upper limits for X-ray emission from Jupiter as measured from the Copernicus satellite

X-ray telescopic observations are made by the Copernicus satellite for detecting X-ray emission from Jupiter analogous to X-rays from terrestrial aurorae. Values of X-ray fluxes recorded by three Copernicus detectors covering the 0.6 to 7.5 keV energy range are reported. The detectors employed are described and the times at which the observations were made are given. Resulting upper-limit spectra are compared with previous X-ray observations of Jupiter. The upper-limit X-ray fluxes are discussed in terms of magnetospheric activity on Jupiter.

Vesecky, J. F.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Observations in interplanetary space of relativistic electrons from Jupiter

Evidence for the presence of Jovian electrons in interplanetary space as much as 1 AU inside the orbit of Jupiter is summarized. Electron flux patterns at Pioneer 10 can only rarely be correlated with solar activity. Clear variations in intensity and spectrum with a period of 10 hrs are seen at varying distances from Jupiter, consistent with similar observations inside the magnetosphere. Extrapolated electron flux maxima and minima are in good agreement with the observed phase at distances as large as 80 million km from Jupiter, indicating rapid propagation of electrons from the planet. Anisotropy is greatest during the rising phase of the 10 hr variations and in a direction consistent with the interpretation of electrons traveling toward the sun along interplanetary spiral field lines. The propagation time calculated by Chenette's derivation is much larger than that implied by the data.

Chenette, D. L.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Direct observations of the solar wind interaction with Jupiter

Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 plasma ion and electron observations in the vicinity of Jupiter are summarized. The data, obtained by the Ames Research Center Plasma Analyzer Experiments during the flybys of Jupiter in 1973 and 1974, indicate that the solar wind interaction with Jupiter (e.g., the formation of the Jovian bow shock, the magnetosheath, etc.) is basically similar to the solar wind interaction with the earth and only differs in terms of the scale size of the interaction. The plasma ion and electron measurements obtained on Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 are consistent with the proton measurements and indicate that the large, thick Jovian Magnetosphere which is inflated with a thermal plasma, is responsive to relatively minor changes in the solar wind dynamic pressure. The inferred motion of the Jovian bow shock and the speed at which it moved were strikingly similar during the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 flybys.

Intriligator, D. S.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Comparison of magnetospheres and radio emissions of Jupiter with earth

The magnetosphere and radio emission of Jupiter is compared with those of the earth. It was predicted that Jupiter would have a Van Allen belt at a radius such that its magnetic field strength would be about equal to that in earth's Van Allen belt and that Jupiter's moon Io travels in the Van Allen belt. Because of Io's low conductivity, plasma sweeping past hits Io, producing a turbulent plasma proboscis which forms hydrodynamic shocks. These shocks travel down the magnetic field lines to the Jovian magnetosphere where they stimulate electron cyclotron emission and free radical spin-flip emission. The free radicals likely to exist abundantly and the richness of the likely decametric frequencies resulting from the many g values of the free radicals are discussed.

Libby, L. M.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Pressure-induced absorption by H2 in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn

Observations of the S(1) line of the pressure-induced fundamental band of H2 in the spectra of Saturn and Jupiter are analyzed by comparing the observed line shape with predictions of both a reflecting-layer model and a homogeneous-scattering model of the atmospheres. Upper and lower limits are derived for the values of relative intensity that occur between 5000 and 5100 kaysers, the percent absorption due to H2 at 5100 kaysers is estimated, and it is established that methane and ammonia cannot account for the broad absorption attributed to hydrogen. The comparison with the model atmospheres shows that the reflecting-layer model appears to give the best fit to the Saturn line profile for temperatures near 150 K, while both models provide good fits to the Jupiter data, but for widely differing temperatures. Difficulties encountered in determining the true continuum level, especially for Jupiter, are discussed.

Martin, T. Z.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Atmospheric entry into Jupiter's atmosphere in view of recent flyby results

The paper examines the heating levels experienced by a probe entering Kliore's (1974) model of Jupiter's atmosphere and compares the results with those of the Jupiter model atmospheres given elsewhere (NASA SP-8069, 1971), with the heating levels of Tauber (1969) and Tauber and Wakefield (1971). The computations are made using a point-mass atmospheric entry trajectory program, i.e., the Allen-Eggers (1958) analysis and simple correlations of heating. Results of heating calculations are compared and discussed. It is found that the warm temperature bulge exists at a level too low in the atmosphere to affect any heating and that the nominal atmosphere fits Kliore's model atmosphere best insofar as heating is concerned. Previous estimates of the heating levels to be expected for a probe entering Jupiter's atmosphere are therefore unaffected by Kliore's postulated atmospheres.

Nachtsheim, P. R.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Orbiter description document for Jupiter Orbiter Probe 1981/1982 Mission

The Jupiter Orbiter as it is presently understood is documented. Because the Jupiter Orbiter Probe 1981/1982 (JOP 81/82) Project will be severely cost constrained, the Orbiter design and capabilities described herein are not subject to major change or modification as a result of instrument selection. The JOP science payload should conform to this defined capability and the specified interfaces. A description and discussion of any science instrument complement is excluded, except the imaging science subsystem and the radio science capability which are provided by the project as Orbiter facilities. The environmental design requirements and the mission operations description are studied. This document has been prepared specifically for the JOP Announcement of Opportunity proposal preparation package and describes the Jupiter Orbiter in sufficient detail to allow the science community to propose scientific instrumentation consistent with its capabilities and limitations.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1976

The 1981 Jupiter Orbiter Probe mission

Plans for the 1981 Jupiter Orbiter Probe (JOP) mission are presented in some detail. The need for a Jupiter entry probe, remote sensing of the planet, and an orbiter, in addition to flybys, is made clear. Launch hardware, using the Space Shuttle flight system and Interim Upper Stage, is described, along with scientific tasks laid out for the entry probe and the orbiter. Combined analysis of the Jovian magnetosphere and other orbiter missions calls for a two-part orbiter with one part spun and the other de-spun. Related design problems and solutions are described and diagrammed. Jovian moon flybys and orbiter path adjustments by subsequent earth-launched flybys are discussed. The importance of Jupiter data for solar system evolution and possible analysis of early stages of stellar evolution or of a binary system are also treated.

Moore, J. W.↗